Vu ThUy Nga PHtfCyNG PHAP GfANg DijlY
MOT SO PHUONG THU'C BIEU THI THOI GIAN CAN LUU Y TRONG GIANG DAY TIENG VIET CHO NGU'DI NHAT
TLT GOC e p SOI CHIEU NGON N G C V I E T - N H A T
VQ Thuy Nga' Tiing Vidt li ngdn ngiF dan lap, khdng c6 cic hinh thwc ngO phip dac trung biiu thi th&i gian nhw trong tiing Anh, tiing Phap, tiing Nhit,... Thdi gian trong tiing Vidt dwac bidu thj chO yiu bing phuxmg tien tw vung, cic tr^ng ti> chf then gian nhw 'hdm nay", "ngay mai",
"trw&c day",... cac phd t& nhw'da", "se", "dang",... Phwang thwc biiu thj niy giy khdng it khd khan cho ngwcn nwac ngoai noi chung va ngwai Nh$t hgc tiing Viet ndi ndng. Trong bai vidt niy, Chung toi trinh biy kit qui ddi chieu cac phuxmg thCrc biiu thj thdi gian trong tidng Vlgt V&I pham trO "th&i" trong tiing Nhat, chi ra nhO-ng nit twang ddng va khac bigt trong each biiu thi Ibai gian glifa hai ngon ngir, t& dd dwa ra mgt so Iwu y' khi giang d^y tiing Viet cho ngwai Nhit.
Tij" khoa: Biiu thj thai; yiu tS t&ng vwng, yiu ti ngQ" phip; tiing Vidt; tiing Nhit; ngw&l Nhit.
Vietnamese is an isolating language which does not have typical grammatical expressions of time as in English, French, Japanese ... The expression of time in Vietnamese is mainly through the use of vocabulary, adverbs of time such as "today", "tomorrow", "before", ... and adverbs like "did", "will", "are"... This expression causes difficulties for foreigners In general and Japanese learners of Vietnamese in particular. This paper compares and contrasts expressions of time in Vietnamese and the category "tense" in Japanese, points out similarities and differences in the ways to express time between the two languages. Thence. It offers some recommendations for teaching Vietnamese to Japanese leamers.
Key words: Time expressions; vocabularies; grammar; Vietnamese language; Japanese language; Japanese people.
Mfr dan Nhat ciing dang gop phan vao cong tac dao tao tiSng Viet cho nguai Nhat. Tuy nhien, do tilng Viet la ngon ngir dan lap va tieng N h | t l i ng6n ngii chap dinh, co bien doi hinh thai [4] nen frong qua trinh giang day tiSng Viet cho nguoi Nhat, chiing toi nhan thSy nguoi Nhat thuong gap kho khan trong viec bieu thi thai gian Hien nay, nhu cSu hgc tieng Viet ciia
nguoi Nhat de giao tiep, lam viec vdi nguai Viet Nam ngay cang tang. Do vay, ben canh dgi ngfr giang day tieng Viet cho nguoi nuac ngoai bang tieng ban ngft, viec giang day tieng Viet thong qua tiSng
• ThS., Khoa tilng Nhat Ban. T r u i n g Dai frong tieng Viet do tieng Viet khong co ''9'^ " ^ Noi pjjaj„ tru thai.
Email: [email protected]
T^p chi Khoa hpc Ngoai ngu^ S6 52 (thang 9/2017)
Trong tieng Nhat thai la mgt pham tru ngfr phap quan trgng nen moi su tinh dugc nSu ra deu su dung thai mgt each co qui tac cho du frong cau co hay khong co yeu to tii vung chi thai gian [5]. Trong khi do, tieng Viet la ngon ngir don lap, khong ngfr phap hoa thai nSn phuong thiic bieu thi thoi gian frong tiing Viet chu yeu thong qua cac don vi tir vung chi thai gian nhu
"kom nay", "ngdy mai", "truac day" hay mgt so pho tiJc nhu "da", "se", "dang",...
Bai viSt thdng qua doi chieu phuang thuc bieu thi thai gian frong tieng Viet voi tkai frong tieng Nhat nhim giup cho viec giang d^y tilng Viet dugc de dang cung nhu giiip cho viec hgc tieng Viet ciia nguai Nhat hieu qua.
1. V4n de bilu thi tliM gian trong tieng ViSt d6i v ^ ngutri Nh^t hgc tilng Vi^t
Trong tieng Vi?t, vSn de lien quan den bieu thi thoi gian nhu pham tru thai, tke dugc buoc dau pfaac thao frong cuon Tir dien An Nam-Lusitan-Latinh [I]. Ti§p theo la nghiSn cfru ciia cac nha Viet ngu:
hgc. Mac dii dugc xem la nghien cuu mu6n hon so v6i nghien cuu ph^m trii thai, the a chau Au nhung van de nay Cling da gay kha nhiSu franh luan va hien chia thanh hai xu huong doi lap nhau.
Khuynh huong thfr nhdt phu nhan co thai frong tieng Viet nhu: Hoang Tue (1988), Cao Xuan Hao (1998), Diep Quang Ban (2005) v.v.. Khuynh huong thu hai khang dinh co su ton tai ciia thai frong tiing Viet nhu: Tmong VTnh Ky (1883), Nguyln Minh Thuylt (1995), T r k Kim Phugng (2004) v.v.. [4].
Trong qua trinh giang day tieng Viet cho nguoi Nhat 6 trinh do so cip va tmng cap, chiing toi nhSn thay su liing tiing ciia nguai hgc khi gap cac phuang thfrc bieu thi thdi gian trong tilng Viet do tilng Viet khong CO hinh thai bieu thi thai gian ro rang la qua khii - hifn tai - tuang lai nhu tieng Nhat. Ch&ng han nhu vi du sau:
V i d u l :
A - "Chi lac chau o dau?"
B - "Toi va chau vao sieu thj. Nhung bay gio toi khong tim th§y chau"
Voi tinh hulng nay, hgc vien nguoi Nhat hgc tieng Viet thSy kho khan khi phai tu phan doan xem su tinh nay dang nam d dau fren true thai gian va da dat ra can hoi cho nguai day nhu: "lgc chua?",
"dang o sieu thi hay vao sieu thi va di ra ngoai roi?" hay tai sao tieng Viet khong CO them tir bieu thi qua khu? Ro rang a day, cau tieng Vi^t can co them ngiJ canh de nguoi tiep nhan thong tin nam bat dugc su tinh dang o dau fr6n true thoi gian.
Trong khi do, cSu tilng Nhat chi can sir dung hinh thai bien doi duoi tir 6 dang
"^'\k r : ^ o f c j ( - d a lac), T;^—/•?- t ^ A o f c j (= da vao sieu thi) chi thai qua khii la nguai tiep nhan th6ng tin de dang nam bat su tinh da thugc qua khu.
Trong tieng Viet, mac du khong c6 hinh thai nhan biet ro rang nhu tiSng Nh§t nhung tilng Vi6t cCing co nhung qui uac de bieu thi thai gian nhu dua vao tir vimg chi thai gian hole dua vko logic, ngfr canh ' Nguyln Viet Hircfng, 2009, Gido trinh "Tieng Viet CO sar danh cho ngu&i nuac ngodi" (Quyin 2), Nxb. DHQG HN.
Vu Thijy Nga PHirONG PHAP GiANG DAY
Ciia cau chuy?n de nh|in bilt su tinh a qua khu, hien tgi hay tuong lai. Ngoai ra, neu khong CO bieu thi thoi gian ro rang thi sir tinh tiiuang dugc coi la da thu^c qua khii neu lay thoi dilm phat ngdn lam g l c (th&i tuyet d6i), hay dua fren qui t5c dao fr|t tu tu frong tiSng Viet nhu "Khi nao anh di"
(= hoi su tinh se xay ra o tuong lai) va
"Anh di khi nao?" (= hoi su tinh da thugc ve qua khii) [8]. Do vay, khi giang day tieng Viet cho nguai Nhat, giao vien can giai thich nhirng phuang thfrc bieu thi thai gian h-ong tieng Viet dS giiip nguoi Nhat hi6u va sir dung diing.
Trong cau tieng ViSt co frgng tir chi thoi gian, pho tir chi xuSt thai gian nhu
"da", "se", "dang"... thuang co xu huong hi luge bo. Day la each sic dyng hoan toan khac voi each biln d6i thai frong cac ngon ngfr bien hinh, qui dinh b&t huge phai biln doi thai a duoi tir dii cau CO hay khong co tir chi thai gian [5]. Co the xet VI du sau:
thap den ling vao d6m 14 am lich hang
Trong vi du nay, can co frang tir chi thoi gian "miia thu ndm 1998" nen khong can them bilu thi chi thdi gian qua khu nhu pho tir "(?a" nhung nguoi Viet vln hieu su vi6c "dugc khoi phuc" la thugc v6 qua khii. Tuy nhiSn, nguoi Nhat hgc tieng Vi6t khi dgc phat ngon nay da dua ra thae mac: "day co phai la cau chi qua khu khong, va nlu vay tai sao khdng co them
Nguyln Viet Huong, 2009, Tieng Vift ca sa ddnh cho nguai mcac ngodi (Quyen 2), Nxb. DHQG HN.
tit bieu thi qua khu tuong duang dang
" ^ " frong tilng Nhat?". Chiing toi dua them pho t i "da" dung tmoc dgng tir vi ngu chia a bi dgng "khoi phuc" va giai thich CO vai tro tuang duang dang " ^ ' ti-ong tieng Nhat thi nguoi hgc cam thay thuyet phuc va dl hilu hon. Nhu vay co the thay, nguoi Nhat ciing can mgt hinh thai ngii phap tuang ung voi tilng Nhat cho de hieu va da phkn nao tiep nhau tir
"dd" tucmg duong tir bilu thi tkai qua khii frong tieng Nhat. Ngoai ra cimg cin giai thich cau tieng Viet khi khong co them pho tir bieu thi thoi gian nao la do da sii dung "qui tac tilt kiem" frong tieng Viet [10].
Nhu vgy, ngoai cac frgng tir chi thai gian thi cac pho tir "(f(3" "se", "dang"...
CO vai fro tang cuong net nghia chi thai gian va xuat hien vai tan suat kha cao frong cau tieng Viet. Tuy nhien, each sfr dyng cac tir nay con mang tinh tuy thugc, gay khong it kho khan cho nguoi nuac ngoai hgc tieng Viet. Do vay, chiing toi da doi chieu, ph§n tfch mgt so each sir dyng pho tir chi thai gian frong tieng Viet de giiip nguoi Nhat hgc tieng Viet hieu va su dung bieu thi thoi gian frong tieng Viet d l dang ban.
2. Cach sfr dung tfr *^da" bieu thi thoi gian trong tieng Viet
Tfr "da" frong tieng Viet co rat nhieu vai nghta. Theo tic dien tieng Viet, "dd"
CO nghia cua tinh tu chi frang thai hoan toan hai long do nhu can sinh li hoac tam li duoc dap ung day du (da khat, da them); "da" co -nghia nhu frg tit bieu thi y
T^p chi Khoa hqc Ngo^i ngiF S6 52 (thang 9/2017) nhdn manh sac thai nghi van hoac y thien
ve phli dinh (chac gi no dd nghe?); mang nghia la pho tir bilu thi su viSc, tiii tugng dugc noi den xay ra truoc hien tai hoac truoc mgt thoi diem moc, trong qua khu nhu (dd xem hom qua, da hua thi phai giu loi) v.v.. [11].
Trong nghien ciru nay, chiing toi phan tich tir "da" voi vai fro la pho tit nhu o cac vi du sau^:
Vi du 3: Anh chgn kieu da. Sau do tdi se cat.
Vl du 4: Tdi met rdi, toi phai nghi dd.
Vi dy 5: Neu anh ay da den, moi anh ay uong nuoc da.
Vl dy 6: Tdi dd gap cd ay.
Vi du 7: Chi i y dd ngu.
Trong cac vi du tien, 6 cac vi du (3), (4), (5) tit "da" CO vi tri dung sau cac ddng tir "chpn", "nghi", "udng" mang y nghTa hoan thanh cua the chu khdng phai la cac bieu thi cua "tkai qua khu" fren true thai gian. Con tir "da" d vj tri diing truac cac thuc tir "din", "gap", "ngu" 6 cac cau (5), (6), (7), ngoai y nghTa hoan thanh cua tke, con bd sung y nghia v6 mat thoi gian cho cac ddng tir do, tuong duong vai bilu thi thai frong nhung ngdn ngii co ngS phap hoa thai nhu tieng Nhat, chi qua khii.
Chiing tdi dat gia thuylt, nlu luge bo tir "dd" frong cac cau tien nhu; "tdi gap cd ay", "chi ay ngii" thi lieu nguai tiep
Nguyln Viet Hucfng, 2009, Tiing Vi$t ca sd ddnh cho nguai nuac ngodi (Quyen 2), Nxb.
DHQG HN.
nh^n thdng tin co nSm bat dugc nhirng su tinh do da xay ra frong qua khu hay khdng? Co th6 thiy rSng, nlu khdng co them h-ang tir chi thai gian nhu "hom qua"
hoac khong dua pho tir "dd" vao tnidfc cac dgng tir nay thi khdng chi nguoi Nhat hgc tilng Viet ma ngay ca nguai Viet cung kho ma doan dinh dugc hanh dgng do xay ra truac thai di8m phat ngdn hay dang xay ra tai thoi diem phat ngdn. Do vay, chiing tdi cho rang each sfr dyng
"dd" dung trudc dgng tir, dong vai fro pho tir la mgt biSu thi, ngfr phap tuang duang dang " ^ " bieu tiii thai qua khir frong tieng Nhat, co the md ta theo cau tifrc: {(P da) + DT} (frong do, (P) la cac chi td chi thai gian hay pho tir; DT la dgng tir).
Cung CO gia dinh cho ring co the thay pho tir "<fi5" bang tir "rdi". Tuy nhien, khi phan tich chiing tdi iih|n thay tir "rdi"
mang nghia nhan manh ket qua cua hanh ddng, su tinh da hoan thanh hay chua hoan thanh vdi nghTa the nhieu hon nghia chi thai. Bdi le, khi dgt cau vao tinh hudng cu the nhu xac nhan hanh ddng hoan thanh hay chua hoan thanh co th6 hdi: "Anh (da) ggp cd ay chua?" thi cau fra loi cd thi la "Tdi (d5) gap" hoac "Tdi gap r^i" frong khi voi cau hdi ve mat thai gian nhu: "Anh dS gap anh Abe khi nao?"
thi c3u tra loi phSi sit dung pho tir "da"
vdi vai fro bilu dgt thoi gian la: "Tdi (da) gap anh Abe thang trudc" chu khdng the tiiay thi bang cau "Tdi ggp anh Abo rdi".
Co thi thdy each sii dyng "dd" frong tilng Viet thien v l nghta the nhilu hon
Vu Thuy Nga PHU'ONG PHAP G I A N G D^Y
nhung Cling khdng the phu nhan vai trd tuong duang ngir phap thai cua pho tir nay.
Cach sir dyng nay phu hgp vdi nhSn dinh ve thai frong tilng Nhgt la khi nhic den tkai thi khdng the khdng nhae den tke [6].
3. Cach sfr dung cac tfr "se", "sop"
bilu thi thoi gian trong tilng Vi|t Theo tir dien tieng Viet, "se"'' cd nghia cua tinh tir nhu: kkong gdy ra tieng on, tuong ty nghia "khe" nhu: "ndi se, di j e "
va CO nghta cita phd tir bieu thi su viec, thi tugng ndi den se xay ra frong tuong lai, sau thai diem phat ngdn nhu: "mai se ban tilp".
Tit "sdp" cd thS ddng vai tro la mpt danh tir nhu: "sap nhd" (tir dja phuang, diing d l ndi v l tre con); cd nghta la dpng tir nhu ''sap hang, sap ldi..."; cd nghTa la phd tir bilu thi su viec, hien tugng xay ra vao thdi gian tdi, rSt gan nhu: "Troi sip sang" [11].
Tfr "se" va "sdp" dlu dugc cho la chi td chi thdi gian tuang lai frong tieng Vidt.
Tuy nhien, khi nao diing "se'\ khi nao dimg "sdp" hoac nlu khdng sir dyng cac phd tir nay thi cd lam anh hudng den nghta cua cau khdng?... la nhiing yin de ma ngudi Nhat hgc tieng Viet ban khoan, liing tiing khi sii dung. Cy the d vi dy sau, ngudi Nhat khdng xac djnh dugc cau hdi la hdi v l qua khu hay tuong lai.
Vi du 8; "Anh di hgc chua?"
N I U mudn hdi v l mdt su tinh da xay ra frong qua khii thi cau hdi fren can them phd tir "dd " trudc dgng tu "di" thi mdi rd nghta la hdi su tinh frong qua khu con neu
muon hdi sy tinh chua xay ra thi tieng Viet cd the sic dyng phd tir "se" hogc
"sdp" tiirdc ddng tir, chi tuong lai. Tuy nhien, frong vi dy fren neu dimg "^e"
frong cau la: "Anh se di hgc chua?" thi cau khdng phu hgp vdi logic tieng Viet ma bat budc phai dimg phd tit "sdp" la:
"Anh sdp di hgc chua?" thi cau mdi cd nghta, vi ngoai ham y chi thdi gian tuong lai gan, nd con gan tinh tkai ddi vdi ngudi tham thoai, yen cau xac nhan thdng tin ve mdt su tinh da cd ke hoach hogc ngudi hdi cd the da biet (nhu: sap ket hon, sdp chuyen cdng tac, sap tdt nghiep...). Khi giai thich sang tieng Nhat cln hieu ngoai vi6c su dung dang "/!^' bieu thi tkai phi qua khu con ket hgp phd tir " t i 5 "^ C sdp", chi tuang lai g4n...
Tfr "se" bieu thi tucmg lai cung cd vi tri dung trudc vi ngfr (thudng la ddng tir) kSt hgp tinh thai phdng doan ddi vdi su tinh dugc neu, thudng la nhfrag sy tinh cd ke hoach xa, khong chac chan.
Vi dy 9: "Cd le toi se v l nircrc". 'MS i-SVLj:y.
Vl dy 10; "Liic dau cdng viec cua cd se gap lihieu khd khan nhung sau dd se rat thugn Igi". M^M. m(^itm^^^ < <VS
Vai nhung phat ngdn mieu ta su viec, thi tugng frong tuong lai, khi tiong cau cd tir mieu ta thdi gian xay ra hanh dgng la sau thdi dilm phat ngdn thi phd tir "se"
thudng hi luge bd va nguai Viet v§n ngam hieu su tinh do la d tuong lai, chung tdi ggi dd la each six dung theo "qui tac tiet kiem" [10].
Tilp chi Khoa h^c Ngo^i ngu- S6 52 (thang 9/2017) Vi du 11: Ngdy mai tdi (se) di thanh
phd Hd Chi m.rih.§BSfI(t^—^^ >
Vi dy 12: Nam sau em (se) tot nghiep.
Vdi each giai thich fren, cd the thdy rang, each sii dung "se", "sdp" tuong duong thai phi qua khii chi tuong lai frong tilng Nhat theo cdu tnic: {(T) + (P se/sap) + DT}.
Trong do (T) la tir chi thdi gian; (P) la cac chi td chi thdi gian hay pho tir; DT la dgng tir.
Tuy nhien, frong tieng Viet khi frong cau cd frang ngfr chi thdi gian, cac phd tir chi thdi gian tuong ducmg hinh thai thai frong tieng Nhat nhu tii "se" thudng cd khuynh hudng bi luge bd theo qui tac tiet ki^m hoac ngdm dinh. Do vay, khi giang day giao vien can Imi y cho ngudi hgc.
4. Cach sfr dung tfr "dang" bieu thi thoi gian trong tieng Viet
Theo tir diln tieng Viet, "tfong" cd nghta cua ddng tit (dimg kem y phu dinh) nhu "Nd lam viSc dd sao dang?" = "sao danh"; cd nghta phd tir bieu thi sy viec, hien tugng diln ra song chua ket thiic tgi thdi diem phat ngon, chi hien tai nhu
"dang vdi, dang an..." [11].
Vi du 13: Tdi dang an com. fAfiZ^'M
Vi du 14: Cdng viec dang tien trien
tk.ftm'^m^vl^'6o
Cd nhieu y kien cho rang, "dang" la y nghia chi the tiep diln khdng lien quan
den thai. Tuy nhien, chiing tdi gia thuylt neu "dang" chi mang y nghta the thi tai sao cau chuyen dich sang ngdn ngfr cd thcri lai chia d thai hien tai ma khong chia d thai qua khii. Cu the frong cac vi du fr8n tieng Nhat nhdt thilt phai sii dyng dang
" / ^ " bidu thi thai phi qua khii, ciu hien tai chii khdng thi sfr dung dgng " i ^ " bilu hiSn thai qua khu de chi hien tai.
Nhieu trudng hgp, cau khdng cd tir
"dang" nhung van dugc ngSm hieu su viec dang xay ra tai thdi diem phat ngdn nhu vi dii sau.
Vi du 15: Nhanh ISn, chiing tdi (dang) d g i . ^ ^ ' r i . $Afc^^oXl^^6J:.
Trong VI du nay, cd the luge bd tir
"dang" nhimg khdng vi thi ma ngudi tiep nhan thdng tin hieu hanh dgng "dgi" da thudc ve qua khu. Khi chuyen sang tieng Nhat, phat ngdn van phai su dyng dang
"//^' bieu thi thai phi qua khfr, chi hien tai.
Tuy nhiSn, frong cau nay ti6n trinh ciia hanh dpng dugc chii frgng hon nen co th8 thSy vai frd cua the r5 net hon thai nhung ciing khdng the phii nhgn thdi di6m xay ra h^nh d^ng dugc ndi tdi la d hien tai. Y nghta the cua "dang" cd lien quan chat che tdi tkai, chi hien tgi theo cSu tnic: {(?
dang) + DT}.
Qua ddi chieu, phan tich cd the thay, khdng the phii nhan tkai cd mdi lien he chat che vdi tke. Viec th6m v^o cac phd tu hay luge bd chi la each su dung quen dung cua ngudi Viet vdn khdng coi dd la nhung bilu thi ngii phap bit buOc ma thdi. Do vgy, khi giang dgy tilng Viet cho ngudi Nhat, ngudi day cdn chii y cac
Vu Thuy Nga PHU'O'NG PHAP G I A N G DAY
phuong thfrc bieu thj thdi gian mang sac thai, dac trung rieng ciia tilng Viet nhu van phong ndi, qui udc ngam dinh, qui tac tiet kiem... Di8u nay ciing gidng nhu khi day tilng NhSt phai y thiic v l tkai cho ngudi Viet d l sir dung tilng Nhgt cho diing [7].
Ket luan
TrSn dSy, chiing tdi da neu mgt sd vdn de can chii y khi giang day tieng Viet cho ngudi Nhat tir gdc dO ddi chieu m^t sd phuang thfrc bieu thi thdi gian frong tilng Vift vdi tk&i frong tilng Nhiit.
Chung tdi cho ring ngudi nude ngoai hpc tilng Viet can phai hilu dugc "qui tic tiet kiem", va "qui udc ngdm dinh",... cac dang thiic hoat ddng d l bilu dgt thdi gian frong tilng Viet nhu: xac lap khung thdi gian qua tir vung lam tit chimg; co che ngam tu dgng khdi phyc cac phd tir "da",
"se", "dang" de xac lap thdi gian hoac ngugc lai... d l cd thi bilu thi thdi gian frong tieng Viet mgt each phu hgp.
Cd the thay, tieng Viet sir dyng ca hai phuang thfrc tu vyng-ngu phap de bieu dat thdi gian, trong dd phuang thiic tir vimg dugc chu frgng hon va dugc coi la xac thuc hon. Dieu do cd nghta la khong the loai bd cac phd tir "da", "se", "dang" ra khdi chfrc nang chi xudt thdi gian trong tilng Viet. Do vay, khi giang dgy hogc chuyen dich cac phuang thfrc bieu thi thdi gian frong tieng Viet sang tieng Nhat hoac ngugc Igi cdn phai nam dugc nhimg each bieu dgt cua timg ngdn ngfr de su dung mgt each hieu qua, chinh xac.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 1. Alexandre de Rhodes (1991), Tir diSn An Nam-Lusitan-Latinh (Tir dien Viet-B6-La), Nxb. KHXH, Ha Npi.
2. Diep Quang Ban (2005), Mot huang tiep can cdc yeu to chi "Tinh Thai gian " cua tieng Viet, Vien KHXHVN.
3. Cao Xuan Hao (1998), "Vly nghta thi va the tiong tilng Viet", Tap chiNgon ngir, s6 5.
4. Vu Thuy Nga (2014), "Pham tifr Thoi tiong tilng Nhat - So sanh vdi tilng Viet va cac ngon ngii khac", T/c Ngon ngir vd dm song so 3, tr.60-69.
5. Vii Thuy Nga (2016), "Phan tich bilu thi va cac each bieu dat cua Thdi tiong tiSng Nhit", Tqp chi Nhdn luc khoa hoc xd hqi, sl 1, n-.loi-i08.
6. Vu Thuy Nga (2016), "Phan tich dli chiSu Thdi trong tieng Nhat vdi each bieu dat Thai trong tieng Viet", Ky yiu Hgi nghi khoa hoc gido vien 5/2016, Tmdng Dai hgc Ha N6i.
/. Vii Thuy Nga (2016), "Thai va mgt so van de lien quan den giang day thdi trong tieng NhSt", Tap chi Khoa hoc Ngoai ngU, so 47, thang 6/2016, tr.12-22.
^ 8. Trdn Kim Phugng (2008), Ngti^ phdp tieng Viet, nhung vdn di ve Thai The, Nxb.
Giao due. Ha Npi.
9. Nguyen Minh Thuyet (1995), "Cac tien pho tir chi thdi, the trong tieng Viet", Tap chi Ngon ngir, sd 2.
10. Trdn Thi Chung Toan (2016), "Bilu thi thdi gian va thai trong tieng Viet", Tgp chi Ngon ngir, so 7, tr.18-36.
11. Hoang Phe (1998), Tir diin Tiing Viet, Nxb. Da Nang.
12. Hoang Tue (1988), Nhdn xet ve thai, the vd tinh thdi trong tieng Viet, Nxb. Khoa hoc Xa hpi. Ha Ndi.
(Toi sogn n h ^ bai viet nghy 10/4/2017, duyet dang ngay 30/9/2017)
