Nguydn tie khach quan Id mpt trong nhttng

NGHIEN CliU CHiNH TBI-XA HOI

NGUYEN TAC KHACH QUAN TRONG HE THONG CAC NGUYEN TAC PHirONG PHAP LUAN BIEN CHUTNG DUY VAT

CUNG THl NGOC*

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guydn tie khach quan Id mpt trong nhttng nguyen tie ca ban, quan trpng va cd vai trd chi phdi cac nguyen tie khae trong hd thdng cdc nguydn tic phuang phdp luan bidn chfing duy vat Nguydn tie khach quan dat ra nhttng yeu eau can phai thuc thi ddi vdi chfi the nhan thfic va boat ddng thttc tien, giup hp trdnh dugc nhttng sai lam, chfi quan, phidn didn, bao thfi trong nhan thfic va ban che su that bai trong thuc hidn muc tieu cfia boat dpng thuc tidn. Bdi vilt ndy chi ra vj tri, vai trd cfia nguyen tac khdch quan trong he thdng cdc nguyen tic phuong phdp luan bien chfing duy vai

1. Tinh tien quyet cfia viec thUc hien nguyen tac khach quan trong he thd'ng cac nguyen t i c phUdng phap luan bien chfing duy vat

Trong mpi boat dpng d l dat dugc muc tidu de ra chfi thi can phai tudn thfl mgt each day dfi nhttng ydu cau cfia hd thd'ng cac nguydn tac co ban cfia phuong phdp luan bien chfing duy vat.

Neu chfi the xem nhe, lang tranh hoac chua thuc thi triet d l nhttng yeu eau cfia nhttng nguyen tic ay thi It se mang tdi nhttng he luy khdng mong mudn ttt nhttng sai iam dd. Tuy nhidn, xet trong tinh hd thdng thi vide thttc hien nhttng ydu cau cfia nguydn tac khach quan mang y nghTa Sen

n Chinh tn Khu vuc I.

quylL Didu khang djnh nay dua tren nhttng can ctt sau day:

Mgf la, nguyen tie khach quan dtta ra nhttng yeu cau ca ban va quan trpng nhat bupc chfi thi phai thuc hidn ndu khPng mudn nhan thfic efla minh lam lac, chfi quan, ao tudng va cdng sfic thdnh vd nghTa. Bdi vi, theo quan nidm ca ban cfia quylt djnh luan duy vat tfii vide thtta nhan thi gidi vat chat Id tinh thiJ nhat y thfic cung nhu cam gidc cfia con ngudi la tinh thtt hai dd Id dieu diu Sen d l khing djnh lap trudng duy vat va cfl sd cho t h i gidi quan duy vat bidn chfing cfla cdc chfi thi nhan thfic trong hoat ddng thuc Sen.

Hai la, nguydn tac khdch quan la dieu kidn d l dam bao cho cdc ydu cau cfia cac nguyen tic thuc tfSn, toan didn, phat triin, Ijch sfl - cu thi dugc thuc hidn. Ching ban, niu thttc hidn day dfi nhttng ydu cau cfia nguyen tac toan dien, phdt triin, ijch sfi cu thi, thuc tien tren nen tang cfia chfl nghTa chfi quan duy y chl, vi pham nguydn tic khdch quan thi viec thuc hien cac yeu cau ay du ed hoan hao the ndo di chang ntta cung trd nen vd nghTa vdi cdng cupc biin ddi hidn thuc.

Bdi trong hoan canh nay, hidn thuc khdch quan khdng phai Id noi bat dau cfla nhan thttc, khdng phai la cai quylt djnh npi dung thuc te cfia mpi su dinh hudng va cac giai phap cai tao hidn thuc.

Trai lai, noi bat dau cfla nhan thfic la nhttng mong mudn, nguyen vpng chfl quan cfia chfl thi va

TAP CHi G I A O D g c LY LUAN - SO 244 (4/2016) 23

NGHIEN cuu CHiNH TRI-XA HOI

chae chan su djnh httdng va cac giai phap cai tao

\

hien thttc cQng nhuP'm mau phi ly va do tttdng.

Ba ia, nguyen t i c khach quan chi dugc thuc hien mpt cdch day dfi, triet d l khi nd dugc g i n vdi vide thuc hien ddng tfidi ede yeu cau cfia cdc nguydn t i c khae: Todn didn, phat triin, Ijch sfl- cu the... C h i n g ban, neu khdch quan ma thieu toan didn thi s u khdch quan ay trd ndn phiin dien, ettng nhac, nguy bien, c h i l t trung. Neu thiiu cu t h i , thuc te cung trd nen giao dieu, trttu tttgng, phi ijch sfi. Neu thieu nguyen t i c phdt triin se trd nen sieu hinh, mdy mdc, ma hd, khd xac djnh phttong budng.

2. Yeu cau c d ban cua nguyen t i c khach quan

Mgt ia, phai ludn ludn xud't phat ttt hien thttc, danh gia dttgc dung hien trang, phai nhan thttc dttgc day dfi cdc yeu td tdc dpng den ddi tttgng, dac biet la cdc quy luat dang tdn tai vd van dpng, ddng thdi hdnh ddng tudn theo nhttng quy luat ay.

Dieu dd ed nghTa Id, khi de ra chfi tnrong, chlnh sach, muc tidu, nhiem vu, k l hoach hanh ddng vd cdc bien phap thuc hien, trudc h i t phai b i t dau ttt hidn trang thuc t l , ttt nhung tinh hudng "cd van dd" nay sinh trong hidn thuc. Tinh hudng nay phai Id mpt hien trang <Ma dung mpt mau thudn bidn chfing (mpt mat Id trang thdi mong mudn dat tdi, mat ddi lap kia chlnh la trang thai thuc tai dang chua dat nguOng c i n cd). Dp trd ay Id noi nay sinh tinh hudng can t m k i l m . Sau dd, can phai phan tich va nam chae tinh hinh thuc te khach quan, dac biet la cac didu kien vat chat khach quan hidn cd (ve nhdn iue, cdng cu, phuong tfen vat chat, ngudn tdi chlnh). Qua phdn tich miS cd thd nhan dang dttgc diem manh, diem yeu, co hpi vd thach thfic cd ttie anh hudng hay tac dpng den hoat dpng ma chfi t h i can t e n hanh de thay ddi

• hidn trang.

Tuy nhidn, neu ehi dttng iai d dd thi chua dfi dam bao eho tinh hieu qua efla hoat dpng thay ddi hien trang dang cd. Mpt nhdn td can phai vd nhat thiet phai tinh den dd la cdc quy iuat khach quan vdn cd cfia hipn trang. Bdi neu chflng ta 2 4

khdng ldm nhu thd thi nhttng hdu qua khdi mong dgi se ddn dai d phia trudc.

Vide neu ra muc dich, chfi truong, bidn phap phu hgp can cfi tren hidn trang thuc td la khau q u y l t dinh trong hoat ddng cai bien hidn tiuc N I u muc dieh, chfi truong, bidn phdp bat hop ly se khdng cd tdc dung cai bien tich cue hien thuc md trong mdt sd trudng hgp edn keo lui su van dpng cfla hien thuc. Ydu cau ndy cung ddi hoi tuyet ddi tranh s u trdng dgi hoac ao tudng vao nhttng luc lugng phi hien thuc, n g l u nhien.

Hai ia, can chdng thdi do duy y chi, chfi quan, ndng vpi, lac quan qua mfic can thiet trong viec d l ra cdc muc tieu, ke hoach hoat dpng. Thai dp tuy tidn t h i i u khdch quan, todn didn xuat phat ttt y nguyen nhat thdi chfi quan cfia chfi t h i cung la nhttng bieu hien cfla su vi pham nghidm trpng nguydn t i e khdch quan va didu ndy se khdng the tranh khdi nhttng he luy Sdu cue S-ong thuc t l

Sa la, nguydn tac khach quan cdn dpi hdi can phai phdt huy tinh nang dpng, sdng tao cua y thfic d l nhan thfic va van dung quy luat khach quan vd'n cd cfla hien thuc mpt each chfl dpng, linh hoat va de ra ke hoach mdt cdch khoa hpc, phfl hgp, kip thdi d l cai tao hien thttc theo xu the phat triin cfia xa hpi. Phdt huy vai trd tich cue cia y thfic ddi hdi chfi t h i trong nhan thfic va hdnh dpng. C i n chdng thai dp thu ddng, Id thupc vao didu kien khdch quan hoac nan chi, thodi lui trudc khd khan hay dd ldi cho hoan canh ben ngoai.

Sdn la, quan he Igi Ich id mdt loai quan he giii vai trd dac bidt quan trpng trong he thdng cac m\

quan hd xa hpi. Vi vay, trong boat dpng cai tao xS hpi, can phdt huy tinh nang dpng chfi quan cua chfi t h i trong nhdn tfific vd giai quylt dfing dan quan he lgi Ich de tao ra ddng Iue boat dpng cho mgi chfi the. Phai k i t hgp ede loai igi ich khae nhau: Lgi ich vat c h a t loi ich tfnh than, loi Ich kinh te, igi Ich chlnh trj...; lgi Ich ca nhdn, Igi ich tap t h i , Igi ich xa hdi. Bac biet la chfi t h i lanh dao, quan iy trong chi dao, dieu hdnh phai cd dpng co trong sang, thai dp that su khach quan, khoa hpc, kbPng vu Ig' trong nhan thfic va giai quylt cac Tf P CHi GIAO Due LY LUAN - SO 244 (4/2016)

^ i i

NGHIEN CliU CHiNH TBI XA HOI

van dd cfia tap the, cfia xa hpi.

Nhu vay, nguyen tie khach quan trong he thdng cac nguyen tie cfia phuong phdp luan bien chfing duy vat da dua ra nhung yeu eau, nhttng gidi han thuc te d l chu the xac djnh quan dilm va phuang phap can ban d l nhan thfic va cai tao thi gidi. b bat ky ITnh vuc, pham vi nao thi vide thuc thi cac ydu cau cfia nguydn tic khach quan trong viec kit hgp va thuc hidn ddng thdi cdc yeu cau cfia cdc nguyen tic khdc cfla phuong phap luan bidn chfing duy vat deu cd y nghia va vai trd vP cung quan trgng. Bieu dd giup cho chfi thi trdnh dugc nhttng sai lam chfl quan, sieu hinh vd cflng nhac khi giai quyet nhttng nhidm vu thttc t l dat ra.

Nguyen tac khach quan vdi su khdi xudng cong cugc doi mdi ciia Bang Cong san Viet Nam

Trong sudt qua trinh ldnh dao nhdn dan thuc hien cdng cudc gidnh ddc lap dan tgc vd xdy dung, bao vd Td qudc, Dang cdng san Viet Nam da ludn tha'm nhuan Snh than bidn chfing cfia chu nghTa Mae - Lenin, da van dung mpt each bdn bi vd sang tao nhttng quan diem vd nguyen tic cfla phttOng phdp luan bien chfing duy vat dac bidt Id nguyen tie khach quan de giai quylt cdc van de efla thuc tidn. Tuy nhidn, trong nhan thfic vd chi dao thuc fidn xay dung CNXH, cd Ific Dang ta da vi pham nghiem trpng nguyen tic khdch quan, da mac phai nhttng sai lam cfia can bdnh chfi quan duy y chi. Nhttng bai hpc sau sic md Dang cdng san Vidt Nam neu ra trong Van kidn Bai hpi dai bleu todn qudc lan thfl VI Id sg kit tfnh efla su tran trd tim tdi, sdng tao trong thuc tiln cfla Bang vdi tinh than bidn ehttng, khdch quan.

Nhin thing vao stt that, ndi ro stt that d l ddi mfl cdch nghl, each lam nham xdy dttng chfl nghTa xd hdi mpt each hieu qua Id budc khdi dau cfia cong cupc ddi mdi va cung la hien thdn cfia vide qudn triet nguyen tic khach quan cfia Bang epng san Viet Nam vao thuc Bin each mang Viet Nam d nhttng nam 80 cfla t h i ky XX. Sau mpt qud trinh tfm tdi, thfi nghiem va tp'ng kit thttc Sin, Dai hpi dai bidu toan qudc lan thtt VI (thang 12/1986), bang ta da dd ra phuang hudng va npi

dung cho cdng cudc ddi mdi. Ddi mdi trudc hit phai ludn xuat phdt ttt thuc te, tdn trpng va hanh ddng theo cdc quy luat khach quan. Phai "kit hgp chat che ngay ttt dau ddi mdi kinh t l vdi ddi mdi

•chinh trj, lay ddi mdi kinh t l ldm trpng tarn, ddng thdi tttng budc doi mdi chinh S'j"'". "Ddi mdi tat ca cac mat cfia ddi sdng xa hdi nhung phai cd trpng tdm, trpng diem, ed nhung bttdc di thich hgp; bao dam su gin kit chat che vd ddng bp gitta ba nhiem vu, phat triin kinh t l la trung tam, xdy dung Dang la then ehdt va phat trien van hda - nen tang finh than cfia xa hpi"'".

Trong ten trinh ddi mfli, tidp tuc phuflng chdm van dung sang tao ly luan cfia chfi nghTa Mac- Lenin vd tfnh than menh ldnh cudc sdng la tren hdt, Dang ta da cd nhttng thay ddi quan trpng trong nhan thfic vd md hinh kinh te cfia thfli ky qua dp, ve quan he gitta luc lugng san xuat va quan he san xuat; ve co cau kinh td, cfl chl quan ly; vd CNH,HOH; ve quan hd gitta xay dung nen kinh t l dpc lap tu chfl vdi chfi dpng hpi nhap kinh t l qudc t l ; ve cdc thanh phin kinh tl...

Cdng cupc ddi mdi todn dien cfia Viet Nam dang di vdo chieu sdu trong giai doan da'y manh CNH.HDH va hpi nhdp qudc t l . Bang ta can tflp tuc van dung mpt cdch sang tao, linh boat va triet d l hon phuong phdp luan bien chfing duy vat, nang cao hon ntta trinh dp tu duy ly luan, nang Iue lanh dao, giai quylt thdnh cdng nhttng van dd do cupc sdng dat ra, tan dung dugc mgi co hpi tao dd cho phdt triin ben vttng cfla dan tdc. Thttc thi dttgc dieu dd trong giai doan hien nay, mpt mat khing djnh ban ITnh, trf tue cfla mdt Bang elm quyen, mat khdc dd la minh chfing sang ngdi cho ban chat khoa hpc va each mang cfia chfi nghTa Mac-Lenin, cfla phuong phap luan cam nang cho edng cudc xdy dung CNXH d Viet Nam.B

1 - Ddng Cdng sdn Viet Nam. Vdn kien Dai hgi dai bieu todn qudc ldn thii VIII, Nxb. Chinh tri Quiyc gia, Hd Nat, 1996, tr 71

2 - Bdng Cdng sdn Viet Nam: Vdn kien Dgi hdi ddi bieu todn quae ldn thii X, Nxb. Chinh tn Qudc gia, Hd Ngi, 2006, tr. 70 - 71.

Tf PGHi GIfO DUG L* LUAN -SO 244 (4/2016) 25