KHOA HQC jj.|JfJ,!!tl!Ull!IH'JJJItl>ffl
DE XUAT PHUUNG PHAP XUTLY CHAT THAI RAN d THANH PHO HA NOI - VIET NAM
KS. LY Q U A ^ G V I £ T Dai hoc tong hgp Ghent (Blj
Tdm tat: Sa; bio nay de cap den cic phuong phip xif ly chat thai rin (CTR) Iren the gidi va d Viet Nam. Dong thdi tic gia lua chon va de xuat phuang phap u Compost la mot trong cic phuang phap phu hap trong dieu kien kinh te - xa hoi b Hi Noi, Viet Nam.
Abstract: This research mentioned the measures treatment urban solid waste in the world and the Vietnam As well as, the author selected and proposed the incubated Compost measures is an appropriated measures in socio-economic conditions in Hanoi, Vietnam.
I . M 0 D A U
Cung vdi su tang trudng d i n sd va dieu kien kmh te, chit thii ran ngiy cing trd thanh mpt ndi lo dd'i vdi van de d nhiim ciia cic thinh phd. Tuy vay, cdng nghe xd ly rie thai thay ddi tiiy thudc khdng ehi vao thinh phan cua r i c thai m i cdn v i o mdc sd'ng va ldi sdng ciia c i c ngudi dan khu vue. Do su khic biet dd, khdng t h i ap dung cie edng nghe tuong tu eho mgi noi. Trong bii bao nay, cdng nghe duoc de xuat de i p dyng tai H i Ndi - mpt trong nhung thanh pho Idn nha't tai Viet Nam l i edng nghe u Compost,
II. PHirONG PHAP NGHIEN CllTU
- Hdi cdu c i c tai lieu, phuong phip xd ly CTR trong va ngoii nudc
- 0 1 xui't phuong phip xd ly CTR phii hgp eho Hi Ndi.
Ml. KET QUA NGHIEN CIJU
3.1. Hien trang moi trudng tai Ha Npi - Viet Nam a Ha Noi. mot so die diem •
L i thinh pho Idn thd hai ve kinh te. Ha Npi ludn l i trung l i m quan trong ve van hda va chinh tri vdi d i n sd khoang 7 000 000 ngudi vdi ti le ting dan sd 3,5% m6l nim, Theo bing xep hang mdi day ciia Prieewaterhouse Coopers, Ha Npi se la thanh phd cd tde dd phit then nhanh nhat I h l gidi td 2008 den 2025,
Khi hiu CLJng gdp phan vao cic yeu td ehinh anh hudng den d nhiem mdi tn/dng. Ha Ndi cd khi hiu ndng am can nhiet ddi vdl thdi gian bUc xa mat trdi cao, lugng mua ddi dio vdi tmng binh 1 680 mm moi nam va nhiet dp khoang SOX vao miia he va 15°C vao miia ddng Cac dac linh nhilt ddi am din den phin hiiy cac chat thai cao va thuc day
52 BAO HO LAO DONG 3/2013
su xam nhap eiia c i c chat thai v i o da't, nudc ngam.
b. Cac van de CTR do thi tai Ha Noi Trong nhdng nam gan day, loc dp dd thi hda nhanh l i yeu 16 tich cue ddi vdi su phit then cua kmh te - xa hpi Tuy nhien, ben canh nhOng loi I h l nay, tdc dp dd thi hda nhanh cung da tao ra ap lue tren nhieu phuong diln, trong do co viec giam cha't luong mdi tn/dng. CTR duoc tao ra tien quan den khu vuc dd thi va cdng nghiip ngiy cang nhieu va nhliu thanh phan phdc lap. Hien trang CTR d Ha Npi v i c i c bien phap xd ly neu tren Bang 1.
3.2. Cong nghe x d ly u Compost dUdc de xuat ap dung cho khu vUc Ha Npi
So vdl mdt sd phuong phap xd ly khac nhu: dot, chon lap hop ve sinh... u compost khdng ddi hoi edng nghe lien tii'n va mdt sd luong Idn eic l i i nguyen nhu than, dien...
de dot. Ben canh do, nd cijng hOa hop vdi mdi tn/dng va c i c san pham than thiln bang eich sd dung kha nang phan hu^ sinh hpc, hoac vi sinh vat, hoae giun di't.
a. Phuong phap 0 compost
- Nguyen ly lam vide chinh cua phuong phap nay la
"su phan huy sinh hoc ciia CTR dudi su kiem soil dieu kien chil ye'u l i hl^u khi de'n mpt mdc dd dii dn dinh d l luu trd va dam bao an toan cho viec sd dung ehung trong nong nghiip". (xem Hinh 2).
Theo dinh nghTa nay, cae cym td "phin huy sinh hoc' cd the dugc hieu nhu phan hiiy thu duge thdng qua cic vi sinh vat hoac cu t h i la giun da't. Tuy nhien, kha nang phan hu9 sinh hoc ciia cac sinh vat sdng nay phai dugc kiem soat trong dieu kidn sue khi d l trinh CH^, H^S... tao ra trong mdi tardng yem khi. Hon nda, c i c san pham nay trudc khi i p dyng cho ndng nghidp, can phai duoc "dD dn
CONG NGHE - CHUYEN GIAO
Bing 1: Hien trang CTR va cac phifdng phip xitly tai Hi Noi STT
1 2 3 4 5
Phan loai
Ciiat tiiai ran sinh hoat
Conq Irinh xay danq Chat thai cong nghiep Chat thai y te Chat thai tCr cac hp gia dinh
Khoi iUdng (tan/ng^y)
5000
1000 250 5
Hinh thtfc xur iy
Ch6n lap; 83%
Tai ch6': 10%, chij yeu dira vao cac iang nghe San xuat ph§n bon. 7%
Ch6n iap
XCr iy theo quy dinh QO 155/QD-TTg nam 16/7/1999
XCr iy theo conq nqhe Delmoneqo 200-itaiy 100%
(ngudn; [http://www.urenco,com vn/]
Hinh 1: Vong xoay cua rac compost Hinh 2: Nguyen iy cua u compost
dmh" de trinh mpt sd tae dung khdng mong muon trong mdi trudng dat, vidu nhanh ehdng lam giam lieu thy oxy trong dat, d i n den khdng du oxy hda tan eung cap cho cay trong va cic sinh v i t sd'ng khic
- Vdng xoay ciia chu trinh xd ly rie theo phuong phip il compost duoc md ta Iren Hinh 1
b. Qui trinh compost
Oiem quan trong eua phuong phip nay la cic hoat dpng ciia vi sinh vat Oe lieu hda eac chi't hdu co trong chi't thai, vi sinh vat san xui't ra exoenzyme. Nhdng en- zyme nay hda tan nguyen lieu ehii ydu la hdu eo td mim Tuy nhien, qui trtnh nay danh kha nhieu thdi gian de hoan thinh san pham eudi cimg
O l cd dugc hiiu qua tdi uu, chi't thai sinh hoat can phai dugc xd ly so bd. Oieu nay cd hai muc dich chinh' lich eac cha't hdu co td rie thai dau v i o v i chuan bi cho xd ly smh hpc. Trong tnJdng hgp cda Ha Ndi, phan Idn r i c thai deu cd I h l phan hi^y sinh hoc (chllm 60-70%), do dd.
viec xd ly so bp se dat hieu qua niu ric thai sinh hoat duge phan loai true tiip ngay tai cic hp gia dinh. Tuy nhien, diy vin la mdt thieh thdc khdng ehi dd'i vdi mdt nude dang phat then nhu Viet Nam ma edn d mpt sd nude phit trien.
Mat khic, mdt sd ye'u td khac eOng ean phii dugc quan tam la dp i'm, pH, chi't dinh dudng (ty le C/N), nhiet dp va dxy deu cd tic dpng tuong ddi d i n kha ning phan hu^ sinh hoc eiia vi sinh vat sdng. Khdng phai ti't ca cie vi sinh vat se "tao ra" eie sin pham thich hgp d l sd dung trong ndng nghiep. Do dd, chimg ta can phai cung cap cic dieu kiln td'i uu cho viec phat then ciia nhdng vi sinh vat cd ieh bang cieh dieu chmh mdi trudng, vi du dd'i vdl Eisenia foedia, nhiet dp thieh hgp khoang 15 de'n 25''C, Dua tren d i e tinh khic nhau vdi nhiet dp cua vi sinh vit m i ehiing ta thie't ke cic "ludng" ii khae nhau vdi nhilt dp thich hgp, Nhiet dp ii cao hon, cac vi khuan phin huy smh hpc khd ed the tdn tai
Ngoai ra, nong dp Oxy cung ddng mdt vai trd quan
3/2013 BAO HO LAO DONG 53
KHOA HOC^ CONG N G H E - C H U Y E N GIAO
Hinh 3: l^oi quan hi giifa pH va thdi gian trong qua trinh u Compost
trong trong qua trinh phin hiiy, Ne'u qua trinh nay la thie'u oxy, dieu kien hieu khi se chuyen sang dieu kien yem khi.
Cac khiCH^, H^S nhude cap d tren se duoc tao ra, do dd, se gay ra cac vi'n de ve sdc khoe cho ngudi van hanh, Su trdn lan cua chi't thai smh hoe vdi dam gd duge ap dung nhu bien phap giam thieu. Oieu nay se tao dd xop trong ca'u true ciia rac thai nay, sau do, cung cap oxy day dii yeu cau cho cac vJ sinh vat phit tnen, Nong dp Oxy thich hop cho toan bp qua trinh dao dpng td 5 den 15%.
Od am cung la mdt tieu chi quan trgng. Dp am can thiet cho qua trinh trao doi chi't eiia vi smh vat, trong dd, nd bao gom trong mdi qui trinh trao doi cha't dinh dudng eiia VI smh vit Theo cac giai doan cu the, dp am se duoc dieu chmh khoang 40% de'n 60%,
Ngoai ra, pH va ti le cha't dinh dudng (xem hinh 3) cung tic dpng de'n toe dd cua qua trinh, Pham vi td'i uu ciia pH la khoang 6 den 9 6 nhOng ngay dau lien, dp pH se giam do su hien dien ciia su hinh thanh acid hdu co bang each hoat dpng cua vi sinh vat Do dd, pH ludn can dieu chinh de nam trong pham vi cho phep T^ le chi't dmh dudng (C/N) cung la ye'u to quan trgng quyet dinh 1^ 11 phan huy smh hoc. Thuc le, ty le C / N thuOng nam trong khoang tU 20:01 di'n 25*1 Tuy nhiln, nd cd ve l i khd khan de CO duge t^ le niy trong mpt loai chi't thai duy nhi't, do do, bang each trdn chat thai v i phe lieu khae nhau vOi mdt 1^ le phii hop, chung ta cd the dat duoc t^ le loi uu ciia C/N, Vidu'trdn bun hoat tinh (C/N 6:1) vdi romra (C/N; 128.1).
c Uieu ta he thong dinh luong irng dung vio khu vuc Hi NOI
Viec i p dung phuong phap danh ludng cd the dugc thuc hien tren quy md rpng dua vao chl phi hop ly, dieu kien ky thuit v i ky ning eua ngudi cdng nhin van hinh may da cd san, Co ehi hoat dpng cCia hd thdng dugc t h i hien d hinh
Hinh 4: Giun dat (Eisenia foetida)
5. He thdng nen dugc bd sung cac khung thep vOi hai cap mai che de giam thieu anh hudng ciia mua Tuy nhien, no van dugc eoi la he thong ngoai trdi do su tiep xiic eiia ludng phan hdu coddi vdi mdi tn/dng ben ngoai.
Can cd vao dae diem ciia dng dung nay, no cd Ihl lam giam nhung tae dpng eua luong mua ed I h l giy ra tinh trang yem khi, hem nda cd the thdng thoang duoc min khd chiu Mae dii chi phi von ban d i u l i tuong ddi eao, nhimg mi?c luong tuong ddi tha'p ciia lao ddng Viel Nam cd the dugc coi l i lgi the quan trgng, dan den giam chi phi san xui't
Cac b i o c i o da ehi ra rang ehi phi vd'n ban dau se phu thupe vao cdng suat ciia nha may xd ly ric thai, vdi gidi han td'i thieu cua phuong phip se xd ly la 10.000 ti'n moi nam. Nhu vay, chi phi vdn se nim trong khoang i^
400.000 - 600,000 USD, trong dd bao gdm chi phi xay dung, miy mdc, lao ddng
d Nhifng thuan iai vi bat lgi cua d phan tai Ha Npi - L/u dilm:
Phan Idn trong chi't thai cua thanh phd cd the dupc coi nhu ! i ehat hdu co vdi t'^ le 60 de'n 70% ciia tdng khoi lugng Vi vay, thay vi phan huy sinh hoc bang each li/
nhiln, ed the gay ra khi hdi thdi v i c i e vi'n de sde khoe nhu la ngudn eiia benh tat nhu sot ret, thuong han, dieh ta, d nhiem nudc ngam, do nudc thai tham ri vao da't Phudng phip nay se kiem soat eie van d l mdi trudng neu Iren va cd the lam giam dang kd ehat thai thai ra mdi tardng, niiat la giai quyi't dugc vi'n de qua tai d cac bai chdn lap. Vi vay, nd lam giam eie ydu td ed hai phd bien vdi cie chat thai hdu CO, chang han nhu mui hdi, nudc ri rac, moi va eic loai gam nham, va phit thai khi me-tan hoac tham ehi bur nude thai sau nha may xdiy.
Hon nda, bang cieh sd dung kha nang phin hu? sinh hoc cua vi sinh vat, c i e san pham eudi eiing chu yeu la
54
BAO HO LAO DONG3/2013
mun, cd the dugc sd dung trong ndng nghiep. Hien tai, ndng nghiep van ddng gdp mpt phan Idn trong long san pham trong nudc (GDP) tai Viet Nam, Vi vay, nd ri't hdu ich eho ndng dan v i cQng thin thien vdi mdi trudng so vdi phan bdn vd CO cd the gay ra mdt sd tie ddng tieu cue nhu hidn tugng phii dudng hoae d nhiem ngudn nude dudi da't, v i eung cd the d i n den giam khai thac tai nguyen.
Phuong phip nay cung chi ra ring vdn v i ehi phi hoat dpng thap hon so vdi eic edng nghe khic, nhu ii ky khi hay dimg Id dot Ngoai ra, u compost cung l i
phuong phip die biet khdng phu thudc nhieu vao edng nghe do thuc te la qui Irinh quan ly khdng can phai rat nghiem ngat nhu ddi vdi u ky khi v i sd dyng nhieu lao ddng, do dd, tao edng an viec lam,
- Nhugc diem.
Nhu da ndi d tren, do rac thii dd thi l i mpt id hop gom nhieu thanh phan, nen nd khdng ehi ehda c i c cha't cd the phin hiiy smh hoc ma con chda cie chat khdng the phin huy. Oilu nay cd the lim giam hieu qua xd ly. Vi vay, trudc khi xd ly, dieu quan trgng nhat l i chat thai phai dugc phan loai lai ngudn (hd gia dinh), thay vi lai noi tip kel ric Day dudng nhu la nhiem vu khd khan nha't cin phai xd ly niu mudn ap dung phuong phip niy do van de ve mat nhin thdc cCia ngudi dan cdn han ehe.
Khi hau cung ed anh hudng lieu cue ldi ii compost khi khi hau d Ha Ndi la ndng am, dac trung bdi gid mua, vdi ri't nhieu mua v i thdi gian ed i n h nang mat trdi Ngoai ra, dp am trong khdng khi ludn ludn la khoang 80% den 90%.
Cac dieu kien nay se l i m giam hieu qua cua u compost (khi mua se lam giam he sd rong trong ket ca'u ciia rac thai), Ngoai ra, viec giim s i t phai duoc lien tuc d l dam bao dilu kien hied khi trong ludng de duy tri cac dieu kien thuan lgi cho su phat trien cua vi smh vat hoac giun da't. CJ cac nudc phat thin, moi y i u 16 ed the duoc theo ddi, dilu khien tu ddng thdng qua mang ludi thdng tin de cd duoe dieu kien loi uu. Ngugc lai, H i Ndi ehua thich dng dugc vdi yeu cau niy m i phai hoat ddng thii cdng. Oilu dd ed nghla hidu qui chii yeu phu thudc v i o kinh nghiem ciia ngudi van hanh
Hon nda, niem tin cOa ngudi dan trong cac san pham cudi cimg ri't quan trgng. Cae san pham phai thich dng ViS cie yeu eau ciia ndng dan d l bd sung phSn compost eho ddng rudng. Do dd, cac ky han eua san pham la dilu quan trgng can phai duge quan tam bdi cac nha khai thac.
Thdi gian ii cung dugc coi la bat lgi cua phuong phap
Hinh 5: It/Id ta u compost ngoai trdi
tren, Sau khi phan hiiy sinh hge, phan hUu co phai dugc dat du dp dn dmh Phan hdu co khi da dn dinh se it tilu thu nito va oxy va tao ra ft COj hoae nhiet Thdng thudng, phan trpn duge luu trd td 30 den 120 ngay de phan com- post tie'p tuc dn dinh Vdi mdc dd rie thai Idn hien tai ciia Ha Npi thi day se la mat han che ciia phuong phap n i y
IV. KET LUAN VA KIEN NGH) 4.1. Ket luan:
Oe cddugc hieu qua td'i uu, tatea cac giai doan nhu;
phin loai, thu gom, giam kich thudc . phai duoc cai Ihien ddng thdi lo'i da hda luong chat thai de'n compositing Ngoai ra, nhan thdc cua ngudi d i n eung can duge nang cao.
Kien thdc, nhan thdc ve bao ve mdi trudng nen duoe phd cap ngay td cap lieu hoc
Ve mat lau d i i ap dyng phuang phap u compost nen duoc xem nhu la mdt trong nhung phuang phap chinh de xd ly CTR Nd co the dugc xem khdng chi la phuong lien bao ve mdi trudng ma edn tdi da hda gii tn vit chat bang each giam khai thac tai nguyen, Co the ndi rang, ii phan compost dip Ung nhu cau ve phat tridn ben vOng cho hien tai va tuong lai,
4.2. Kie'n nghj
O l giam thieu nhdng nhugc diem eiia ii compost, mdt loat cae de xua't nen ap dung.
- Nguyen tac 3R(Giam thiiu - T i i sd dyng - Tii che)' nguyen t i c niy dang duoc Ihuc hien bdi Ureneo va dugc ho trg bdi du i n JICA, Vide phin loai chat thai til'n hinh tai cic hp gia dinh thanh hai thung rieng bill, mpt cho kim loai, nhua va thung carton dung do udng (PMD) v i mpt cho chi't thai sinh hoe. Cung ed t h i ndi, vdi khdi lugng r i c thai tao ra moi ngiy, ne'u vdi ehi mpt phuong phip xd ly se khdng the dat dugc hieu qua nhu mong muon Viec kit hgp nhieu phuong phap se lim giam thieu mUe dp phu thupc vao mdt phuong phip xd ly rac thai eu the, vi dy:
3/2013 BAO HO LAO DONG 55
l i l i W a i W V c O N G NGHg - CHUYEN GIAO
ngoii u compost, cd I h l i p dyng Id dd'i, chdn lap,..
- Nguyen tac "ngudi gay d nhiem phii tra tidn" can phai dugc ap dung, Cic nha s i n xui't lao ra ric thai ein phai tra thud mdi trudng, Tao ra cha't thii nhieu hon, phai t r i nhieu lien hon, dac biet la ddi vdi eie chi't ddc hai Bang eich thue hien qui dmh niy, ngudi la tin rang nhin thdc cua ngudi d i n se duoe nang len
- Thiet kd phii hop hd thdng thdng gid v i thoit nudc, dilu kien bao hda cd t h i duge kiem s o i l , cd nghia la bang cieh th&m m i l Irgn ddng phSn ii nhu da de cap d trdn, Trong khi dd, chl phi lao ddng gia re cung cd t h i dugc eoi l i loi the so vdi c i e nudc phit tnen va nd eung tao ra mdt so cdng vile, l i m giam t j le that nghiep
- Cudi ciing nhung khdng kem phan quan trgng la cdng t i c dao tao ky nang eo bin, giio due v l mdi trudng phai duoc giang day khdng chi cho can bp mdi trudng m i cdn cho ti't ca mgi ngudi, die biet la the he tuong lai, nhdng ngudi cd the nhanh chdng nhin ra va hieu duoc nhdng t i c ddng ciia d nhiem
Tdi lieu ttiam khdo:
- URENCO Hanoi website. http'//www.urenco.com.vn/
• Professor Pons Doms, (2011-2012), theory lecture notes ofblo-solid and solid waste treatment
- United Nation Environment Programme (2005) VW- ume I: Solid Waste management and Volume II: Regional Oven/iews and Information Sources
• Official government of Japan (March 2001), See
"Minamata Disease • The History and Measures, ch2 ' " "Vietnam's Population Soars", balita.ph. h\tp:ll balHaph/2009/08/15/vietnams-population-soars-to-85-8-mil- lion/
- hanoimoi article (31/10/2011): http://hanoimoi.com.vni newsdetail/Kho3-hoc/528650/chat-th3i-do-thi-xu-ty-bang- cong-nghe-nao htm
- PaulTWilliams,(2005): "Waste treatment and disposal' - Council of Canada Composting. 'Composting pro- cess technology". http://www.compost org/pafi compostjirocJech_eng.pdf •
QUY TRiNH PHAN HUY...
(Tiep theo trang 51) it so vdi d che do tai trong thi'p hon (0,57 kgCOD/
m'ngd) nhung dat ldi g i i tri dn dinh vdi hieu suit giam COD khoang 90%,
- Chit luong nude sau xd ly bang Ige smh hoc dat yeu cau ciia quy chuan QCVN 24. 2009/
BTNMT cot B IV. KET LUAN
TU nhdng sd lieu da d i n ra, cd the ap dung quy trinh sau de phin hiiy thuoc BVTV tdn dgng;
- Phan hiiy thudc BVTV tdn dgng bang kiem ndng cd xiic tic;
- Xu ly c i c phan manh hdu cd v i hoat cha't thud'c BVTV cdn du trong hon hgp phin hiiy bang phuong phip oxy hda nang cao;
Trong trudng hop can lieu hiiy nhiiu thude BVTV, nude lU q u i trinh xd ly bing phuong phap oxy hda ning eao duoc l i i sd dyng cho qua trinh phan hiiy tiep theo. O l thai bd nudc sau xd ly oxy hda nang cao ra mdi trudng, can tie'p tuc xd ly COD cua nudc thii bang bd Igc sinh hoc.
- Xd ly COD ciia nude sau xd ly oxy hda nang cao bang bd loe smh hoc hieu khi;
- Chat lugng nugc sau xd ly bang Ige sinh hoc dat yeu cau ciia quy chui'n QCVN 24 2009/
BTNMT cdt 8.
56 B A O ' H O L A O DONG 3/2013
Tai lieu tham khao
1. TS. Le Van Thien, Hien trang quan lyvi sddung thuoc bao vettit/c vat trong tham canh hoa tai xa Tay Tuu, Huyen TULiem, Ha Noi. De iai 37/
2007 do Trung tam Ho trg Nghien cUu Chau i tai tra
2. Nguyen Huy Phu, NguySn Hong Phuang. Nghien cUu xirly nudc thai det nhuom bkng phuang phap oxy hda n^ng cao. 2010, Vien Khoa hoc cdng nghe va Quan ly moi trudng, DH cong nghiep TP Ho Chi Minh
3 Van phdng tian chi dao 33. www office33 gov vn
4 Barbara Kasprzyk-Hordern, Maria Zioitek. Jacek Nawrocki. Cata- lytic ozonation and methods of enhancing molecular ozone reactions in water treatment. Applied Catalysis B- Environmental 46 (2003) 639-669.
5. C. Gottschalk. J A. Libra, A. Saupe. Ozonation of Water and Waste Water A Practical Guide to Understanding Ozone and its/^plication. WILEY- VCH. 2000.
6. Flaherty, K. A. and Huang, C. P., 'Continuous Flow Applications ol Fenton's Reagent for the Treatment of Refractory Wastewaters,' Pro- ceedings of the Second International Symposium. Tennessee. U.S.A.. 58 f^992j.
7. Ingo GUdeke . Treatment of pesticides without using incineration technologies Propose for guidelines, regulations and BAT requirements. 20O5
8 V Kav/(ha,K. Palanivelu, Destruction of cresols by Fenton oxidation process. Water Research 39 (2005) 3062-3072.
9. Mark E. lappi. Beth C. Fleming, and M. John Cullinane, "Treat- ment of Contaminated Groundwater Using Chemical Oxidation.', USCOE Watenf/ays Experiment Station, 3909 Halls Ferry Road. Vicksburg. Missis- sippi, 39180-6199.
10. Rupa Lamsal, Margaret E V\/alsh, Graham A- Gagnon, Compari- son of advanced oxidation processes for the removal of natural organic mat- ter. Water Research. Volume 45, Issue 10, May 2011. Pages 3263-3269.
11 ZhouH. andSmithD W. (2002). Advanced technologies in water and wastewater treatment. Journal Environmental Engineenng Science, 1, 247-264 •
