KY NIEM 55 NAM CHI^N THANG OIEN BIEN PHU
CHIEN W m BIEN BIEN PH^
mot dinh cao trong nghe thuat quan sir Viet Nam
TS NGUYEN NGOC HA*
ThS NGUYEN THI THU HA**
C
udi thang 10 - 1953, Nava quyet dinh ap dung each phdng ngy tap doan cii diem ciia phat xit Dirc trudc day theo kieu"chien luge con nhim" va ke thira kinh nghiem d Na San, xay dyng Dien Bien Phu thanh mdt tap doan cir diem Idn, mdt tran dia tac chien phdng ngy cao nhat ciia Phap trong cudc chien tranh Ddng Duong.
Dien Bien Phii la mdt he thdng phdng thii kien cd gdm 49 cir diem, cd he thdng hda lyc nhieu tang, ba phan khu, 8 cum cir diem. Mdi cum cir diem la mdt trung tam de khang phire hgp cd lyc lugng co ddng rieng, hda lyc manh, dugc bao ve bang cac hang rao day thep gai, bai min va hang rao dien sat mat dat. Nhtfng trung tam de khang cdn cd bai min bao quanh, trong dd cd ca min nhay, ty ddng tieu diet khi ddi phuong cham phai hang rao. Ben sudn niii, cdng binh dich chdn cac thiing dyng Nagel - mdt loai chit Idng, bit lira, khi chay ra se thanh nhifng lan sdng lira tran vao ddi phuong. Khi quan ta bit diu tiln cdng Dien Bien Phii thi lyc lugng quan dich d day cd 12 tieu doan va 7 dai ddi bd
*, ** Hoc viC-n CT-HC Khu vuc 1
binh tinh nhue bac nhat, 2 tieu doan phao 105 ly (24 khau), 2 tieu doan siing cdi 120 ly (20 khau), 1 dai ddi phao 155 ly (4 khau), 1 dai ddi xe tang 18 tan (10 chiec), 17 may bay thudng true. Ngoai ra, dich edn diing 2/3 may bay nem bom, tiem kich, 100% may bay van tai de yem trg. "Ngay ea trong dai chien thir hai vira qua, quan ddi Phap ciing chua bao gid dyng len mdt he thdng phdng ngy da chien Idn manh nhu d Dien Bien Phii"'.
Quan ddi ta lai chii ddng bao vay va tieu diet tap doan cir diem vdi trang bj va phuong tien kem hon. Chien dich Dien Bien Phii la hinh thirc tac chien cdng kien tran dia Idn nhat cua ta trong chien tranh chdng Phap.
Tien cdng tran dia phdng ngy ciia dich khdng cdn la van de mdi ddi vdi quan ddi ta. Song, d eac chien dich Ddng Khe, NghTa Ld, Na San. bd ddi ta mdi chi tien cdng nhifng cum phdng ngy don gian hon nhieu so vdi Dien Bien Phii trong dieu kien ta han ehe ve trang thiet bi; danh cdng kien vao tran dia tac chien phdng ngy chua la sd trudng tac chien ciia bg ddi ta. Thye te cho thay, d Ddng Khe, ta gianh thang lgi quyet dinh vdi dieu kien quan sd ap dao so vdi dich, chap nhan nhieu thuong vong; Na San va NghTa Ld ta
TAP CHi LICH SU OANG - SO 4/2009 11
KY NIEM 55 NAM CHI^N T H A N G DIEN BIEN PHU
khdng dat dugc mue tieu de ra ban dau. Trong khi dd Dien Bien la "Na San luy thira mudi" va phai tien cdng, tac chien d ddng bang vdn ciing khdng la sd trudng ciia bd ddi ta.
Nhan thirc rd mat manh, yeu ciia ta va ciia dich, tir giifa nam 1953, cac dai doan chii lyc da tap tmng nghien cim each danh tap doan cii diem, hgc chien thuat cdng kien va danh van ddng. Budc dau xae dinh 2 each danh tap doan cir diem: Mdt la, dimg toan bd lye lugng danh ciing mdt liic, cd mdt miii thgc sau vao sd chi huy, "danh nhanh giai quyet nhanh". Hai la, tieu diet dan timg tmng tam de khang, timg cir diem tir ngoai vao trong, each danh "bde vd", "danh chae tien chae".
Ve trang bi, chiing ta nhanh ehdng tap trung nhifng loai vu khi phat huy hda lyc manh du de tien cdng tap doan cii diem nhu bde pha, phao mat dat, phao cao xa. Dae biet, mdt sd loai vii khi lan dau tien xuat hien nhu cao xa 37 ly, lyu phao 105 ly da giii dugc bi mat cho den gid tien cdng, gay kinh hoang cho dich.
Lyc lugng tien cdng cae tap doan phdng ngy da dugc chuan bi tir trudc. Lyc lugng tien cdng Dien Bien Phii cua ta cd 27 tieu doan bd binh, 1 trung doan son phao 75 ly, 2 tieu doan lyu phao
105 ly, 4 dai ddi sung cdi 120 ly, 1 trung doan eao xa 37 ly va 2 tieu doan cdng binh. Nhu vay, bg binh cua ta ddng gap rudi dich nhung trang bi yeu hon nhieu. Ta hon dich ve sd lugng phao nhung dy trif dan rat it. Ta khdng ed xe tang va chi cd mdt trung doan phao cao xa ddi phd vdi toan bd khdng quan dich.
Tien cdng Dien Bien Phii la tran dau tien ciia quan ddi ta danh hiep ddng cdng kien quy md Idn cap dai doan, phdi hgp quan binh chiing, chii
ylu la phao binh va bd binh; la tran tien cdng tran dja Idn nhit, dat ra cho ta nhieu van de mdi vl chiln thuat cin giai quyet va chi cd giai quyet dugc cac van de chien thuat mdi thuc hien dugc y do tac chien va dat mue tieu de ra.
- Lua ehpn cdch ddnh Id yeu td ddu tien, bdo ddm gidnh thdng lai. Thang 11-1953, khi hudng tiln cdng len Tay Bae ciia ta bat dau, Phap nhay dii xuong Dien Bien, cdng tac chuan hi cua ta da dugc xae dinh la danh cdng kien tap doan cir diem. Ngay 6-12-1953, Tdng quan iiy bao cao len Bd Chinh tri phuong hudng tien cdng Dien Bien Phii theo phirong an danh chae thang vdi
"thdi gian tac chien ude do bdn muoi lam ngay"^. Phuong an danh nhanh dugc dua vao thdi diem quan Phap chua kip ciing cd lyc lugng, song viec xdc dinh cdch ddnh chdc, tien chdc dii phai keo dai thdi gian chuan bi, thay ddi bd tri ddi hinh, chuan hi ky hon ve hau can va cdng tac tu tudng... da the hien rd ban ITnh, tri tue va tinh than ty chii, sang tao ciia ta trong viec lya chgn each danh sd trudng ciia minh, phii hgp vdi trang hi hien cd, ddng thdi khai thac dung han ehe ciia dich.
- Chudn bi hdu cdn todn dien, day dii, ddp img yeu cdu ddnh Idu ddi Id dieu kien quan trpng quyet dinh thdng lpi. Khi xae dinh tap doan cir diem la each hiiu hieu nhit dl doi phd vdi nhiing chien dich tien cdng d vimg rirng nui, quan Phap da tinh den kha nang hau can han ehe ciia ta: phuang tien tiep tl hien thdi khdng cho phep cac dai doan chu lyc tac chien tai mdt viing thugng du ngheo qua xa can cii; khdng thi duy tri d thugng du qua hai dai doan va 20.000 dan cdng; do khd khan ve giao thdng, khdng the
12 TAP CHi UCH SLr O A N G - SO 4/2009
KY NIEM 55 NAM CHIEN THANG OIEN BIEN PHU
mang tdi Dien Bien Phil phao tren 75 ly ciing vdi dan phao qua 7 ngay chiln diu.
Tinh toan ciia quan Phap khdng phai khdng ed ly. Song dieu quan trgng la chiing ta da vugt qua khd khan dd. Thanh tim vl mat kinh tl trong qua trinh khang chien va bing tinh thin yeu nudc, quyet tam ddn siic cho tran chiln cudi ciing ciia ddng bao Tay Bac, Viet Bac, Lien khu IV. Lien khu 111... da dap iing mgi yeu cau ve hau can cho chien dich^ Chinh sire manh ciia Idng yeu nudc ndng nan da gan ket nhimg con ngudi Viet Nam, bang Idng tin va y chi sat da, hg san sang vugt qua gian khd, chju dyng mgi hy sinh de gianh ddc lap, ty do. Phap khdng the ngd dugc chinh nhifng chiec xe dap Pogid thd 200-300 kg hang va day bang sire ngudi, vdi sy thdng minh va y chi ciia ngudi dan Viet Nam da danh thang phuang tien van chuyen hang khdng quan sy ciia quan ddi Phap. Phap cdn bat ngd hon nua d kha nang td chirc va sy sang tao ra cac phuong thire va phuang tien van chuyen ciia ta. Khi chuan hi vao tran danh, Bd Chi huy ciia ta da the hien tai nang chi dao chuyen quan va hang tiep te d trinh do cao nhat. Ba muoi ngan quan tren dudng tdi Dien Bien Phii vugt sdng Da va nhifng cay cau ngam ma may bay dich khdng thi phat hien dugc. Nhung tuyen tiep te dai tdi hon 100 km vdi nhifng eon dudng kem chat lugng va ludn bj may bay Phap danh pha, nhung mgi viec tir cdng tac nudi quan, y te den van tai dlu dugc tiln hanh. Cac tuyen hau can hinh thanh mdt thi bd tri tir phia sau ra phia trudc, bao dam cho cac hudng tien cdng vao tap doan cir dilm dich. Thi bd tri vifng chae, lien hoan, hgp ly la co sd dl tiln hanh mgi cdng tac
bao dam hau can khdng hi gian doan trong mgi tinh hudng.
- Van de dat ra tiep theo la co hlnh thitc.
nghe thuat tdc chien phit hap. Hinh thirc, nghe thuat tac chien phai tuan thu phuang cham danh chae, nhung rat uyen chuyen, phii hgp vdi timg cii diem, timg giai doan, timg tinh the. Khi xae dinh tran dia bd phdng d Dien Bien, Phap da dinh ap dat cho ta ve each danh, thudng thay trong cac chien dich tan cdng tran dia phdng ngy trudc day la huy ddng hda lyc manh, danh tap trung, ddn dap. Nhung thye te la ta da budc Phap phai chap nhan danh theo each cua ta, rat bat ngd vdi chiing, ma d dd nhifng Igi the, sd trudng ciia ta dugc phat huy tdt nhat.
Tuan thii phuang cham "danh chae tien chae", bd ddi ta tap trung xay dyng tran dia bao vay va tien cdng tir toan bd tap doan cir diem den tirng vj tri cd thu cua djch. Nhd dd, ta khdng chi khai thac triet de diem yeu cua dich, ma cdn ehe ngy nhifng diem manh ciia chiing. Quan Phap cd Igi the ve hau can, nhung dan bi phao binh va tran dia chien hao ciia ta thu hep ca bau trdi va mat dat, hi triet ngudn tiep te. Mdt he thdng cir diem cdng kien vira cd the yem hg chat ehe cho nhau ciia quan ddi Phap da bi tran dia chien hao cua ta lam cho rdi rac.
Tran dia chien hao ciia ta dai hang tram km, bao gdm ca mdt he thdng ham hao Idn, nhd phiic tap, vira mang tinh tien cdng, vira mang tinh phdng ngy; vira bao dam chien dau vira bao dam cac dieu kien sinh hoat hang ngay va lau dai ciia bd ddi va cung la con dudng co ddng phao, van chuyen thuang binh, tiep te. Nd phat huy hda lyc va each danh bd binh ciia ta
TAP CHi UCH SL/DANG - SO 4/2009 13
KY NIEM 55 NAM CHIEN T H A N G DIEN BIEN PHU
trong dieu kien hda lye dich manh, dia hinh tac chien trdng trai. Viee dua tran dia chien hao vao sat cir diem dich, vao khu trung tam ciia tap doan cir diem da han ehe dugc uu the hda lyc ciia khdng quan, phao binh dich, giam nhe thuang vong lye lugng ta.
Quan ddi ta ddng thdi lam dugc ca ba viec:
giii bi mat tuyet ddi ve sy ed mat eiia phao hang nang (105 ly) va eao xa, bd tri tran dia phao va sir dung hda lyc phao. Chi den khi quan ta md man chien dich, danh eir diem Him Lam, quan Phap mdi chinh thirc tin la ta sir dung lyu phao 105 ly. Ta lam dugc dieu ky dieu la dua phao vao tan nhiing sudn nui ben trong Idng chao, khdng ehe toan bd tap doan cir diem, dae biet la san bay, true tiep de dga cae cir diem bang dan ban thang. Bd tri tran dia phao, cdng sy cua phao ed eau triic vifng chae, du sire chiu dyng nhung tran oanh kich ciia khdng quan va phao binh dich. Bd tri tran dia lyu phao phan tan nhung khi tien cdng thi tap trung vao tirng cir diem, lam tang eudng do oanh kich; son phao 75 lai dugc di chuyen co ddng bang he thdng giao thdng hao theo bd binh den sat eir diem. Ky thuat ban thang sd trudng ciia bd ddi ta trong sir dung son phao dugc phat huy de tieu diet chinh xae tirng myc tieu.
Ciing vdi chien luge tien cdng tran dia ciia cac don vi chii lyc d Dien Bien Phii. ta da phat huy tdi da each danh du kich. Ben canh hda lyc manh. vu khi hang nang, eac don vi day manh hoat ddng nhd, phat huy each danh nhd truyen thdng the hien sy thdng minh, sang tao, ehii ddng eiia nhiing chien sy sinh ra tir ddng ruduR. ludn bam dat bam lang trong sudt cudc
khang chiln. Chinh tir kinh nghiem eiia chien tranh du kich d ddng bang trudc dd ma ta da sang tao diing "con ciii" bang rom de hut dan ciia djch khi dao cdng sy; sang tao ra phuang phap dao diii khi vao gan cir diem dich; sang tao ra viec khoet mii lam ham dat phao, vira ty bao ve, vira lam cho ddi phuong khdng xae dinh dugc diem dat phao de danh tra; bep Hoang Cam, dugc khoet sau vao long dat va cd nhieu dudng dan khdi tda lan vao suong mil khien dich khdng the phat hien dugc ma van dam bao cho bd ddi ta cd com ndng, canh nggt. Khi tran dia chien hao da hinh thanh, ta phat ddng phong trao thi dua ban tia vira tieu hao lyc lugng dich, vira kim ehiing trong cac Id cdt. Vdi viee dao cac he thdng chien hao, quan ta da sir dung chien thuat "vay lan", tiep can dan vao eac vi tri ciia Phap. Ta da vay lan dao hao cat ngang ea san bay, dao hao den tan chan Id cdt cd thii, thu hep khu vyc kiem soat ciia quan Phap. Sy phat trien nhanh chdng ciia cac chien hao cudi ciing da hinh thanh mdt he thdng giao thdng hao tien thang ve phia Phap, tao thanh vi tri ban dap tien cdng rat thuan Igi de tieu diet tirng bd phan va dap tan mgi ke hoach thao chay ciia dich. Chinh do each danh nay, chiing ta da bdp nghet ngudn tiep te ciia dich, dua binh linh dich vao trang thai cang thang, suy sup; uy hiep thudng xuyen phan khu trung tam, tao dieu kien thuan lgi cho tdng cdng kich tieu diet toan bd quan djch.
(Xem tiep trang 26)
14 TAP CHi LICH SU' D A N G - SO 4/2009
s y NGHIEP VA TU' TU'O'NG HO CHi MINH
ngudi Viet Nam yeu nudc tai Phap, timg budc dua Hdi nhiing ngudi Viet Nam yeu nudc trd thanh mdt doan the eua Hdi Lien hiep thude dja.
Nhung ngudi Viet Nam cd them nhieu ban be d cac thude dia va qua Hdi, ban be eae thude dja hieu dae diem dja ly, tinh hinh kinh te - xa hdi, ljch sir dau tranh ciia nhan dan ta. Day la thdi ky Nguyen Ai Qudc chuan bj hanh trang de budc vao giai doan tiep theo trong hanh trinh dan dat dan tdc di den thang lgi. Diing nhu dy cam ciia triim mat tham Phap Paul Arnoux khi dd: "Con ngudi thanh nien manh khanh va day siie sdng nay cd the la ngudi se dat chif thap cao ehung len nen thdng tri ciia ehung ta d Ddng Duong"' .
1, 6. Tran Dan Tien: Nhimg mdu chuyen ve ddi hoat dong cua Ho Chii lich, NXB Van hoc, H,
1970,tr.30-31
2, 5. Tdi lieu lim tai kho Thu kho quoc gia Phdp. Ky hieu luu trie: F7-13405 (Xem: Nguyen Phan Quang. Nguyen Ai Quoc a Phdp 1917-1923, NXB Cdng an nhan dan, H, 2005;
3. Nguyen Phan Quang: Nguyen Ai Quoc a Phdp 1917-1923, NXB Cdng an nhan dan, H, 2005, tr.66
4. Tdi lieu luu tai kho Thu kho quoc gia Phdp.
Ky hieu luu trie F7-1345
1. Le Thj Kinh: Phan Chdu Trinh qua nhimg tdi lieu mdi NXB Da Ning, 2003, tr.355-356
8. Tdi lieu sim Idm ndm 2007. ky hieu IDO/HCUs.p.c.e 367
9. Hd Chi Minh Bien nien tieu sic, CTQG, H, 2006Tl,tr.203-204
10. Hdng Ha: Thdi ihanh nien cua Bde Ho, NXB Thanh nien, H, 1976, tr.81.
CHIEN THANG DIEN BIEN PHU...
(Tiep theo trang 14)
Trong chien diu, nghe thuat tac chien dugc quan ddi ta thye hien phii hgp trong hoan canh lugng dy trif hau cin han ehe. Phong trao bin tia, sy phdi hgp tdt gjifa bd binh va phao binh, dae biet la tran dja chien hao da giiip ta bao dam chien thang trong dieu kien ngudn cung cap cd han"*. Dieu nay chimg td: siic manh tieu diet djch khdng chi phu thude vao hda lyc, phu thuoc vao lugng vii khi, ma phu thude chii yeu vao viec cd phuong cham, nghe thuat tien cdng diing din.
Ket hgp sir dung mdt each nhuan nhuyen ca 3 hinh thirc tac chien: du kich, van ddng, cdng kien trong chien dich Dien Bien Phii la mdt budc phat trien quan trgng ciia tu tudng quan sy Viet Nam. Nd ke thira tmyen thdng danh giae ciia cha dng ta, ddng thdi van dung phii hgp nhung tri thirc quan sy hien dai va mot sd kinh nghiem ciia cac nudc ban vao dieu kien cu the cua chien tranh va chien tmdng khi dd. Chien thang Dien Bien Phu da gdp phan lam phong phii net dgc dao trong kho tang nghe thuat quan sy Viet Nam.
1. Robert Guillanin. La Fin des illusions (Het ao tyong). Trich theo Vo Nguyen Giap: Dien Bien Phii diem hen lich sir, NXB QDND, H, 2000, tr.40i
2. Vo Nguyen Giap: Dien Bien Phu diem hen lich su, NXB QDND, H, 2000, tr.50
3. Ta da huy dong dugc 261.453 dan cong vai 18.301.570 ngay cong, 25.056 tan gao, 907 tin thit, 917 tin luong thuc khac, 20.991 xe dap thi, 11.800 mang nira va hang nghin con ngira tho. Rieng doi xe dap tho da len tren 200.000 nguoi, moi xe cho dugc tir 200-300 kg
4. Ta CO tong so khoang 20.000 vien dan phao 105 ly, so voi sir tinh toan ciia dich can cir vao hoa lire ciia ta la 350.000 vien va thuc te quan Phap da sii dung 132.000 vien.
26 TAP CHi UCH S I J O A N G - SO 4/2009
