TAP CHl KHOA HOC vA C6NG NGH$, Tnrimg D^i hgc Khoa hgc - DH HuS T$p 6. S6 2 (2016)
M O T I F NGlTOd H O A D A / £>A H O A NGlTCJI T R O N G T R U Y E N T H U Y E T D A N GLVN V I E T N A M
Nguyen Thj Quynh Hmmg Khoa NgU vdn, Tru&ng Dai hgc Khoa hgc - Dgi hgc Hui
Email:qhuong08@gmail. com T O M TAT
Nguai hoa dd/ dd hda ngudi Id motif khd phi biin trong truyin ihuyet ddn gian Viet Nam.
Theo chung tdi. motif ndy gdm co ba dgng thuc: ngu&i hda dd, da hda ngir&i vd ludn hoi (nga&i hda dd vd da do lgi hda thdnh ngu&i). Molif ngu&i hda dd/ dd hoa ngu&i Id phuang thiec nghe thugt ddc dung di tdc gid ddn gian ve nen nhiing cdu chuyin ky vT cho xudt than vd hdnh trgng cua nhdn vdt trong truyin thuyit ddn gian.
Tir khda: Molif; ngu&i; da; truyin thuyit; Viet Nam.
Biln sogn tu lieu vl truyin dan gian theo type va motif la phuong phdp nghien cfru folklore cd ngudn gdc tfr trudng phai Phan Lan (Finnish Method, phuang phdp dia li — lich su) dupc khdi xudng bdi cdc nha nghiln cfru: Julius Leopold Kredrik Krohn (1835 - 1888), Kaarle Krohn (1863 - 1933), va ngudi ki tyc la Antti Aame (1867 - 1925) va Stith Thompson (1885 - 1976). Trong bdi vilt "Nhftng nghiln cfru van hpc dan gian tfr gdc dp type va motif - Nhung kha thii va bdt cgp" (2008), Tran Thj An khdi quat: "Hp dd suu tam cdc di ban truyin cd tich, lap nen bang tra rdi tiln hanh so sdnh de tim ra ban cd nhdt, frln ca sd do nham xdc djnh dupc nai phat tfch cua mpt truygn cd vd vgch ra con dudng dia ly cua sy luu truyin truygn cd ay" [1, tt.SS].
Bang tta type va motif (Type of the Folktale - A Classification and Bibliography va Motif- index of Folk- Literature, A Classification of Narrative Elements in Folk- Tale, Ballads, Myths. Fables, Medieval, Romances, Exempla, Local Legends) ciia Antti Aame va Stith Thompson la cdng trinh da day Iln phong trao suu tam truygn kl dan gian va xdy dyng he thdng bang tra type vd motif truyin ke dan gian ciia cac dia phuang (qudc gia, viing, tinh). Ci Viet Nam, dd cd cdng trinh Tir diin type truyin ddn gian Viet Nam (Nguyin Thi Hue ehu biln).
Trong cdng ttinh nay, phan type truyin thuylt do Tran Thj An dam nhigm. Tuy nhiln, trong chuyln khao Ddc trung thi loai vd viec van bdn hda truyen thuyei ddn gian Viet Nam dupc xudt ban sau cudn Tir diin, Trdn Thj An da tdch riing phan type truyin truyin thuyit va cd su ehinh sfra. (3 day, tac gia dd thing kl dupc mpt si type truyin thuyet cd liln quan den thuc the da
I^otif nguoi hda da/ da hda nguoi trong tmySn thuyit dan gian Vigt Nam
frong tiTiyIn ki ddn gian Viet Nam (type truyin tiiuylt vi thdn tiianh vd phep tiiuat, type tinyin tiiuylt dia danh,...), tuy nhiln vdn chi mdi la cac type, chua phdn tich kJ tiianh cae motif
Trong tiiu luan nay, vdi motif ngudi hda da/ da hda ngudi, chung toi di tiieo mgch cua cdc dgng tiifrc: ngudi hda da, da hda nguoi, ngudi hda dd va tai sinli frd Igi. Dang tiifrc cuoi cung ndy da khiin ngudi dpc liln tudng din mpt vdng frdn luan hdi cua con ngudi.
1. MOTIF NGirdl HOA DA
CJ day, da mang y nghTa biiu trung quan trpng. Bdi le da cd tinh chdt bin vflng vdi thdi gian, vd frong khi ddi ngudi bj hgn dinh till ddi dd vd hgn. Do dd, sy gan kit ddi ngudi vdo da chinh la phuong thuc de bit tu hda con ngudi. Phdn Idn nhiing nhdn vat hda da frong truyin thuyit diu cd hanh tigng xuat chiing hogc co cdng lao to Idn ddi vdi cudc sdng no am, yIn lanh cua ngudi dan. Vd khi ddi ngudi cua ho khep lai, hda tiian tiianh da de "khdng thi hu hgi, linh hin ngudi qud co phai tdn tai mSi mai ma khong phan huy" [5, tt. 971]. Hay ndi each khdc, sy vay mupn ddc tnmg bin vung cua da ttong truyin thuyet chinh la mot each ghi on ciia ngudi ddi danh cho nhan vgt.
Trong Truyin cdi khiin, chang Cd Lgn Id ngudi gidi v6 nghe. Chang vupt qua r^t nhiiu thfr thdch do cac vi thdn dua ra: Thdn Hanh thign chuyln di cfru nhan dp thi ddng gid ngudi suyt chit dudi, Dfrc Phgt gid Iam ngudi an may, Than Niii bay binh bo tt§n vdi mpt dan mudi con hi.
Chang Ca Lgn khdng ne ha ddm sau, khdng khinli ngudi ngheo, khdng nhat sp trude bay hi va ludn ludn dgt sy quan tam, thuang ngudi Iln ttin hit. Vi vgy, cac vj than da uu ai, ban thudng cho chang nhfrng bau vat. Nhd dd, chang cd sfrc manh vd djch, tti tui hem ngudi va khiln quy dl chiln thang Than Gid, Than Mua, giiip thiin nhiln tiiuan hda, cupc sdng ngudi ddn no am han. Han the nfra, chang cdn giiip vua day lui gigc Han. Tuy nhien, chinh bdi tinh cdch khang khdi, quy ngudi, chang lai rai vao bay ciia ke thu. Gidn dfr tnrdc su phan frac cua ngudi em kit nghTa (do kl thii ddng gia dl ldy long chang), ehang vdi trdi nguyen rdng: ''Nlu trdi bat ta chet, hdy di cho ta chit dfrng thi ndy" [14, fr.l31]. Vd ldi khan nguyen ciia chang da frd thanh hien thyc, "chdng hda thanh mot hdn mii Idn simg sfrng giua frdi" [14, fr.I31]. Hinh thfrc "chet dung" nay vfra la sy chfrng giam cua dng frdi cho long trung kiln ciia Ca Lan, vua la mpt chfrng tich luu lgi cho hau thi vi tinh thdn qua cam cua chang.
Triryin cdi khiin thupc dgng truyin thuylt vi cac dja danh, va hdn niii do Ca Lgn hoa nin chinh la nui Nhan d Tay Nam lang Bdng Lgng. [Klii tim hiiu tiiyc ti thdng qua dja danh eg thi ma tinyin thuyit da gidi thi^u, chung tdi dupc biit tiidn Bdng Lgng, xa Thanh Nghi, huyen Thanh Lilm, tinh Ha Nam hign nay la mpt thon nhd vdi diln tich dit ty nhien 1,1 km2 - NTQH]. Va mac du fruyin tiiuyit khdng chi ro d|c tiiu mii da cua mii Nlian nhung phia Tay Nam eiia thdn cd mpt day mil dd vdi frai dai 3 km, kha tuong frng cho vj fri ma truyin thuylt de cgp din. Do vgy, chiing toi xip sy hda thdn cua nhdn vgt Ca Lan trong Truygn cdi khiin tiiugc motif ngudi hda d a - NTQH],
TAP CHl KHOA HOC vA CONG NGH$, Tmung Dgi hgc Khoa hgc - DH HuS Tgp 6, S6 2 (2016)
Ngudi eon gai diing dau frong lang cua Sy tich nui Sdm San khdng quan nggi mua gid dfl ddi va dfra be ttong byng, "quyet dpi mua, re gid ra bien tham dd tinh hinh" [17,tt.224] va nhin thay "than sdng nhu mdt day mii khdng Id dang dp tdi". Ndng djnh quay ve bao cho dan lang nhung khdng kip, nen danh "nam sap xudng duoi ddi nguoi ngan sdng che chd cho dan lang" [17, tt.224]. Va dilu than ky dd xdy ra, "nude dang Iln din ddu thi than the nang cung dai ra vd cao Iln din do" [17, tt.224] vd "chd ngudi con gdi nam ngan sdng than da biln thanh day nui hiing vV [17, tt.224 - 225]. Ngudi con gai do da hda than thdnh day niii de bao ve, che chd cho xdm lang thdn yeu ciia minh. Truyen thuyet kl rang ve sau, bai bien dudi chan mii phat frien rat sam uat nin ngudi dan dat tin cho day nui la nui Sam (tuc la mil Sam Son ngay nay).
Cdn nhan vat ngudi vp ttong Nui Ba Dgi Om lgi cd hoan canh rat khdc. Ngudi phu nu nay cd chdng ra chiln tran phai tranh giac ttong hang nui xa, mpt long mot dg nudi con, nudi me, chd chdng. Ndm ^y han han, may thdng ttdi khdng cd mdt con mua, khe sudi diu can khd.
Mpi vile ttong lang diu phai trdng nhd vao may gieng nude nhd fren nui, do dd mdi gia dinh chi CO dupc mdt, hai ca om nude moi ngay. Chj nhucmg phan Idn nude cho me va cho con.
Nhung rdi rdt nhilu ngdy, ca ba ngudi diu khdng cd mdt gipt nude nao. Chi ttd vl lang de lay nude nliung liie thi phdi lui vao liim cay franh gigc, khi thi bj giac dudi theo, phai vut ca ca om.
Thiiu nude dai ngay, an udng cung khong du, chi "nhg tinh nhu chile la, Iiic nao cung chyc quy xudng dudng" nin eudi ciing, khi can mua den, chj khdng cdn sfrc de vui mimg, "niem dau ddn cung cue lan khdp than ngudi Ignh ciing nhu hdng" [17, tt.261]. Va vay la chi cu dfrng mai, tya sat ngudi vdo vach da va tay vdn cd gift cd om nude cho mg, cho con nhu thi cho din tan bdy gid.
Hai ngudi phy nfr ttong Sy tich mii Sdm San vd Niii Ba Dgi Om da hda thanh mii bdi nhihig nguyin nhan khac nhau. Ngudi phu nft cua Su tich mii Sdm San diing chinh than the cua minh di "trj thuy" nhdm bdo vl xdm ldng va nhutig ngudi than ylu. Phucmg thuc trj thiiy nay mang am hudng chiin thdng ciia San Tinh tnrdc Thuy Tinh (nude cang dang cao thi mii lai cang cao hon), thi hiln rd tmh thdn doan kit cua nhdn dan va udc mo chiim ITnh dupc ty nhiln.
Con trong Niii Bd Dgi Om, ngudi phy nft chju thuang chju khd, nhan phdn thilt thdi vi minh dl cham lo du ddy cho con va mg. Ca mgt qua trinh dai dang ddng vdi nhilu thfr thach dd bao mdn tinh thdn va sfrc khde eiia chi. Vi vgy, con mua mat lanh, mong chd bay lau ciing khdng dii sfrc cfru rdi cupc sdng ciia chj, thdm chi cdn Id gipt nude fran ly, hung tda nhihig met mdi, ddn dau vdn dupc chj nen chat, giau kin. Trong bdt ky cupc chiin nao, mdt mat khdng chi d nhiing ngudi tryc tiip ra trgn ma cdn cd sy hy sinh tham lang ciia ngudi d hgu phuemg. Va ngudi phy nft d day la mot ttong s i dd. Cai chet dung, hda thanh nui chinh la hiln than cho su kien cudng eiia chj.
Diim gap gd eua ca hai truyin thuylt la nhan vat hda than diu la phy nft va cimg hda thdn thdnh nui. Cl day, hmh dnh nui gdn kit chgt che vdi sy kiln cudng vd hy sinh ciia hp, dii ttong bat ky mdi quan he gia dinh hay dan tdc [Trudng hpp mii ttong hai truyen thuyit ttIn diu cd net gidng vdi Truyin cdi khiin, n^Ta la hai ngpn nui trong ddi thyc diu thupc dgng nui da.
Do dd, sy hda than frong Su lich niii Sdm San vd NOi Ba Ddi Om dupc chiing tdi dua vdo motif
IVIotif nguoi hoa da/da hda ngu&i trong tmySn thuyet ddn gian Vigt Nam
ngudi hda da - NTQH]. Ngoai ra, niu chang frai ti^ng Truyen cdi khien cdn cd ten Ca Lan tiii hai ngudi phu nfl nay khdng cd ten riing. Diiu do da xda md ddu vit ca nhan 6e nhan vat frd tiianh hinh anh dgi dien chung cho ngudi phu nft Viet Cd the ndi ca ba truyin tiiuyit diu cho thdy chinh con ngudi da hda than di tac nin dang hinh cua xfr sd. Thi nin, mdi ngpn mii dang 'tra gan cung tui nguyet" diu ngam chua sfrc mgnh tmh thdn ciia ngudi dan Viet.
2. MOTIF DA HOA NGlTdl
Motif da hda ngudi ttong truyin thuyit dan gian Viet Nam cd su gap ga vd ddng dilu vdi cdc tinyin thuyit frln till gidi. Trong 7ii- diin bieu tugng vdn hda thi gi&i, Jean Chevalier va Alain Gheerbrant da he thing tiudng hpp ngudi sinh ra hi da nhu sau: "C* Hy Lgp, sau fran dgi hdng thuy, loai ngudi Igi sinh ra tfr nhihig hon da ma Deucalion gieo nem. Trong cac truyin thuyit ciia ngudi Sesmites cung ndi con ngudi sinh ra tfr da, tham chi mot si huyen thogi ttong dgo Kitd cung ndi la Chiia Kitd sinli ra tii da" [5, tt.269]; " 6 Trung hoa, Dgi Vu sinh ra tir mgt tang da vd thdi tfr Ky (K'i), con ttai cua dng, ciing sinh ra tfr mpt tang da, niit ra d mgt phia bdc"
[5, fr.269]. Dd frong tiirdng hpp nay mang y ngliTa smh sdn vdi vai ttd ciia ngudi me. Hay da cdn dupc gpi bdng mpt tin khdc Id Da mg. Chinh vi Idp nghia ndy, theo Phdn tam hpc cua Jung, dd ttong truyin thuyit va huyin thoai cd the dupc xem Id mpt c6 mdu.
Motif da hoa ngudi lgi khong gidng vdi cac trudng hpp ngudi hda da d tiln, bdi le frong truyin thuyet dan gian Viet Nam, dd dupc tac gia dan gian sfr dung nhdm tao nin nhimg net dj bilt cho nguin gdc xudt than ciia nhdn vat. Diiu dy da phii Iln nhan vat m^t Idp huyen thogi, gdp phdn dge ta su xuat chfrng cua nhan vgt frong truyen thuyet.
Truygn Sy lich Tien Lgp Thgch lu&ng qudn ke vl Thach tudng quan dupc smli ra tii mdt tang da, sau khi bj ran quan. Dieu ky lg hon nfta la da mg thy thai ttong ba nam, vd roi "tach ra lam ba, Id rd mpt be trai nam bin frong" [13, tt. 209 - 210]. Ngay khi dd, mot dng lao dupc than bao mdng nin dem dua tre vl nudi. Dfra tre ndy chinh "Hung Thgch tudng quan giang thi"
[13, tt. 210] nin cd nhihig diem dj thudng; 7 tuii chua biit ndi, nhung khi nghe vua tim ngudi tai chdng gigc Luc Dinh thi dua tre cat tilng gpi su gia vao, va ylu cau lam cho m^t con voi da di giiip vua danh gidc. Dfra tte vuon vai ba lan thi trd thanh ngudi cao Idn va cudi voi da, phdng vi hudng Cao Bang de giit giac.
Day chinh la nhan vat dupc sinh ra tii motif sinh nd thdn ky, khdng thupc dgng hdn phdi gifla ngudi va than linli, ma Id hdn phoi gifta da va rdn. Cdn phdi luu ^ diim nay bdi le khi gdp sfr gid, nhdn vat lai ylu cau cd mpt con voi da di ra fr§n. NghTa la, ehiing ta khdng thi tun thay mdt sy liln h^ nao gifla tang da sinh ra nhdn vgt vdi tinh each, hinh ddng cua nlidn vat, dac biet a thdi diim nhdn vgt mdi Iln 7. Trong khi dd, voi da eo till dupc xem Id mpt con vat thdn thiet, ki vai sat cdnli vdi nhan vgt khi lam fran. Ding thdi, d mot kliia canli khac, con voi vfra mang sfrc manh hp than vua tiip them nang lupng cho nhan vgt. Cho nen, theo chfrng tdi, mac dii tinh chit da khong hiin 1$ tiirc dien d nhdn vdt nhung dudng nhu da dd trd tiidnli huylt tdc gifra
TAP CHl KHQA HQC vA C6NG NGH$, Tmong Dai hgc Khoa hgc - DH HuS Tgp 6, So 2 (2016) nhan vdt tudng qudn va con voi. Va cd thi ndi liln kit ky la, thii vj nay trong tniyln thuylt Sy tich Tien Lgp Thgch tuang qudn dd co kha ndng tao ra mpt ldp ngliTa mdi cho da d dgng dd me.
Nhdn vgt Thiin Bdng ttong truyen Sy tich Thiin Bong nhd Ly cung sinh ra tu mdt tang da. Ong ba Luong Ngpc sdng rdt hgnh phiic. Nhung sau khi ba Ngpc bj Ha ba bdt, dng Luang tiiuong nhd vp, "ngay ngay ra ngdi len hdn da me sdng, noi vo mat tich, ngdng chd" [15, tt. 70].
K5' tich la "hdn da kia cfr Idn ddn" [15, fr. 70], mot nam sau bj sdm nd trung, vd toac ra, va
"ngudi con trai tii trong chd dd vd di ra" [15, tt. 70]. Khi Idn len, Thiin Bdng xin tdng chinh doan quan ciia Doan Thupng di dep loan gidc cd va gigc Hd Tdn Tmh (Chilm Thanh). Chang lap nhilu ehiin cdng, dupc vua phong lam Huygn doan huyen Diln Ha va thdng chfrc Son Nam dao Chiia tl quan.
Khdc vdi nhan vat Thach tudng qudn, Thien Bdng cung dupc da sinh ra nhung lgi bdt ngudn tu hdn phdi ciia mdng tuang tu. NghTa la sy kit hpp hoan toan ndm ttong tam va tti cua dng Lucmg [gifta hinh anh cua ba Ngpc ttong tri nhd cua ngudi chdng vdi ndi nhd thuong, frdng ngdng cua dng Lucmg danh cho vp minh - NTQH] dd tgo ra mOt nhdn duyIn sinh nd d da.
Ngoai ra, dilm khac bilt niia so vdi tang dd ttong truyin thuylt Sy lich Tien Lgp Thgch tucmg qudn, da d truygn ke nay chi mang thai ttong mpt nam va khdng ty nhiln mit ra, md cdn co mot trudng lyc tfr ben ngoai tac dpng dl dua fre chui ra. Hem thi nfla, da cd su phat ttiln vl hinh dang "Idn d ^ " [15, fr. 70]. Tat ca cac chi tilt tten khiln ngudi dpc dl dang liln tudng din qua trinh mang thai va sinh nd cua ngudi mg. Va duong nhien, vigc hinh dung vai trd cua da ttong truyen thuylt d vi tri ngudi mg la dieu de hieu. Ddi vdi tnrdng hpp Sy tich Thiin Bdng nhd Ly, chiing tdi cung khdng tim thay mdt dudng day gdn kit nao giiia da va nhan vat. Tuy nhiln, dya vao sy milu ta hdnh trinh chuyln biln ciia da md chiing tdi de cgp den d tren da cho thdy dd in dam bdng dang ciia ngudi me va chi mang y nghTa khdi sinh cho nhdn vgt.
Trong Su tich Thien Dd vd Ducmg Ld ddnh gigc An, nhan vat Thiin Da khdng phai do da sinh ra nhu Thiin Bdng cua Sy tich Thien Bdng nhd Ly. Truyen thuyit kl rang Ly Dudng tiln sinh vdn la "ngudi tai ba ldi lac, van hay vd gidi, giay sang va giau ldng vj tha cfru giup ngudi khdp khd" [8, tt.333], tuy nhiln lai hilm mudn con trai. Trong mpt lan ngdi udng tta, udng rupu thudng nguygt tten phiin da d vudn hoa, phien ndi chua cd con trai ndi ddi tdng duong di tra an to tien, tien sinh mdi "dua tay vd vd vao ban da" [8, tt.333] vd than rdng: "Da hi da hi/ Dgi thgch dai tinh/ Da hi da he/ Ta nay khdng con/ Ude nguai lam quynli/ Luu mudn ngan thud/ Nguoi nd ddng danh" [8, tt.333]. Dim hdm dd ty nhiln trdi ndi mua gid, sdm chdp liln hdi va cd set ddnh vao vudn nha tien smh. Sang sau, tiln sinh tham vudn, thdy "ban da da vd lam hai manh" [8, tt.333] va ttong do cd mdy ddng chfl: "Da cdng thiin dinh giang trdn/ Dau thai Trdn thj tdi thdn Nguyin Xuan/ Tai nang vupt chiing silu quin/ Van chuyln thao lupc vd cin binh nhung" [8, tt.333]. Miia xudn ndm Giap Ngp, Tran phu nhan sinh ra m^t cgu con trai.
Ly Dudng tien sinh itiid din bai tha ttIn da nin dgt ten con la Da cong (dng Da). Vdy nin, nhan v§t Thiin Da mgc dii khdng do da tryc tiip smh ra nhung Id mpt sy giang sinh tu da, thdng qua hinh tiifrc "da va lam hai" [8, tt.333]. Va chi tiit ndy dd chiing thyc cho vile cd tin tai mpt vi
MoSfngu^ hda da/da hda ngu&i tmng ImySn thuySt din gian Vi$t Nam
thin tni ngy frong da va vj thdn dy da hdi dap noi niim ma Ly Dudng tiln sinh gdi gdm frong ldi tiian phien (gidn tiip) va cai vd tay vdo da (fryc tiip).
Theo truyin thuyet, nhdn vat Thach tudng quan, Tiiiln Bdng va Thiin Da diu Id thdn linh gidng thi, nhdm giiip vua dgp yIn gigc ttong ngoai va dem lgi cu^c sdng yIn binh eho nhan ddn. Do do, klii nhilm vy da hoan thanh, hp bay vi ttdi hogc ty hda. Vd mdi quan he giua da vdi nhdn vat d truyin thuyit Id mdu tu, dii da chi "bd me nudi/ mang tinh tam thdi" cua than linh trude klii budc vdo coi ttin gian. Vdy nin, theo thiin y ciia chiing tdi, ngudn goc tir dd la mgt hinh thfrc cac tac gid dan gian lya chpn di td dam thim sy xuit chung cua nlian vat
Nhu vay, qua motif ngudi hda dd/ da hda ngudi, ngh$ thugt hoa tiian frong truyin thuyit ddn gian cd nhung net ddc biet riing. Tliu nhat, moi lien hi gifla vdt hda thdn va vat dupc hoa than khdng hoan todn rd net, dl nhdn bilt bang hinh dang va tinh chdt. Thfr hai, vigc hda than khdng tac dpng mgnh me din cot truyin hoac phan kit cda truygn ke. Va thfr ba, vdi nhftng motif liln quan den da, frong tuong quan giua vat hda than va vgt dupc hda thdn, da ludn cd lyc tac ddng ngupc frd lgi ddi vdi nhdn vat, tao ra mpt lien kit ngdm vl bdn chdt giira da va nhan vat. Gd tiii ndi nghe thugt hda thdn xuat hiln ttong hau het cac the loai ty sy cua van hpc ddn gian, tuy nhiln dp dgm nhgt va khd nang dnh hudng den ket cau truygn ke d mdi the loai lai co nhfrng khac biet rieng.
3. MOTIF NGU"Ol HOA BA VA TAI SINH TRO LAI
Dgng thfrc xuat hiln ddng thdi ca motif ngudi hda da va da hda ngudi nay chi xuat hien duy nhat ttong truyin thuylt Luang The Vinh, phac hpa trpn mpt vdng ttdn luan hdi cua dai ngudi. Nlu nhu Su lich Tiin Lgp Thgch tu&ng qudn va Su lich Thien Bdng nhd Ly ghi dau an ciia da nhu la mpt nai tgm tni ciia cdc vj thdn luih dl thoat thai vao cdi hdng trdn, thi da ttong truyen thuyet Luong Thi Vinh cfing la noi tni ngy tgm thdi, nhung lgi la cua mpt con ngudi.
Trong truyen thuylt, Lucmg Thi Vinh sinh ra d huygn Nam Xang. Cha dng von tmh hiln lanh nliung khi bilt sau nay con trai se lam quan to nin sinh "kilu ngao, thudng hay tranh cgnh ngudi ta" [16, tt. 110]. Vi le dd, dng bao vdi me rang "me cd due hiln hgu md cha thi kem due. Con khdng d day nu^, xin tfr di chd khac day" [16, tt. 110]. Ngoai ra, dng cdn dan thim
"cu din ngay dy thang iy din lang Cao Huong, huygn Thiin Ban thi biit, vd dan gift lai cac sach cua minh hpc" [16, tt. 110]. Cd mpt ngudi Tau xem thiin van, thay van tinh giang xuing nude Nam nin sang di ttin dp. Ong khach tim din Thi Vinh va dang nghT kl di tixr dng thi dng mat. Xem tiiiln vdn, dng khdch biit thin iy chgy sang lang Cao Huong nin dudi theo. Tnrdc tinh thi bi truy dudi, tiiin Thi Vinh ben "nhgp vao ttong hdn da to" [16, tt. I I I ] . Ong khdch xm mua hdn da song bj tfr chdi vi viec mua ban nay qud lg thudng. Din khi thugn mua vfra ban, Ing khach chua kip vui miing, thin dd lgi "ddu thai ngay vao ngudi dan ba" [16, fr. l l l ] d i dingve, mdi giam chdn vao hdn da. Ong khach "ttong hdn da, bilt than da xuit mdt rdi... khdng thi nao tran dp dupc" [16, tr. I l l ] nin trd vl Tdu. Liic Thi Vinh sinh ra, dng chi khdc, cd ngay Idn dim.
TAP CHl KHOA HOC VA CONG NGHB, Tnrdng Dgi hgc Khoa hgc-DH Hue Tap 6, So 2 (2016) cho din khi me tmdc cua dng tim din vd bi, dng mdi nin. Sau nay, Thi Vinh lam chfrc Han lam thj thu chudng vign, scan bp Dgi thanh toan phap. Klii mdt, dng dupc phong lain Thupng ddng phuc than.
Theo quan niem ciia ngudi Vilt xua, con ngudi tuy chit di nliung phin tinh anli/ iinli hon ciia hp vdn tdn tgi. NghTa la cai chit chi la thi xac, cdn linh hdn thudc mpt phgm trii khae, frong mpt thi gidi rieng ma con ngudi khd cd thi ndm bdt. Chinh bdi quan nilm nay, ngudi Viet ngay nay van cd le cung cd hdn cho nhftng vong linh sdng vat vudng khdng nai de ttd vl, khdng dich de den. Hay dng ba ta vdn cho rang nhung mdn dn, sau khi ciing dudng, het tuan nhang, se khdng cdn du huong, du vj nhu thdi dilm vfra ndu xong vd trude khi ciing. Hp Iy giai cho sy vai hucmg va vj nay la bdi nhiing vi dupc thd ty da hudng/ diing mdn an trude. Vay nin, ttong cupc sdng hang ngay ciia ngudi Viet, phan tinh anh/ linh hdn gifr mdt vai ttd quan frpng.
Ngoai ra, theo chiing tdi, frong chi tilt tai sinh cua nhdn vat Lucmg Thi Vinh, thuylt luan hoi eiia Pliat gido cung de Igi dau an kha ro net Phat giao quan nilm con ngudi khi sinh ra ddng thdi da rai vdo vdng sinh tii va ngay ca khi chet di, n^iep lanh/ dft cdn din con ngudi vao lyc dgo ludn hoi [sau dudng sinh tfr luan hdi: ba dudng ac (dja nguc, ngg quy, sue sanh), ba dudng Idnh (ngudi, a- tu - la, frdi) - NTQH]. Viec di con dudng nao la do chinh con ngudi quylt djnh bang qud ttinh tu than va lam dieu tot. Ndi mpt each don gidn vd gdn gui, dd chinh la quan nigra d hien gap lanh, d ac gap dft, gieo gid ggt bao,... khd quen thu^c ttong ddi sdng va van hpc dan gian Viet Nam, Tuy the, vdi Luong Thi Vinh, vigc ludn hdi tdi sinh Id do dng quylt dinh va hoan toan chu dpng, tu vigc dy bao trude sy ra di, dja dilm den cua "kiep sau", din hanh dpng tam tni vao hdn da va dau thai vdo ngudi dan bd di ddng vl. Tat ca Id mmh chfrng cho hdnh trang phi thudng cua nhan vgt. Phdi chdng trong cd nghe thudt xay dyng nhan vgt Luong Thi Vinh, tac gia dan gian cung vay mupn sy ngp dao cua dfrc Phat dl khdc hpa Luong Thi Vinh cd kha ndng tudng tan cac kiip ngn ciia ddi minh nham dy bao va chpn kiep luan hdi?
Va viec lya chpn tang da dl lam vat chuyen giao giifa hai kilp, dong thdi chgy fron sy truy dudi cua dng khach Tdu, chiing tdi thiet nghT, la mot an dy ciia cdc tac gid dan gian: Thfr nhdt, da ed tinh chit bin vihig nin nguy ca hi xam phgm tfr phia dng khdch Tau se dupc han chi va ducmg nhiln, tiim nang thodt than cua Luong The Vinh se cao hon; Thu hai, da thdng thudng dupc xem la vd fri vd giac, vi vay, ngoai dng khdch Tdu ndm dupc thiin co, hau hit mpi ngudi se khdng ngd ho^c va "hdn nhien" trong nhfrng va chgm vdi da [dac bigt trude cau chuyen mua ban vdi cdi gia ngit ngudng qua la thudng ma dng khach gdy ra - NTQH]. Diiu nay tgo diiu kien "budc d$m" cho hanh dgng dau thai eiia Luang Thi Vinh dupc diln ra thudn lpi hon. Luu y d cdch ly giai nay la khuynh hudng xem dd la sy vgt vd fri chi cdng lam tang them gia ttj cua da, vi cuii cung da do vin la da linh, cd kha nang tao ra diiu than ky - ehi tiit diu thai ciia Luang Thi Vinh [ngudi dan bd giam chan vao da, sau dd ve mang thai va sinh ra Luang Thi Vmh - NTQH]; Thfr ba, cd ll co n^t dong digu vdi van hda phuong Tay ttong sy lya chpn nay cua cha dng ta. Bdi "theo truyen thong Kinh Thdnh, vi da cd tinh each khdng biin ddi nin dupc coi nhu la tupng trung cho tinh khdn ngoan, anh minh" [5, tr. 273]. Hay ndi each khac, vd bpc tni ngy ma tac gia dan gian danh cho Lucmg The Vinh cung dong thdi an dy, ngdm
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l\^otit nga&i hda da/ dd hoa ngu&i tmng truyin thuySt dan gian Vi$t Nam
y v e ban chat eon ngudi dng. Tfrc la giua da va nhan vat trong t r u y i n thuyet cd s y t u o n g ding v l y n i l m .
Trong truyin k l , mac du dd chi xuat hign d chi t i l t nlid nliung nd da gdp phdn t h i hiln sy sinh n d thdn ky ciia L u o n g T h i Vinh d Ian dau thai, khang djnh hanh frgng phi tiiudng cua nhan vat. Han till niia, da dupc lya chpn Iam noi tru ngy cho phdn tinh anh eiia nhan vat da minh chfrng cho n i l m tin vdo dd ciia nhan dan va quan nilin v e "vgn vat hvni linh".
Truyin t h u y l t Id t h i logi dung hpp ea y l u to lich sfr vd y l u td h u c i u , cho nen motif ngudi hda da/ da hda ngudi chinh la su h u cau eiia nhan dan dartii cho ngudi anh hung ciia hg.
Khdng chi ve them rtiiung net ky vT cho hinh dang nhdn vdt, cac tac gid dan gian cdn phu mdu ky do cho xudt than, hanh trgng nham h u y i n thoai hda nhan vat Ijeh sfr, dia danh ljch su, Dd hoa than frong truyin thuylt dan gian Viet Nam da minh chiing cho s u n g u d n g vpng v a tdn thd ciia nhan dan danh cho cdc nhdn vgt ljch sfr, hoac la sy t y hao ciia ngudi ddn dja p h u a n g ddi vdi cac dja danh Ijch sfr.
TAI L I E U T H A M K H A O
[1]. Trin Thj An (2008). 'Nghien ciiu van hpc ddn gian tu g6c d^ type va motif - Nhflng klia thii va bdt cdp". Tap chi Nghien oiu van hgc, s i 7, tr. 88 - 104,
[2], Trdn Thi An (2014). Dge trung thi logi vd viic van bdn hda truyin thuyit ddn gian Viit Nam, NXB Khoa hgc xa hgi, Hd N6i.
[3] Levy Bruhl (2008). Kink nghiim thdn bi vd biiu tugng o ngu&i nguyen thdy, NXB Thi gidi. Ha Ngi.
[4]. Mai Nggc Chfr (1999). Vdn hda Dong Nam A, NXB DHQG, Hd Ngi.
[5]. Jean Chevalier, Alain Gheerbrant (2002). Tir diin biiu tuong van hoa thi gi&i, NXB Da Ning, Da Ndng.
[6]. Jean Duvignaud (2011). Nhiing tiing noi da mat, NXB Thi gidi, Hd Ngi.
[7]. Carl Guslav Jung (2007). Thdm dd tiim thuc, NXB Tri tiiftc, Hd Ngi.
[8], Kiiu Thu Hogch (chu biln) (2004). Tdng lap van hgc ddn gian nguoi Viit, tdp 4 (Truyin thuyit), NXB Khoa hgc xd h§i, Hd Ngi.
[9]. Marcel Mauss (2011). Ludn vS biiu lgng, NXB Tri thfrc, Ha Ngi.
[10]. Phan Nggc (2006). Bon s5c vow Ada f'/e/A'om, NXB Vdn hgc. Ha N^i.
[11], Do Lai Thiiy (2007). Phdn tdm hgc vd linh cdch ddn lgc, NXB Tri tiifrc. Ha N$i.
[12], Do Bmh Tri (1999). Nhimg dge diim thi phdp cua cdc thi logi vdn hgc ddn gian, NXB Gido dye, HdN6i.
TAP CHlKHQA HQC VA CQNG NGH£, Tnrong Dgi hgc Khoa hgc-DH HuS Tap 6. So 2 (2016)
[13]. Vien Ngliien cfru vSn hda (2009). Tinh hoa vdn hgc ddn gian ngtr&i Viet, Trayin tiiuyit ddn gian ngudi Viet, quyin 1, NXB KHXH, Ha Noi.
[14], Viln Ngliien cfru vdn hoa (2009). Tinh hoa vdn hgc ddn gian nguoi Viit, Truyin thuyit dan gian ngudi Viet, quyin 2, NXB KHXH, Ha Ngi.
[15]. Vien Nghiln cuu vdn hoa (2009). Tinh hoa vdn hgc ddn gian ngu&i Viit, Tmyln thuyit ddn gian ngudi Viet, quyin 3, NXB KHXH, Ha Ngi.
[16]. Vien Nghien cfru van hda (2009). Tinh hoa vdn hgc ddn gian ngu&i Viit, Truyin thuyit dan gian ngudi Viet, quyin 4, NXB KHXH, Ha Ngi.
[17]. Vien Nghiln ciiu van hda (2009). Tinh hoa vdn hgc ddn gian n^t&i Viet, Truyin tiiuyit dan gian ngucri Viet, quyin 5, NXB KHXH, Ha Ngi.
M O T I F O F MAN T O S T O N E / S T O N E T O M A N IN T H E V I E T N A M E S E LEGEISD
Nguyen Thi Quynh Huong Department of Literature and Linguistics, Hue University College of Sciences Email:qhuong08%gmail. com ABSTRACT
Man lo stone/ Stone to man is a fairly common motif in the Vietnamese folk legends. That motif includes three types: people petrified, stone turned into people and reincarnation (people petrified and this stone turned into people). Motif of people petrified/ stone turned into people is the usefiil method for folk authors to draw the wonderful stories about the origin and life of characters in Ihe folk legend.
Keywords: Legend, Motif, People, stone, Vietnam.
