TAP CHI HAN NOM s6 1 (104) - 2011 PHAN ANH DONG
VAN DE NIEN DAI RA BCfl
Cmf NOM CHOANG VA CHtT NOM VIET
PHAN ANH DUNG (*)
H
ban dpc qua cu6n Tu dien ehii Choang ed " ^ ^ i ^ ^ * "^"ehiing t6i phat hien mpt so chft thu vi.
Nhu chft "nhin" giing nhu chft Nom
"gia" it nhung viet dao ngugc (^+^, each viet nay cung thudng thay trong chft N6m, xem hinh dudi, d cot ben phai):
«#^. ^ofpj! mwt ^
»ff ( T )
<:$> y a x [ja*] ft ndit. r^m^t.
Ty dien Choang chu nghia chft do la i 4 ^ (che trftm), ^§i± (ngan gift), hai nghia nay hoan toan ehang eo lien quan gi den bp phan chi nghia la chft Lao ^ tue la "gia ca" cua chft nay.
Co le chi CO mpt each giai thich:
ngudi Choang da mugn chft "gia i ^ "
trong kho chft N6m Viet de ghi am tieng noi cua hg, phan phien am ty
s 469
dien nay ghi [ja2] cftng phu hgp vdi each dgc "gia" cua ngudi Viet.
Chu y: phan bieu am eua chft Nom
"gia i$" dimg ehft Tra ^ la vi trong tieng Viet c6 thi gia dpc la "tra": "tra lao" = "gia lao", "trau tra" = "trau gia"...
each dpc "tra" hien van con sft dyng d mpt s6 dia phuong mien Trung.
Co the them m6t vi du khac:
1 ^ < :& > songz [eo:i3= ] a .
I g s o n g z [ e o : o ' ] itrBim
"m" . x.ih n s m.:
^ < * > s o q [ e o ' ] ^ ^ , m. -SlSmS. Soq f a e x g u h benj.jgjf:
i><^^-?.
Chft if, "songz" cua ngudi Choang nghia la bp trung i , trong khi no la dugc chu nghia la ^ (thip xuing, dem, chft "ring" cua ngudi Viet, am doc e i cai dem...) tat ca cae nghia d6 deu
ching an nhap gi vdi phin bp thft biiu ^*'Nha Nghien ciiu Han Nom, Tp. Hui.
VAN DE NIEN DAI RA DOI CHty NOM CHOANG VA CHlT NOM VIET CO lien quan tdi s6ng nudc, ciing nhu
chft Han giang ii. co biiu am la chft
"c6ng" v i n co nguin gic phuang Nam:
"kr6ng", "s6ng" (chft Nom viit H ) . Chic ngudi Choang mugn chft Nom nay vi gan vdi am dpc cua hp hon chft
"long" 11 cua ngudi Han. Chft i|. nay Viet Nam da dang ky vdi to chuc Unicode la chft Nom Viet co ma so U+273F5, va am dpc "ring".
5 ^ <^> deii[te:ii']^ii,, j(^_, mekdeiu JUA}
Iiliic.
Chft ^i "den" ky am [te:nl] nghia la "tien" i>U trong tieng Choang, phan bieu nghia la chft "danh" tftc la "ten"
trong tieng Viet, lai chang co gi lien quan tdi nghia "tien", "tien nft" ca, chac chan ngudi Choang ehi mugn am dpc cua chft N6m Viet "ten". Chft M nay Viet Nam da dang ky vdi to chftc Unicode la chft N6m Viet co ma so U+20ElC,vaamdoc"ten".
< * > iiiaed [ m a t ' ]
Chft "maed" [mat3]. Tieng Choang nghia la "thu chu, niem chu", mugn chft N6m "Mat f i " de ghi am (phan ehi nghia la danh tft "dien" ehang co lien he gi vdi dpng tft "niem chu")
280 I
+5r < 5^ > I a z [ l a ' ] gfc^.
Dpng tft "la" (A - « t ^ ) trong chft Nom Viet da du nhap hoan toan vao
ngon ngft Choang (ca am, ca nghia, ca each viet N6m). Ve cau hoi ai mugn cua ai chft nay thi cd the tra ldi chac chan la Choang mugn cua Viet, vi chung toi tra tft dien Thai va Tay la hai ngon ngft cimg hp Tai-Kadai vdi Choang thi khong thay am va nghia "laz" nay.
Chinh trong cuon tu dien Choang cung rat hiem gap "laz", trong khi d tieng Viet thi "la" la dpng tft cue ky thong dyng, khong khac gi dpng tft "to be" cua tieng Anh. Chft nay Viet Nam vfta dang ky bo sung vao Unicode "Extension-C" vdi ma siU+2A700.
p : 3 m a e n z [ r a a n * ] <; >
M a e n z c i e n z ' • s i e n g j ca"wjc d a e p i n o u . —-'t^^
mm:).
Chft Nom "mu6n" (mpt van), trong chft Choang lai chi dong tien, tra phan giai nghia thi khong thay lien quan gi tdi "van".
E ^ < :* > mbah [ba' ] r a e m x . ge^fc.
Chft Ndm "ba" ^ dugc ngudi Choang mugn de ghi nghia i!§^ (nudc vpt ra, hoat bat), ngudi Choang chac khong the giai thich noi vi sao lai cd ehft "tam" ben chft "ba".
^ <^y mbaz [ba'-juE maz gvaih mbaz! fe^^
TAP CHI HAN NOM so 1 (104) - 2011 PHAN ANH DUNG
Chft Nom "ba # " (thyc tft, ty dang kha phftc tap) dugc ngudi Choang dimg di ghi mgt ngft khi tft (hu tft), tai sao kh6ng thi dung ngay chft ba "&
Han ty dang don gian hon ? g j j ; m y a d [ m j a : t ' ] j ^ ^
^±!smt}n0.6^. S4F»-j IDISBS' . H a e m h - neix ndaundeiq myox- m y a d m y a d . 4-B£e<)ag^
Chft N6m "mit E!^" (thyc tft) dugc dimg di ghi mgt thanh t6 phy gia sau hinh dung tft trong tieng Choang, neu kh6ng biit la mugn N6m Viet thi ngudi Choang lam sao giai thich viec CO chft "muc" d vi tri bo thu ?
Chu Nom "nghe ^ t ", ngudi Choang dimg de ghi tieng trau keu
"nghe p", neu giai thich ngudi Choang ty tao tft bp "nhr' vdi chft "nghi" thi se kh6ng sat am dpc, vi am Pinyin cua
"nghi" la "yi".
P:^ ( f S F )
nlemh[ni:ni' ] gg^,
TS#$. ~ * 5 . niemh ging. i s ^ .
Chft Niem (vdi nghia tyng kinh) cua tieng Viet ciing co trong tieng Choang, chua ro ai mugn cua ai?
nomi[no:m' ] ^ , g ( ^ m.^'", M-wh gou lij nienzaomj. ^^i^ls)j
Chft N6m "nem" ilk dugc Choang dung ghi nghia "iu" (tre con). Nhung
xet am dgc thi eo le no la "nom", cung la mgt mon an eua ngudi Viet, thudng chi eo rau, nhung d6i khi ciing trgn thit thai nho.
^ < ^ > nuagz [nuq']
T: ' T * .
nungz bae.
Chft Nom "Xuing" chft Choang ciing d6ng nghia la "ha khu". Chua biet ai mugn cua ai, vi Choang ciing e6 thi giai thich la "lung" (chi am nung) + "ha" (xuing)
^ <:5>Hogb[lifl']3t|(!!6
Chft Nom "thieng" cua ngudi Viet dugc Choang mugn nghia de ghi chft
"linh" nghia la "h6n phach" trong cac sach ciing ("dao c6ng tft chuyen dung ty"). Chac la Choang mugn Viet vi phan bieu nghia la chu "thanh" von de ghi am "thieng" cua tieng Viet chac chi cac thay cung mdi hieu nghia la
"thieng", chung toi co tim trong cac am gan trong euon tft dien Nom Choang thi khong thay am nao gan vdi
"thanh P " (pinyin: sheng) ma c6 y nghia "linh thieng" hay "hon phaeh".
g <;5> su}i[eu']jgff.
Chft Nom "ra" fib (co chft "xuit"
chi nghia) dugc mugn ghi nghia "ne ninh" (bun liy). Ngudi Choang se khong hiiu vi sao lai co chft "xuit" d day niu khong biit g6c la chft Nom
VAN DE NIEN DAI RA DOI CHir NOM CHOANG VA CHlT NOM VIET Viet. Con niu eho ring chft xuit ghi
am "sub" hay "sah" thi lai khong giai thich dugc vi sao lai co chft "la" ?
<35r> d a n z f t a : a ' ] s t
* I . ~ ! R a 23 e* ffi . IDarLZ r a b a t fvp-nsz. xLdeu
Chft "danz" nay co kha nang chung gic vdi tu Viet "danh" va chft "da" ^j cua tieng Han.
^ <:?&> c a e h [ c a i » ] 2g.
Chft Nom "say" dung ghi am tft
"Caeh" nghia la dan (trftng), ro rang bg thu "dau" chang lien he gi tdi nghia
"tning" het, that la vi sao ngudi Choang lai dung ehft nay, vi neu chi ghi am thi da CO san chft "sai" M. trong ehft Han con neu them bg phan chi nghia thi phai viet ghep ^ + J : hay ^f+M. chft sao lai W+J:, chft "dau" dau co don gian ban ehft noan ^p, cftng 7 net ?
j S d o k [ t o : k ^ ] g j ^ .
Chft Nom "toe" dugc Choang mugn ghi nghia "xao kich" ! Bp thft
"tieu" # r5 rang chang an nhap gi vdi nghia tieng Choang, chi c6 the do la chft mugn am chft N6m Viet!
| § < : ^ > g u h [ k u ' ] o w
^ „ g u h g a i q . ^^r^^
Chft N6m "cfta" (eua cai nen co bg b6i H) dugc Choang mugn ghi mgt hu tft nghia cha an nhap gi vdi bg boi ca ("dong tay": tft phiem ehi).
< * > neb [ne:p' ]
Chft N6m "nep" (gao nep) dugc Choang mugn ghi mpt nghia cha lien quan gi tdi "me, gao".
Neu chiu kho tim them chftng toi nghi la con mpt so chft Choang co the da mugn tft chft N6m Viet nhu vay.
Co the dat ra vai cau hoi kha thft vi:
- Tai sao ngudi Choang khong dung chft "gia" it. cua tieng Han de ghi chft "yaz" cua hp, ma lai di mugn chft "gia W cua ngudi anh em cftng goc Lac Viet, trong khi nghia chft i4 Han cung kha khdp vdi nghia trong tieng Choang?
- Cac chft "gia W\ "ring i t " , "ten
%i " v.v... do du nhap vao van ty Choang tft khi nao? Vi tft khi Viet Nam gianh dugc dge lap da khong con cae m6i lien he "d6ng canh bi Bac thuge" vdi ngudi Choang Quang Tay, tham ehi nha Ly con phoi hgp vdi nha Tong danh dep cugc noi day cua Nftng Tri Cao (\%.^%; chft Choang: Nungz Cigaoh, 1025-1055, xem them: http:
//vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B9ng_
Tr%C3%AD_Cao ).'
- Van ty Choang eo va chft Nom Viet loai nao cd trudc, va quan he gifta 2 loai do ra sao ?
Co thuyit cho Si Nhiip ( i € , 137- 226), v i n ngudi dat Thuong Ngo, Quang Tay, da can cu theo thu chft
"N6m" cua ngudi Choang d vftng nay ma dat ra chft N6m cho ngudi Viet (Xem Tie dien chit Ndm Tdy, Hoang Triiu An chu bien, Nxb. KHXH, H.
2003). Xem xet cau tao chft trong Tu dien chit Choang ed qua thyc co nhieu diem kha gan gfti vdi chft Nom Viet nhu (chua thong ke day du):
TAP CHI H A N N O M so 1 (104) - 2011 PHAN ANH DONG
- Cftng mgt am mgt nghia co the eo nhiiu each viit (nhieu ehft tuong ftng), CO khi din hang chyc ehft.
- Co su dyng dau nhay ca sau ehft di bao hieu phai dpc khac chft Han.
- Hay viit dao cac bp phan trai - phai nhu chft "gia" d tren, trong khi Han ty thudng dat bp phan chi nghia ben trai, chi am ben phai.
- Cac chft tu tao neu c6 bp thft ^ thudng viit bp diy du chft khong viet vdi chft "tai gay" t °
- Cae chft N6m co ty dang dac biet nhu ^ (trdi) ^ rC^ (lam), i i (tren), iZ (dudi) diu CO trong chft Choang, nhung am dpc va y nghia co the gi6ng ma ciing co thi khac tieng Viet. Nhu ehft Nom "lam" "^ viet va dpc dung nhu tiing Viet "lam" nhung nghia la
" 1 ^ " (cai gio); chft Nom "trdi" ^ dpc nhu "cin" nghia la phia tren, mat tren, con viit la i i ; chft Nom "dudi"
i i dpc nhu "la", nghia la "d dudi", diing nhu nghia N6m Viet, chung to day la each viet bieu y v.v...
- Do la ehua ke tdi cac trudng hgp mugn ban chft cua nhau nhu cac chft
"gia", "ring", "ten" d fren. Chiiu mugn ngugc lai (N6m Viet mugn tft N6m Choang) ehiing toi chua co thi gid tim hieu ky, chang ban cac chft Nom "trdi"
^ , "tren" i t , "dudi" i l chua dam khang dinh v6n g6c d van ty nao.
Vao trang nghien ciiu Choang ty: http:
//baike.baidu.com/view/118983.htm, thi thay viet rang tft thdi Han van ty da ghi chep nhftng ehu "la" (sach ^Mfit :t^fe'f^-ii-#^'] Myrt cua Duong Hung thdi Tay Han), vi du ^ (lfe+^) ghi am
"Vaiz" la con trau trong tieng Choang^^^.
Va CO nhieu chft ngudi xua viet ra kh6ng
ai hiiu (trong ^ v X ^ • \^^i^), vi sau duge eae ehuyen gia thdi hien dai nghien cftu ky ludng va xac dinh la cac chft ky am tieng Choang.
Trang WEB do con viit v i chft Choang c i : "^fl^F/r-S: : i t i ^ t ^ t -
^Ar^^MiX ( ^Ltr^'^^iii ) "
Luge dieh:
Giai doan thanh hinh: Qua thdi gian dai nghien cuu, khao binh, phan ldn cac nha ngon ngft hgc deu thfta nhan loai chft khii vuong Choang hinh thanh vao ddi Dudng (nhung con khong it tranh luan)^^\
Chinh ehu ^ (con trau, cd trong ca Phuong ngdn cua Duong Himg va Khang Hy tu diin) da dugc cac nha nghien cuu ngudi Trung Quoc thfta nhan la chft ghi tiing Choang "vaiz", khoan ban viec ngudi Choang tu tao ra chft do hay ngudi Han tao ra de ghi am tiing dia phuang, thi vin co the coi no la mgt chiing tich sa khdi cua van tu Choang co tu thdi Han.
Nhu vay viec cuon tu dien chu N6m Chi nam nggc dm viet rang "Chi Nam phim vyng" (co the hieu la phien ban khdi thuy cua Chi nam nggc dm) do Sl Nhiip soan tft thdi Han (xin tham khao phu lyc), rit co the la thong tin chinh xac, vi ehu Choang ra ddi tft ddi Dudng ma con phai "mugn lai" mpt so chft Nom Viet nhu d tren da din ? Han nfta so sanh cac dieu kien khach quan nhu dan so d6ng ban, dia ban cu tni tap trung ban, truyen thong van hoa ciing
"nhinh" han (cac dft lieu, chftng tich khao c i cho thay dia ban phan b i tring ding Dong San co tam diem la luu vye song Hing), ma thdi diem tiep xuc vdi
VAN DE NIEN DAI RA DOT CHtT NOM CHOANG VA CHU^ NOM VIET chft Han lai gin nhu cftng mpt luc... thi
phai nghi tdi kha nang chft N6m Viet it ra cftng xuit hien ding thdi vdi chft Choang chu kh6ng thi muon ban.
Di thiy ro chiiu anh hudng tft Viet sang Choang la ty nhien, xin tham khao s6 lieu dan so vftng Linh Nam (Giao Chau) sau khi nha Han diet nudc Nam Viet cua Trieu Da, dft lieu nit tu sach Hdu Hdn thu, xep theo thu ty dan s6 tft nhieu tdi it:
Quan Giao Chi ^ M Cuu Chan A. A Thuang Ngo ^^%
Nam Hai ilj >§:
Nhat Nam 0 i^
Hgp Phi ^-M
uat Lam iMi^
T6ng
s6'
huyen 10 7 10
6 5 5 12 55
S6ho 92,440 35,743 24,379 19,613 15,460 15,398 12,415 215,448
So khau 746,237 166,013 146,160 94,253 69,485 78,980 71,162 1,372,290
Nhan xet:
- Dan s6 khu vyc mien Bac Viet Nam hien nay g6m Giao Chi, Cim Chan, Nhat Nam d6ng gap 2,5 lan cac quan con lai d vftng Ludng Quang ngay nay (ti le dan so 981, 735 so vdi 390, 555) neu xet mat dp dan s6 tren mpt huyen thi chenh lech con cao hon nfta: vung Ludng Quang d6ng nhat la quan Nam Hai cftng chi co 9425 ngudi/
huyen trong khi quan Giao Chi la 74623 ngudi/ huyen, tuc la mat dp dan so dong gap gan 8 lan !
- Dieu nay xac nhan mpt each ehae chin Giao Chi tftc vftng dong bang S6ng Hing la noi phat trien tni phft nhat, dan cu dong due nhit trong cuong vyc nha nudc Van Lang thdi xua.
- Giao Chi cung la trung tam cua nin van minh trong dong, la khu vyc dinh cu tap trung cfta cac nhom tpc cftng dugc ggi la Lac Viet (cac tpc Kinh, Choang, Le...).
Ngoai ra, neu cac chftng minh cfta GS. Nguyen Tai Can, rang ban N6m g6c ban dau cfta "Phat thuyet dai bao phy mau an trpng kinh" (PT) co tft thdi Ly, thi CO le la chft N6m phai co tii trudc thdi Ly kha xa, vi cau cu va quy each viet chu N6m trong PT da rat hoan chinh, chuyen tai kha trpn ven nguyen tac chft Han, chi co mpt so tft c6, va cac kieu viet chft "kep" (the hien each dpe da am tiet) la kho dpe.
P.A.D
Chii thich:
(V)"-^ ^± ^ ^ $k" t i trudng t i bien tap To VTnh Cin ^. ^ th, Quang Tay dan tpc xuat ban xa. 1989.
(2) Tiing Thai Viet Nam cung hp ngon ngu Tai-Kadai vdi tieng Choang gpi con trau la "Quai", "Quai", neu chuyen ty tu chir Thai goc Sanskrit sang ky am La tinh thi la "kvai", ciing gan giing "vaiz".
(3) Trong Hinh bdng chit Ndm Viet trong cha vudng Choang cua GS. Nguyen Quang Hing, c6 the viet ve y kien cua GS.
Ly Lac Nghj ban ve chu Nom: "GS. Ly Lac Nghi can cii vao sy ghi chep cua Pham Thanh Dai trong tac pham Que Hdi ngu hdnh chi (1175) cua Chu Khur Phi trong tac pham LTnh ngogi dgi dap (1178) ve mpt so chir "tuc ty" ma ngay nay dai de trung vdi chir Choang, de xac djnh nien dai ra ddi cua chu Choang khong muon hon thi ky XII.
TAP CHI HAN NOM SO 1 (104) - 2011 PHAN ANH DONG
PHU LUC Thong tin tu Chi nam nggc dm gidi nghia:
Nguyen van trong bai tya sach Chi nam nggc dm viet: "••• i i - i H^ # . ^ sfe
^ °o ^ X~? ^- ^ ••• 'Si Vuong chi thi, di xa tyu quoc, tu thap du nien dai hanh giao hoa, giai nghia Nam tuc, dT thong chuang cii, tap thanh quoc ngir thi ca, di
^ E.
^ a
PiM\ 'n^M
thuc hieu cac van tac "Chi nam phdm vung", thupng ha nhi quyen...". Tire la cuon Chi nam ngoc dm nguyen la Chi nam phdm vung co tir thdi ST Nhiep ( i * ^ 137- 226, la Thai thii cai tri dit Giao Chi tu nam 187 din nam 226).
Xem hinh dudi, dpc tu phai qua trai, chu y thi thay doan van trich co "dai" chir
"ST Vuong" len cao.
•«i3S-i^!^ i!*l-?>*
-"^>4-
^m.mi^%
'{-nY^^Mi
Ve thdi diem ra ddi ciia Chi nam nggc dm gidi nghia, theo mot so nguon thi khoang thi ky XVII, rieng PGS. Ngo Due Thp dya vao nghien cuu chir buy lai cho nien dai ban in hien con luu truyen la nam Tan Ty 1401, ddi Ho Han Thuong, dau the ky XV, cung each viet chir Nom cung nhu the thiic trinh bay (tha luc bat khong nghiem chuan, lan vdi van xuoi) ciing phii hpp vdi khoang the ky XV - XVII, nhung d6 CO the la mot sach da qua nhieu lan bien tap lai d nhieu ddi each xa nhau chii: nien dai do khong phu nhan kha nang ban so khdi Chi nam phdm vung la cua ST Nhiep.
Kha nang chir Nom co tu thdi ST Nhiep cQng phii hpp vdi cac cu lieu ve viec chit Nom Choang da mupn kha nhieu chir Nom Viet ma chung toi dua ra d phan dau.
P.A.D
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Chu Ndm vd tiing Viet qua bdn gidi dm Phgt thuyet dgi bdo phu mdu dn trgng kinh.
Hoang Thj Ngp. Nxb. KHXH, H. 1999.
2. Cd Trdng tu tu diin ''-^^-t^^W, t i trudng to bien tap To VTnh Can ^Tj^th, Quang Tay dan tpc xuat ban xa. 1989.
Ban dien tir (PDF).
3. Chi nam nggc dm gidi nghia. Ban Scan cua Alexandre Le gdi tir Phap ve.
4. Chi nam nggc dm gidi nghia. Ban phien chii quic ngir cua Tran Xuan Ngpc Lan, Nxb. KHXH, H. 1985.
5. Trang WEB nghien ciru chu Choang:
http://baiice.baidu.eom/view/l 18983.htm 6. Tie diin Thdi Viet. Hoang Trin Nghjch,
Tong Kim An, Nxb. KHXH, H. 1990 7. Tir diin chir Ndm Tdy, Hoang Triiu An
chil bien, Nxb. KHXH, H. 2003.
8. Cha Ndm da hiin dien vdo thai ky qudc do ddi ra Tiidng long, Nguyen Tai Cin, Van hoa Nglie An ban dien tir: Thang 6/20107.
