26 NGON
N G 0 " & O 6 |SONG s6 6(164)-2009
NGOAI NGU VOI BAN NGU • ) : i ' £ . . , ; . • i f i -
\'':A 'i tii Mi'
NHtfNG TirONG DONG VA KHAC BIET
CUA Tir LAY TRONG TIENG VIET VA TIENG HAN
I:
Nghien cuu so sanh, doi ehieu de tim ra nhung diem giong nhau va khac nhau giua tieng Viet va tieng Han la ingt trong nhung cong viec CO tinh thdi sir ciia nganh ngon ngQ- hgc so sanh - doi ehieu hien nay d Viet Nam. Bdi vi, trudc het, nhu chung ta biet, do su giao luu ve mgi mat, dac biet la ve chinh tri kinh te - van hoa - khoa hoc kT thuat giua 2 nude Viet Nam va Han Quoe ngay cang phat trien khien cho viec nghien ciiu va hgc tap tieng Viet va tieng Han ciia ngudi dan 2 nude ngay cang tang theo. Sau nua, viec nghien ciru so sanh - doi ehieu 2 ngon ngQ- khac nhau ve dac diem loai hinh de kham pha ra nhung khac biet va dong thdi ca nhQng tuong dong giQa chimg cung la mot nhu cau tu than trong khuynh hudng phat trien cua ngon ngu hgc dai cuong noi chung, ngon ngQ- hgc so sanh - doi ehieu noi rieng.
Muc di'ch ciia bai viet nay la gop phan chi ra nhung di biet trong Idp tir lay ciia 2 ngon ngQ- Viet - Han. Bdi vi theo suy nghT ciia chimg toi, chinh sir khac biet do mdi gay nen nhieu kho khan trd ngai trong viec sir dung Idp tii- nay. Vi sao chimg toi lai ehgn Idp tir lay lam dii tugng cho sir nghien ciru so sanh - doi ehieu? Theo nhin nhan ciia chimg toi, tir lay trong tieng Viet la mot lap tu- het sire dgc dao, dac biet ca v l phuong dien cau tao lan ve phuong dien ngQ- ngliTa.
Nhieu ngon ngu khac tren thi gidi, ch5ng han nhu cac ngon ngu- chau An khong co Idp tir nay nhu la mot tieu he thong trong he thong v6n tir vung. Trong khi do, d mot ngon ngu khac xa vl mat loai hinh hgc do la tieng Han, lai co Idp tir dgc dao nay, vdi moi so lugng khong thi khong
-« I D O T H ! BICH LAI
(TS, Dai hoc KHXH & NV Tp Ho Chi Minh) quan tam den duge'. Day la mot sir tuong dong den ki la giQa tieng Viet va tieng Han - 2 ngon ngu ma ngd nhu hoan toan chang co gi la chung, la giong nhau - bdi sir that tieng Han la ngon ngu thuge loai hinh chap dinh, trong khi do, tieng Viet lai la mot ngon ngQ- don lap.
Hien nay, trong gidi Viet ngu hgc, viec mieu ta, phan loai, xae djnh ranh gidi tir lay tieng Viet van con co nhieu cho chua thong nhat. Ve tii- lay tieng Han co le cung co tinh trang tuang tu. Bai viet ciia chiing toi khong co muc dieh ban luan ve cac y kien khac nhau ciia cac tac gia di trudc ve cac van de nay, ma thira nhan mot diem la trong tieng Viet va trong tieng Han co mot Idp tir duge ggi la tir lay, do cho trong cac tii' ay, cac thanh to ciia no co quan he vdi nhau ve mat ngu am va ve mat chiic nang ngQ- phap thi cac tii- nay hoat dong vdi tu each la tir.
Viec tim ra nhung tuong dong va dj biet trong tir lay ciia 2 ngon ngu' Viet - Han mot mat gop phan thiic day sir nghien ciru so sanh - doi ehieu ngon ngQ- trong xu the phat trien ciia ngon ngu hgc hien dai, mat khac gop phan giiip ieh trudc het la cho nhung ngudi Han Quoe dang nghien ciru va hgc tap tieng Viet, va sau do la nhung ngudi Viet dang nghien ciru va hgc tap tieng Han cung nhu cho chinh nhQng ngirdi Viet hgc tap va sir dung tieng Viet vdi tu each la tieng me de.
Tir trirdc den nay, co the noi la dura co mgi cong trinh nao di sau va nghien ciru so sanh - doi ehieu Idp tir lay tieng Viet va tieng Han. Chi den nam 1998 mdi co mot luan van tot nghiep dai ' Theo su- th6ng ke ciia Cho Hae Kyung trong luan an ciia minh thi co 2.163 tir lay va dang lay (thong ke dua theo cu6n Tir dien "Quoe Nghi Min Jung". Seoul, 1996.
s66(164)-2009 NGON NGU & 001 SONG 27
hoc khao sat ve de tai nay. Trong luan van nay, tac gia Cho Hae Kyung da bude dau mien ta cau true, phac thao so luge ve ngir nghTa ciia tir lay trong tieng Han va tieng Viet, tir do bude dau da dua ra duge mot so net tuong dong va dj biet ve cau tao va ngQ- nghTa ciia tu- lay trong tieng Viet va tieng Han. Day la cong trinh dau tien khao sat ve van de nay. Vi vay, no co nhQng dong gop nhat djnh, dac biet la da mieu ta rat kT ve cau tao cua tir lay tieng Han, da cho ngudi dgc co nhung hieu biet nhat dinh ve tir lay trong ngon ngQ- nay.
Song theo thien y ciia chiing toi, cong trinh nay chua neu bat la nhung diem dj biet ve ban chat cua tir lay tieng Viet va tir lay tieng Han, trong do dang chu y, dang quan tam nhat la su khac nhau ve ngQ- nghTa ciia tir lay trong 2 ngon ngQ-, bdi vi chinh sir khac nhau nay se dan den nhQng he qua ve kha nang hoat dong ciia chung trong qua trinh giao tiep, vi vay, co the noi, bai viet cua chiing toi chii yeu se co gang di sau vao khao sat nhung di biet cua chung trong qua trinh su dung lap tii- nay ca vdi tu each la tieng nude ngoai lan vdi tu each la tieng me de.
Trudc khi di vao van de, chung toi xin xae djnh ro gidi han khao sat ciia de tai la tir lay 2 am tiet va tir lay 4 am tiet. Bdi vi, day la 2 loai tii- lay tieu bieu cho tieng Viet va tieng Han.
A. Nhirng dj biet ve phu'ong dien cau tao giira tir lay tieng Viet va tir lay tilng Han.
I. Nhirng dj biet ve nguon goc cau tao cua tir lay trong tieng Viet va tiSng Han:
1.1. Doi vdi loai tir lay 2 dm tiet
a. Trong tieng Viet, tir lay 2 am tilt la loai tii- lay CO so lugng Idn nhat duge sir dung vdi tSn so cao nhat, co kha nang san sinh cao nhkt va vi vay CO thi noi day la loai tii- lay dien hinh cua tieng Viet. Vi sao nhu vay? Bdi vi tilng Viet la mot ngon ngu dan lap, am tilt tinh. Don vj co nghTa nho nhat trong tilng Viet, xet vl mat cau tao, do la am tiet (trir mot vai truong hgp tir lay am mo phong am thanh cua tu nhien thi don vj co nghTa nho nhat d day la Idn hon am tilt). Trong khi do cac ngon ngu loai hinh khac khong co tinh hinh nhu vay. Vi thi, khi nghien ciiu ve tir lay trong tieng Viet, trirdc hit chiing ta cSn noi vl tir lay 2
am tiet. Va trudc het, can phai tim hilu ve ngudn goc cau tao ciia Idp tir lay 2 dm tiet nay mdi co the chi ra duge su khac nhau ve ban ch4t va su giong nhau chi la ve hinh thirc ciia tir lay tilng Viet va tieng Han.
Ve nguon goc cau tao, tir lay 2 am tilt tilng Viet CO 2 tieu loai:
Tieu loai 1: Bao gom nhung tir lay duge tao ra theo CO che lay dua tren co' sd /;/(;/ tir goc dd co nghTa {Day la loai tu- lay quan trgng. tao nen dien mao va ban chat ciia tir lay tilng Viet). Vay san pham tir lay nay la mot tir phdi sinh. NghTa cua chung cung la ngu nghTa phai sinh. NghTa nay co duge dua tren co- sd cua nghTa goc.
Vidin
Tir goc Tir lay (tir phai sinh) dep .J dep de
sach sach se gon
nho vuong do
ggn ge nho nhe vuong van do dan
- Cho Hae Kyung - Buoc dku so sanh tir lay tilng Han voi tir lay tilng Viet - Luan vSn tit nghiep Dai hgc TPHCM-1998.
vgi voi vang le le lang
Tieu loai II: Bao gom nhung tir lay duge tao ra theo co che lay nhung khong phai dua tren ea sd ciia mot tii- goc da co ma ca 2 ylu t6 (2 am tiet) mdi la 1 tir goc.
Vidu:
bang khuang
dung dinh , , , • .,, .
b i m b j p ••,
lenh khenh i r khapkhieng
long dong , .. ; lan dan , ,.
b. Trong khi do, d tieng Han cQng co loai tu- lay 2 am tiet. Nhu vay, sir tuong dong giua tir lay 2 am tiet tieng Viet va tii' lay 2 am tilt tilng Han the hien d so lugng am tiet va d quy tac cku tao - do Id quy tdc lay dnu Tuy nhien, dilu quan trgng muon noi d day la su khac nhau vl ngu6n goc cau tao tir lay tilng Han loai 2 am tilt chi co 1 tieu lo^i duy nhat, do la tii- lay ma ca 2 ylu to (2 am tiet) chi cd ngliTa gdc, khong co nghia phdi sinh. Hay noi each khac tir lay 2 am tilt trong tieng Han la tir vdi chirc nang djnh danh.
Luc nay no tuong duong vdi tilu loai tir lay thir 2 trong tir lay 2 am tiet duge mieu ta d tren trong
28 NGONNGUr & 001 SONG s6 6(164)-2009
tilng Viet. Co le ca 2 tieu loai tu- lay nay trong tilng Viet va tilng Han chang gay kho khan gi nhieu trong viec sir dung chiing, bdi vi no chi co 1 nghTa - do la nghTa dinh danh - nghTa goc. Vay vkn dl con lai la d tieu loai tir lay 2 am tiet thii- nhkt trong tilng Viet - tieu loai tir lay duge tao nen theo ca che lay dua tren ca sd mot tu- goc co s5n. Chinh kilu loai nay da tao nen sir khac biet ve ban chat giua tu- lay 2 am tiet tieng Viet va tir lay 2 am tilt tilng Han, tao nen nhung sir da dang, phiic tap, tinh te ve ngQ- nghTa khien cho ngudi nude ngoai va ca chinh ngirdi ban ngir phai "lao dao" vi no.
1.2. Doi v&i loai tie lay 4 dm tiet
a. Nguon goc cau tao cua tir lay 4 am tiet trong tieng Viet la dua tren co' sd cua tu- lay 2 am tiet. Loai nay co so lugng khong nhieu, khong phai la tieu loai tu- lay dien hinh cua tieng Viet.
Nhu vay, tir goc ciia tir lay bon am tiet trong tieng Viet la tu lay 2 am tiet.
Vidu:
Tir lay goc Tir lay 4 am tiet phai sinh hiing ho hiing himg ho ho hap tap hap ta hap tap Iiingtung lung ta lung tung hi hue hi ha hi hue diing dinh dimg da diing dinh b. Trong khi do, tir lay co cau tao 4 am tiet trong tieng Han lai Id loai co so luong lan nhat trong tong so tir lay. Co the noi, day Id loai tie lay dien hinh cua tieng Han. Theo Cho Hae Kyung thi tir lay 4 am tiet ciia tieng Han duge tao ra tren co- sd tii- tir lay 2 am tiet. Song, qua kiem tra ciia chung toi dua vao bang phu luc ciia luan van ciia Cho Hae Kyung thi co' sd cua tu- lay 4 am tiet trong tieng Han khong phai la tir lay 2 dm tiet ma chi la tii- 2 dm tiet, bdi vi cac tu-'goc nay khong phaf la tir lay. Xdt'cat vf du sau day:
Tir goc Tir lay 4 am tiet handac handae handac (dong dua) bul thong bul thong bul thong (bixj) gophul go phul go phul (lung linh) gom sii -> • gom sii gom sii (long lanh) go bul ^ go bul go bul (ngoan ngoeg) du doi -^ du doi du doi (Mm bam)
Nhu vay, tii- lay 4 am tilt trong tilng Viet va tieng Han deu co sir giong nhau ve nguon goc cau tao d cho: chiing deu duge tao ra tren co sd tir 2 am tiet: nhung giua chiing lai co sir khac
nhau rat ea ban d eh§ tir glc nao trong do tao nen tir lay 4 am tilt. Trong tilng Viet do la tii- lay 2 am tiet; con trong tilng Han do chi don thuan la tir 2 am tilt ma thoi. Ngoai ra. trong tieng Han, de tao ra 1 tu- lay 4 am tiet, con co 2 kieu cau tao khac nua, do la:
a. Tir duge tao nen tren co- sd 2 tir goc co v6 ngQ- am khae nhau nhung nghTa thi tuong tu nhau (co the coi do la nhung tir dong nghTa). Vi du: tir gindung handung duge cau tao tren ca sd 2 tir goc, do la gindung (co nghTa la hdp tap) va han dung (cung co nghTa la hiip tap); tir lay a ri bang bang duge cau tao tir 2 tir goc: a ri va bang bang (deu co nghTa la thdt than).
b.Tir duge tao ra nhu la mot chinh the ma cac yeu to trong chinh the do (cac am tiet) co quan he vdi nhau ve mat ngu am. Luc nay, ca tu- lay la mot tir goc. Vi du:
-a da dung dung (tieng ru con) <
- gi gi be be (tieng chim keu)
Den day, co the tong ket lai la: Tii- lay 4 am tiet trong tieng Viet duge cau tao dua tren mot ca sd duy nhat, do la tir lay 2 dm tiet: trong khi do, tir lay 4 am tiet trong tieng Han lai co 3 nguon cau tao khac nhau:
1. Dua tren 1 tir goc co 2 am tiet; vi vay tir lay la mot tii- phai sinh.
2. Dua tren 2 tir goc khac am dong nghTa; va tir lay cung la mot tu- phai sinh.
3. Tir lay am tiet la san pham true tiep ciia qua trinh dinh danh. Day chinh la tir goc. Vi vay tir lay la mot tu- goc chir khong phai la tir phai sinh.
H. Nhirng dj biet va tuong dong giiia tir lay tieng Viet va tieng Han ve hinh thirc cau tao
1. Doi vai tir lay doi
a. TQ- lay doi trong tieng Viet co hinh thiic cau tao rat phong phii, da dang. Tren dai the, co the chia ra thanh 2 tieu loai Idn vdi nhQng tieu loai nho trong do het sire linh hoat. ,
Tieu loai I: Loai nay duge ggi la lay hoan toan, do cho v6 ngu am ciia cac am tiet co trong tir lay duge lap lai hoan toan. Tuy nhien, trong kieu loai 1 nay, tren thuc te lai bao gom 2 nhom:
Nhom thir nhdt duge ggi la nhom lay hoan loan chdn-chinh.
Vi du: ba ba, chuon chuon, liing lang, cao ciing, dimg dimg; va nhom thir hai duge ggi la nhom lay hoiin tocm khong chan chinh (sd dT
so 6 (164)-2009 NGON NGJJ&OC^ISONG 29
ggi nhu vay la vi thuc ra day cung la tir lay hoan toan, song do sir chi phoi, sir tac dong cua quy luat dong hoa, di hoa ngQ- am, cho nen mot bg phan trong 1 am tiet da bi bien doi am tao nen su
Loai CO bien thanh d 1 am tiet buom birdm
du dii tim tim
nho nho ^ khe khe
nhe nhe
Tiiu loai II: Lay toan bg. Tieu loai nay cung duge chia ra thanh 2 nhom. Nhom thir nhdt, ggi la lay dm dau. Vi dii
dep de ggn gang sach se . nhe nhang xinh xan le lang vuong van nhanh nhen
Va nhom thir hai ggi la lay phdn vdn. Vi du long dong Mm dim
linh tinh bon ehon hdp tip long ngong
Nhu vay, ve hinh thirc, 1 am tiet tieng Viet co the phan chia thanh. 2 bg phan: am dau va phan van, de thuc hien co che lay. Cach thirc phan chia nhu vay con duge van dung trong nhieu truong hgp khac nQa, nhu trudng hgp noi lai, trudng hgp cau tao tir ngu mdi kieu "iec" hoa (vi du: cd phe cdphiec, xi mdngxi miec),trubng hgp tao sinh ra cac tir lay mdi khac... Vdi each thirc nay, tieng Viet c6 kha nang Idn ve viec san sinh tir ngu mdi. Phai chang day la mot hinh thiic san sinh tir lay rat dgc dao eua tieng Viet, tao nen ban sac rieng cho Idp tir nay va cung lam nen su khac biet ve chat giua no vdi Idp tir lay 2 am tiet trong tieng Han.
b. Trong tieng Han, nhu da noi d tren tii- lay doi la loai tir lay nho nhat ve v6 vat chat cau tao, giong vdi tu- lay doi trong tieng Viet. Tuy nhien ve phuong thuc lay, thi cung giong nhu d nguon goc cau tao, tu- lay doi trong tieng Han hSu nhu chi CO mot phuong thirc duy nhat, do la lap lai hoan toan v6 ngir am ciia cac am tiet trong tu- lay. Vi du: , . ,
gal gal (tratren) :>,'>'. )(,:iv VM ••;:
gol gol (cue tac cue tac) gol gol (bj benh re re)
kkac kkac (qua qua - tieng qua keu) kkel kkel (khec khec)
'•'B '«!
khac nhau giQ-a 2 am tiet, nhung sir khae nhau nay co tinh quy luat va la hien tugng co the giai thich dirge). Vi du:
Loai CO bien am cuoi d 1 am tiet bim hip
dom dop loin lop dem dep san sat nung nuc
kkol kkol (roc rach) ttenh ttenh (leng keng)
ppue ppuc (toac/xoac - tieng vai bj xe rach).
O mot doi trudng hop, tir lay 2 am tiet co sir bien doi am dau (am dau khac nhau) nhung khong pho bien, khong dien hinh, va day co the coi nhu la bien the ciia tu- lay hoan toan. Vi du:
kkang tchang (thoan thoat)
(Tir nay, ve hinh thirc cau tao, tir lay doi tieng Viet phong phii hon tir lay doi trong tieng Han:
til- lay doi tieng Viet co den 3 dang thiic, trong khi do tir lay doi tieng Han chii yeu chi co mot dang thirc.
H.2. Doi voi tir lay t u (lay 4 am tiet) a. Hinh thuc cau tao cua tir lay tu trong tieng Viet cung rat da dang. Theo Nguyen Tai Can thi trong tieng Viet co 04 tieu loai kieu hi hd hi hue, boi hoi boi hoi .hung hiing ho ho va loi thoi lech thich [7•,\2S-\36]
b. Trong khi do d tieng Han tii- lay 4 am tiet chu yeu chi co mot phuong thiic cau tao, do la lap lai hoan toan ve ngu- am cac tir goc da c6.
Vidu:
kkun doc kkun doc (gat gat) kku gioc kkun gioc (dinh) kkinging kkiging (hir hir) kki gioc kki gioc (viet quay qua)
Nhu vay, co the nhan thay rang, trong tieng Viet CO su linh hoat, da dang hon nhieu so vdi tieng Han trong each thirc lay. Dieu nay co the giai thich mot phan d dac diem loai hinh tieng Viet la mot ngon ngu co ca che don tiet - am tiet tinh. Moi mot am tiet hoac von tu than no da mang nghTa hoac tiem tang kha nang co thi mang nghTa. Trong qua trinh san sinh tir mdi - lay la mot phuong thuc rat quan trgng va la mot trong nhung phuong thuc chii ylu 6uoc sir dung trong tilng Viet. Trong khi do, phuong thirc nay
30 NGON NGUr&06l SONG s6 6(164)-2009
CO le khong phai la phuong thiic cau tao tu chu ylu trong tilng Han, bdi vi trong tilng Han khuynh hudng c4u tao tQ- mdi bang phu t6 (bao gom tiln t6, trulig to, hau to), mdi la mot trong nhung khuynh hudng chii dao.
Vi vay ca 2 loai tir lay tieng Han, lay doi va lay tu, dIu CO chung mot dac diem: do la lap lai hoan toan cac am tilt goc. Dieu nay khong hoan toan gidng vdi tilng Viet. Trong tieng Viet, vua CO dang lap lai hoan toan am tiet goc, vira co dang bien doi mot bg phan ciia am tiet goc, tao nen su phong phu ve hinh thai ciia tir lay tieng Viet.
B. Nhirng tuong dong va khac biet ve mat ngir nghia trong tii- lay ciia tieng Viet va tieng Han
Noi den ngu nghTa, can phan biet 2 loai nghTa sau day:
1. NghTa goc (nghTa den, nghTa co trudc nghTa thudng true) - nghTa duge dinh nghTa trong tQ- dien.
2. NghTa phai sinh (nghTa bong, nghTa co duge dua tren co sd nghTa goc, nghTa khong thudng true - nghTa ngQ- canh).
Vay, doi vdi Idp tir lay trong tieng Viet, ve phuong dien ngQ- nghTa thi chimg tuong dong va khac biet nhu the nao so vdi tieng Han.
I. Tu- lay trong tieng Viet va tieng Han deu co sir giong nhau d tinh phai sinh ve nghTa so vdi tir goc.
II. Khac nhau trong cac tir lay 2 am tiet cua tieng Viet, chi co mot so lugng rat nho (bao gom cac tir lay phong thanh, phong hinh...) la tii' lay CO nghTa goc, co nghTa la ban than tir lay do la mot tir goc. Ngoai ra, cac tu- lay 2 am tiet khae nhau deu la tii- lay mang nghia phai sinh va chinh vi vay nghia ciia no khong con la nghia cua tir goc, cho nen cac dac tinh va chirc nang ve mat ngQ- phap ciia no cung da hoan toan khac vdi cac tu- goc ma tir do tao ra chimg. C6 le day la su khac nhau sau xa nhat, co' ban nhat giQa tir lay 2 am tiet trong tieng Viet so vdi tieng Han va cung chinh vi dac diem nay ciia tir lay tieng Viet ma khien cho sir nghien ciru, hgc tap va sir dung chiing rat kho khan khong nhung doi vdi ngudi nude ngoai ma ca doi vdi ngudi Viet. Su chuyen nghTa ciia tir lay 2 am tiet trong tieng Viet khong chi co khuynh hudng, khong chi co
mot kieu. Sau day, dl lam sang to vkn dl. chung toi se chi ra cac each chuyin nghTa ciia tu lay tieng Viet so vdi tir gdc nia tir do cluing duge tao . ra:
-Hudng thir nhat: chuyin tir nghTa cu the ciia tir goc sang nghTa khai quat hoa bieu tugng hoa.
nghTa khong cu thi.
Vidu:
dep -> dep de map -> map map ' sach -^ sach se cham -> cham chap ' dat -> dat dai buon -> buon ba vuong -> vuong van xinh -^ xinh xan
- Hudng thir hai: chuyen tir net nghTa mieu ta.
nghTa "djnh danh" sang cac net nghTa mieu ta. co mire do. Hudng nay co 2 ehieu:
+ ehieu "giam" mire do nghTa goc:
* Ve tinh chat, hanh dong (doi vdi tu- lay la- tinh tir va dong tir).
V i d u : ' i .. •
tim -> t i m t i m • n h o -^ n h o n h o • :< >
be -> be be tiee -> tieng tiee
* Ve so lugng (doi vdi tir lay la danh tir)
•+ Chieu "tang" them mire do nghTa goc (tang so lan) nhu tang ve tinh chat, hanh dong:
dimg dung, oang oang, go go. dap dap. vay vay, lac lac, noi noi, the the.
- Hudng thir ba: Tir lay tao ra tren ca sd tir goc se tao ra su gian doan trong nghTa ciia tir goc.
Vidu:
Tir goc Til- lay
phong phap phong(phong len, xep xuong, tirng luc)
ngung ngap ngirng (ngirng tirng liic) nho nhap nho (khi len, khi bien tirng
liic)
mo map mo (nho len tirng doan) loe lap loe (loe len tirng hoi, khong
lien tuc)
sanh song sanh (liic len, liic xuong) - Hudng thir tu: tao ra nghTa phai sinh duge phat triln dua tren nghTa goc kieu: vuong ->
vuong van, xinh -> xinh xan. Vi du:
Tir goc Til-phai sinh -chenh - chong chenh (khong dIu
, ,;.! ...I ;•'; nhau, khong dong nhau , nguy hiem)
so 6 (164)-2009 NGON NGUT & 0 6 l SONG 31
-manh (mong) - mong manh (it hi vong) -lanh (nhanh) - lanh chanh (nhanh
khong diing vdi yeu cau) -hd (bi loi trong cu - hd henh (an mac khong xii, xu sir, tinh kin dao, khong phai toan) phep) -ma (1 trang thai -la ma (nhan thirc khong khi ngu) • r5, khong kT van de, hieu
''••-' la ma ve van de nay) Trong khi do, d tieng Han, ngoai cac tir lay mang nghTa goc, cac tir lay khac chi eo mot hudng chuyen nghTa, do la hudng chuyen nghTa tir nghTa goc sang nghTa tang hoac giam mire do nghTa ciia tir goc. Chinh day la su khac nhau d chieu sau, sir khac nhau nay mdi giiip ieh cho ngirdi nghien ciru, ngudi hgc tap va ngirdi sir dung. Chimg cd la trong qua trinh sir dung ciia ngudi Viet, khong it trudng hgp sir dung tir lay sai ve ngu nghTa va ngQ- phap. Chang han: mot so sinh vien ngudi Han da viet cac cau sau:
- Khi chiec la cuoi cung roi xuong ddt dai.
- Mot nha may bj cudp pha s(/c/; se - Day la mot can nha hinh vuong vdn - Co ban gai lang gieng cua toi se dep de.
- Mat CO gai nay rat hieng hieng
c. Nhu vay, ngoai trir mot so lugng khong Idn tu lay 2 am tiet trong tieng Viet mang nghTa goc, eon lai, so tu lay nay deu mang nghTa phai sinh.
Chinh vi vay ma su hoat dong eua cac tir lay nay trong cau, trong phat ngon so vdi tu- goc la rat khac nhau. Hay noi each khac, chiing da co dac diem ngu phap khac vdi tir goc. Chang han:
1. Cac tir lay khong dirng sau tu rat, trong khi cac tir goc co the ket hgp vdi tir rat phia trudc.
So sanh.
a. Co gai ay rat dep (-F) b. Co gai rat dep de (-) al. Quyen sach nay rat be (+) b 1. Quyen sach nay rat be be (-)
2. Hoac ngugc lai trong nhung trudng hgp khac tu- lay lai co the dung sau tir rdt nhung tir goc thi lai khong.
a2. No xkt mo mang ve cong viec do (+) ' b2. No rat mo ve cong viec do (-)
a3. Hi vgng rat mong manh ) + ) ";
b3. H i vgng rat manh (-) • '
3. Khi dung 2 tir (tir goc va tir lay phai sinh tir tir goc) se tao nen 2 cau co ngi dung ngu nghTa hoan toan khac nhau
Vi du:
No rat lo- mo ve nghe thuat (+) No rat ma ve nghe thuat (-)
Trong khi do, trong tieng Han chi co mot hudng phai sinh - do la phai sinh ve miic do nghTa ma thoi.
Ket luan
Tren day, chiing toi da chi ra nhung tuong dong, va dac biet la nhung khac biet can ban mang tinh loai hinh trong tir lay ciia tieng Han va tieng Viet. Nhung khac biet la dieu de cat nghTa, khi ma hai ngon ngu nay khong ciing loai hinh.
Dang ngae nhien la d cho hai ngon ngu khac nhau rat Idn ve dac diem loai hinh hgc, lai c6 thi CO nhQ-ng net tuong dong rat dang chii y trong eau tao mot loai tir, cu the la trong viec cau tao mot loai tir rat dgc dao - do la loai tir lay.
Tai lieu tham khsio
1. Cho Hae Kyung, (1998). Birac diiu so sanh tir lay tieng Han Quoe vai tir lay tieng Viet. Luan van tit nghiep DHNN Ha Noi. TP. HCM
2. Hoang Tue, (1978), Ve nhirng tir goi la tir lay trong tieng viet. TCNN so 3.
3. Hoang Van Hanh, (1985), Tir lay trong tiing F/e/NxbKHXH, HN.
4. Hoang Van Hanh, (chii bien) (1995), Tir diin tic lay tiing Viet. Nxb GD HN
5. Ho Le, (1976), Vdn de cdu lao tir ciia tieng Viet Men dgi. Nxb KHXH, HN.
6. Mai Ngoc Chir, Vu Dire Nghieu. Hoang Trong Phien, (1997), Ca sa ngon ngir hoc vd tiing F/e7, NxbGDHN.
7. Nguyen Tai Can, (1999), Ngir phdp tiing Viet (Tieng - Tir ghep - Doan ngir). Nxb DHQGHN.
_ 8. Vien Ngon ngu hgc (1995), Tir dien tir lay tiing Viet. Nxb GD HN.
9. Jong Shil Kim, (1992), Word formaUon, The phonological, and word level phonology in Korean. Hanshin Pub., Seoul - Korea.
10. Weon Don Jeong, (1992), Word formation and interface phenomena in Korean lexicon Hanshin Pub.,Seoul - Korea.
11. Ho Min Sohn, (1999). The Korean Language. Cambridge University Press.
, , , ,,. , (Ban Bien tap nhan bai ngay 17-04-2009)
