VAN DE CON NGtrdl TRONG CAC CONG TRINH CUA GIAO SU" TRAN DD'C THAO
NGUYfiN TRONG CHUAN"
TCr khoa: Trdn Dirc Thdo, con nguai, ngon ngir, y thirc.
Ngdy nhdn bdi: 09/12/2019; ngdy gOi phdn bien: 10/12/2019; ngdy duyet ddng bdi:
10/02/2020
I. Giao su Trin Dire Thio sinh ngiy 26/09/1917, mit ngiy 19/04/1993, li nha ttiet hge rat uyen bac. Ong la ngudi da ndi tieng d ehau Au lu khi cdn rat fre, vi sau niy la tfie gidi, vdi tic phim Hign tugng hge va chit nghTa duy vit bien chimg duge xual ban d Phip nim 1951. Dgc cae edng ttinh ciia dng mi chiing la da suu tim duge eho din nay, ngudi dgc khdng khdi nggc nhien ve sy thdng hieu sau sic nhieu linh vyc khoa hge den nhu the vao thcri do. Ong khdng chi am hieu thiu dio triet hge phucmg Tiy; dng edn rat thdng thgo ljch su dan tdc va eic sy kign ttong qui khir ciia dan tge la, dng li ngudi khai sinh ra bg mdn Ljch su ttiet hge tgi ttudng dgi hge diu flSn cua nude Viet Nam Dan chti Cdng hda - Trudng Dgi hoc Su phgm Ha Ngi.
Giio su, Nha giio nhan din, Anh himg lao ddng Tran Vin Giau khi danh gia ve Giao su Tran Ditc Thao da viet nhu sau: "Ndi ve phuang dien lu ludng ttiet bgc thi anh Thio li ngudi suy nghi sau sic, ed nhimg van de anh ddng gdp eho chau Au chir khdng phii chi ddng gdp cho xir minh ma tiidi"; vi "mac dit Viet Nam "minh khdng cd truyin thdng ttiet hge, [nhung] neu ed the ndi cd mdl nha triit hoc thi...
ngudi dd ehinh la Trin Dirc Thio" (Trin Vin Giiu, 2016, tt. 1217).
Net ndi bit nhat d nhi triet hoc Tran Diic Thao Ii dng khdng md td cdc su kien dirge dng ban den mgt cdch gidn dan md ludn dgt cdc su kien do trong moi tuang quan v&i trie! hoc vd tir cdch nhin triet hge, dgc biei Id gdn chimg vol con ngudi vd sd phgn cOg egn nguai, cita cdc nhdn vdt trong lich sir ddn tdc hay trgng vdn hge. Dudi ngdi but eiia dng, triit hoc ludn gin chit vdi hien thuc sdng dgng, nhieu mjt cua cugc sdng xa hgi va cua con ngudi. Dit Ii ban ve nhiJng hge fliuyit triet hge thuin ttiy trim tugng nhu hien tugng hoc, chit nghla hien sinh, ttiet bgc Mae hay vi van chuomg va ljch sir dan tdc, thi eai dich quan ttgng nhat
• GS. TS.; Nguyen Visn t i u m g Vi?n Tri jt hpc, Vi?n Han lam Khoa hoc xa hgi Viet Nam.
Nghiin Cliu Con ngudi s61(106) 2020 57
Nguyen Trgng Chudn
ma Tran Due Thio nhim den \ I n li eon ngudi. Rit nhiiu cdng ttinh nghien ciru ciia dng bin tryc liep den van de con ngudi tir cie gde dg khie nhau. Sau da> la ragt sd cdng ttinh lieu bieu:
Nhimg budc lien hda cua he thin kinh (1955); Bign chiing phip eua hg thin kinh (1955); Hanh ddng ciia sy chi din vdi lu cich la hinh thuc cd ngudn gdc tu y thirc (1966, lieng Phip); Tir cu ehi cua ngdn lay ttd den hinh inh I, H va III (tiing Phap, 1969); Tim cdi ngudn cita ngdn ngd v i y thiic (1973); Con ngudi vi xi hgi (khoing 1975); Tir hign ttrgng luin den bign ehimg duy vgt cua y fliirc (1975); Ddng tic chi dan nhu li hinh thuc gdc ciia y fliue (1973); Van de eon ngudi trong chu nghta Mic - Lenin (1973); Ve khii nigm con ngudi (1976); Ve ngudn gdc ciia cae eon linh linh (liing Phip, 1983); Ngudn goe nhihig loii ngudi vugn (1983); Gidi thieu vi sy phit sinh loai ngudi (1985); Vin de con ngudi va chu nghTa "li luan khdng cd con ngudi" (1988); Sy phit sinh cua he thdng ljch sir gidng ngudi (1989); Sy hinh thanh eon ngudi (2004);...
Ngoii ra, cdn rit nhiiu ban thio ldn nhd khae ehua duge xuit bin hoic ehua duge djch ra tiing Viet lien quan den van de eon ngudi, ma theo thdng ke ehua day du cd the len den gin 40 lic phim.
Trong hai cdng trinh Nhimg budc liin hda cua he than kinh vi Bign chirng phip eua he thin kinh (Trin Due Thio, 2017, tt. 705 - 750). Trin Dire Thio trinh bay khi ein ke, theo sy hieu biet khoa bgc cua thdi dd, ve cic budc lien hda ciia he than kinh, bit diu tir sinh vat don bao, rdi sang da bio (nhu bgt bien, xoang trang). den loii Giun thi bit diu hinh thanh Id chitc than kinh trung uong vdi diy thin kinh vi hgch than kinh; qua Icip ci tbi hinh thinh luy sdng va bg 6c. "Den ldp bd sal tbi bd dc di tien bg nhieu" (Trin Due Thao, 2017, tr. 717), nhung phii den dgng vat cd vu thi mdi hinh thanh phan xa cd dieu kien. Vd nio phat triin va hoin thign hon d khi bac thip vi khi hinh ngudi. Tuy nhien, phii den loai ngudi thi hai bin cau dai nio mdi that sy phit trien v i hoin thign. Sy phit triin va hoan thien eua bd nao tirng bude dan den kha ning phan inh thyc tai khieh quan thugc cac trinh do khie nhau d ddng vit, nhung khi ning phin inh eao nhit va chin Ihyc nhil li d sy nhin thuc eua con ngudi di hinh thinh y thirc.
Hudng nghien ctiu cua Trin Due Thio ve eon ngudi li hudng nghien ciru hit sue diing din, diy trien vgng vi day li vin de cdn rit nhieu diem md. Cd 15 dng di qui quen thugc vdi nhtrng luan diem ndi lieng eua Socrates (470 - 399 TCN) ring, con ngudi hiy ty nhgn thiic ehinh bin thin minh; eiia I.Kant (1724 - 1804) vdi khing djnh. mgi vin de deu cd sy lien quan mat thiet den con ngudi, eho nen myc dieh ldi hiu eua diet bgc "khdng gi khic hon li loin bg van mgnh ciia con ngudi"
5g Nghiin cdu Con ngudf so 1(106) 2020
(I.Canla, 2004. tt. 1176); Mic eoi con ngucri li mdt tiiuc flii smh hoc - xi hdi vi chinh Mic di coi con ngudi la kel qui cua sy lien hda ty nhien, li "mdt co tiii phue lap nhil mi gidi ty nhien sin smh ra duge" (C.Mic vi Ph.Ang-ghen, 1994), coi "con ngudi li mgt sinh vgl cd tmh loai" (C.Mac va Ph.Ang-ghen, 2000), "la loai dgng vat ed tinh hgp quin hem hel" (C.Mic va Ph.Ang-ghen, 1994) vi "ban than con ngudi diu bien ddi khdng ngimg" (C.Mic va Ph.Ang-ghen, 1994 . Cho nen, dii la Tran Dire Thio nghien cim nhimg bu&c lien hda cua he Ihdn kinh a ddng vat hay bifn chimg phdp cua hf thdn kinh cung deu la de phyc vu cho viec nghien euu cgi ngudn ctia tieng ndi, cua ngdn ngtr, eiia tu duy con ngudi, cua su hinh thinh, sy lien hda eua eon ngudi vi eua toin the nhin logi ndi chung. Mdl sd ttong nhiing cdng trinh nghien ctiu do la eo sd de dng eho ra ddi cuon sich vio loai quan trgng nhit ve sau di duge ting giii ihudng Hd Chi Minh li Tim edi ngudn ngdn ngtr vi y thuc (Reeherches sur Porigine du langage el de la Conscience, Editions Sociales, 1973).
Ciing vdi edng trinh Nhihig budc lien hda cua he than kinh va Bign chirng phip eiia he than kinh, cac cdng trinh khae nhu Sy hinh thinh con ngudi; Sy phit sinh eua hg thdng ljch sii gidng ngudi; Ddng lic chi dan nhu li hinh thtrc gdc cua y thue; Nhtrng nghien ciru ve ngudn gdc tieng ndi va y thuc (hay li Tim cgi ngudn ngdn ngir vi y thde); Vin de eon ngudi vi chu nghia "li lugn khdng cd con ngudi"; Sy hinh thinh con ngudi;... Ong da ghi dau an rd net cua mgt chuyen gia thye tiiy ve van de eon ngudi.
Trong tat ci cic cdng trinh neu tten, Trin Due Thio da dting virng tren lap trucmg duy vit bien chirng de Iuan giai theo each hieu eua dng ve nhieu van de khi hde bua mi tu trude den nay khoa hge vin cdn chua ed cau tra ldi dirt khoat vi chua dii do lin eiy. Dd li nhimg van de ve ban chat con ngudi la gi; cai gi quyel djnh ban chit iy; vai trd cua mat ciu tao sinh hge vi mat xa hgi den diu ttong bin chat ay; mil sinh hge vi mat xa hdi trong con ngudi ed quan he vdi nhau ra sao; yeu Id xa hgi tie ddng theo each nao den yeu Id sinh hge trong cic giai dogn phat trien ci the ctia con ngudi vi sy hinh thanh ban chat con ngudi,...
Tran Dire Thao di dting khi dimg tren quan diem coi "lao ddng da tgo nen ban tiiin con ngudi va (Loii ngudi)" (Trin Dire Thao, 2004). Cach nhin lir gdc dg xa hgi nay khic phyc duge thieu sdl cin bin cua cac quan diem chi nhin nhin con ngudi nhu mgt dgng vat thuin tuy. Tuy nhien, ci hai each xem xet tren vin chua cho thay sy khae biet quan trgng nhil giira con ngudi va con vat, cu the li vdi eon vugn. Diing li khoa hge "vin edn fliiiu mdl sd dd lieu co ban ve nhin loai hge cd" (Trin Ditc Thio, 2004) nhu dng nhan dinh, nhung tiiat ra cai thieu ldn nhit chinh la nhimg lii ligu ctia cic nginh di truyin hoc, li - sinh va hda - sinh hien dgi.
Nghiin cdu Con ngudi s61(106) 2020 59
Nguven Trgng Chudn
Do thieu nhung lii hgu nhu vay eho nen dng dya vio "cii hign tgi sdng cua hg tiidng con ngudi trong sy hinh thinh phd bien cua nd xie djnh ban chat xi hgi - ljch su cua mdi c i tmh con ngudi, gidng nhu l i khi nd duge tgo lgp tir tudi iu tho diu lien bdi sy lip lai sing lao cua sd phgn nhan logi" (Trin Diie Thao, 2004) la dieu de hieu.
Van de dit ra li neu loii vugn ngudi chi nhd cd lao dgng mi ttd thinh con ngudi tbi, lit gde dg di truyen hge hign dgi, vi sao giila vugn ngudi vi ngucri lgi eo bg nhiim sic the vdi sd lugng khae nhau, ey ttie li 48 d vugn ngudi va 46 d ngudi?
Ndi cieh khie, tir gde dg di miyen hoc hign dgi thi each giii thich ehi dya vao lao dgng, nhd lao dgng ma bien eon vugn thinh eon ngucri hoin loin chtra du sire fliuyil phyc. Diy chinh li dieu hgn ehi ma Trin Diic Thio chtra vytqt qua duge.
Sinh bgc hien dai, nhil li di ttuyin hge, trong do cd di ttuyin hge ngudi; sinh hge phin tii ndi chung, da eho chiing la co sd khoa bgc chic chin de biet ring, moi loii sinh vgl diu cd mgt bg nhiim sic thi die ttimg vdi sd lui;mg khdng doi, vdi mgt logi ADN die trung eua rieng nd ehimg nao nd cdn tdn tai vdi tinh cdch lodi, nghTa li khi nd chua cd nhOng dgt biin cd the din den sy hinh thinh mgt loii mdi. Diiu do cung cd nghTa li di loii ngudi trd thinh loai ngudi nhu ngay nay till nd di phii duge chuin bj bing mgt sy dgt bien nio dd tir mdl loii gan vdi nd, phii cd sy eii bien nio dd ve thdng tin di truyen.
Ndi eieh khic, ve mil sinh hge, di phai cd mgt loii gin vdi loai vugm do cic tic nhin gay dgt biin nao do ttong thien nhien di lim ting len hoic lim giam di mgt sd lugng nhat djnh nhiim sic the vdn cd. Mdt sd c i the trong quan the cd dOt bien nhu vgy sdng sdt duge qua con dudng chgn lge tu nhien nhd cd duge nhiing tinh ttgng mdi, each ciu tgo co the mdi, nhat li tir chi, bg de v i eudng hgng, thich nghi viii dieu kign sdng mdi, nhu S.Dacuyn ndi, se hgp thanh mpt quan thi sinh vgt mdi. Cie quin tbi mdi nay, theo li thuyit di Iruyen hge quin thi hign dai la CO sd de hinh thinh nen loii mdi.
Nhu vgy, rit ed flie di ed mgt lie nio dd nhiing con vugn - ngudi bie cao vdi 48 nhiim sic the ducri lic dgng ciia cic lac nhan giy dgt bien, nhat li eie ngudn phdng xg ttong ty nhien' smh ra lir cic qua trinh kien tgo dja chit phire lgp, di bj mil di hai nhiem sic the ttong te bio suih sin va qua sinh san di di lai hau the cd sd lu(;mg
' Net dpc dip cua dieu ki?n ly nhien npi hi?n nay dupc coi la que hucmg dau tien ciia cpn ngudi vap thpi xuat hi?n con ngupi tir nhtmg dirt giiy (rift) vT dai ciia vo Trai dat d Dong Phi da phat ra lupng mdcma phong .xg cyc ton, con tai Nam Phi thi cyc giau ve via day qu$ng uran va ihori phong xg.
gQ Nghiin cdu Con ngUiA s61(106) 2020
nhiem sic flii gidng nhu chiing ta ngay nay la 46. Day chinh li budc ngoit quan ttgng nhil din din sy hinh fliinh loai mdi vi ehinh loai mdi niy ed ding di flilng, di bing hai chin, cd il Idng tten co the, ed ciu lao cudng hpng die biet khic vdi cudng hgng cua Id lien nen da ed the phat ra nhitng am thanh die biet, cd hogl dgng sinh sin die biet va nhil la ed mdl bd dc ldn tiem an kha ning lu duy,... hon hin td lien ciia minh. Loii mdi niy cd ban tinh sinh hpc khic hon hin cac loii da cd de trd tiianh loai thdng minh, loii ngudi biet suy nghT, loii ngudi hien dai (Homo sapiens) cita hg ngudi, trong bg linh Irudng, thugc ldp ed vu.
Tren trai dat ngiy nay hien cd ba loai trong chi Homo la tinh tinh thudng (Homo troglodytes), tinh tinh lim (Homo paniscus) vi con ngudi (Homo sapien), mi theo sy phan lieh di truyen hpe thi ADN cua chung rat gidng nhau, chung chi khic nhau cd 1,6% trong bg mi di truyen; khic nhau rit it ve cic chi sd khie, ching ban, chi khae mdt hoic hai vi tri cic axil amin trong hemdgldbin (Jared Diamond, 2007). Tuy nhien, chinh nhiing sy khae biet khdng nhieu lim iy lgi din den nhfl'ng sy khic bigt rat quan ttgng giua con ngudi va con linh linh (duge gpi li vugn ngudi hien dgi).
Chic chin la neu Tran Dirc Thio cd dieu kien cap nhgl cie tii lieu tir khoa thin kinh hge, kliio ed bgc, ngdn ngfl' hpe, nhin hpc, tam li hpc tre em, nhit li sinh bgc phan lu, di Iruyen hpe, li - sinh vi hda - sinh hien dgi ndi chung tbi dng da cd nhitng each li giai mdi hon ve nhieu vin de lien quan den con ngudi trong cac cdng trinh cua dng. Chiing ldi diing chil neu 6 day de mudn nhan mgnh ring, nhi khoa bgc can phii duge xi hdi tgo dieu kien tdt nhit cd the ttong viee liep can vdi nhflng gi mdi nhat trong khoa hpc the gidi chir khdng nen giy khd de eho hp, khdng nen tach hp khdi cudc sdng vd ciing sdi ddng va nhieu thinh tyu "vgch thdi dai" cua khoa bgc the gidi.
2. Giio su Trin Due Thao cd mdl ddng gdp rat quan trgng ttong viec bao ve quan diim dung din eua C.Mac va Ph.Ang-ghen vi eon ngudi trong thdi budi ma nhieu ngudi de cao qua mtic, tham chi da tuyet ddi hda linh giai eip de phu nhgn linh nhin loai trong eon ngudi. Nhirng ngudi dd "di tuyel ddi hda quan diem giai cap, quan diim dan tge, xda bd quan diim con ngudi vdi tu each con ngudi, xda bd vdphu nhgn con nguai ndi chung. Hp chp ring, giua nhimg giai cip khic nhau va nhimg ecn ngudi thugc dan tdc kbac nhau, khdng cd gi chung" (Tran Dirc Thao, 1989, tt. 154). Ddi vdi hp, cht cd eon ngudi giai cip ehu khdng ed con ngudi ndi chung, khdng cd con ngudi mang linh dong logi va nhan loai. Dd chinh li "li lugn khdng cd con ngudi ndi ehung" duge Louis Allhusser neu trong eudn sach Reponse a John Lewis. Editions, Maspero, 1973.
Nghiin cdu Con ngudi sd 1(106) 2020 d I
Ngu\en Trong Chudn
Trong cdng trinh Vin de con ngudi vi chu nghTa "li lugn khdng cd con ngudi . dng di ndi rd ring, muc dich cua dng la "chiing minh sy ldn tgi cua eon ngucri noi chung gin lien viii con ngudi ndi rieng" (Tran Due Thao, 1989. tt. 166).
Chung ta deu biet eudn sieh Vin de eon ngucri vi chit nghta "li luin khdng cd con ngudi" niy xual bin lin diu lien nim 1989, luc li thdi diim nude ta vita bit dau qui trinh ddi mdi chua liu. khi mi quan diim nhin manh thii qua mil giai cap edn rat ning ne, Trin Dire Thio di khing djnh mgnh me quan diem ve sy thdng nhit bien chimg giua mit sinh hpc va mil xa hpi trong con ngudi.
Chinh sy thdng nhil dd lam eho mgi ngudi ed nhiing diim chung, mang tinh ngudi hay tinh nhin loai. Ong viel; "Trong con ngudi, nhimg quy luil sinh vgt bgc biiu hien thdng qua sy bign chung cua nhflng quan he xi hgi ma trudc bet la nhimg quan he xi hgi cdng ddng. Sy bign chung nay la bdn chdt cua eon ngudi.
NhOng quy lual sinh vit bgc li nen tdng eua cai ban chil do" (Tran Dire Thio, 1989, tr. 45). Theo dng. "trong con ngudi, nhfl'ng quy lugt sinh vat bgc khdng mil di, nhung cai thinh qua cua sy van dpng sinh vat duge cii tgo theo quy lugl eua bin chit xa hdi cua con ngudi v i chuyen hda thinh yeu Id eiia cai he thdng CO ciu xi hdi cua con ngudi" (Trin Due Thao, 1989, tr. 96).
d eho niy, dng da neu lgi mdl van de rat quan trpng mi trong nhieu nim qua gidi nghien cuu that sy vuiing mic. dd li giua yeu td sinh hge hay mat sinh hge vd mat xd hgi Irong con ngirdi ed mdi qugn h$ yai nhau ra sao? Su tac ddng nio vi quy luat nao ehi phdi sy luong tie giua hai mat iy v i chi phdi ra sao? That ra khoa hpe hien nay vin chua cd duge ciu tra ldi thda ding; nghTa li gii tri cila viec neu van de nhu vgy ed gia trj khdng kem gi cau tra ldi.
Trin Due Thio nhit quin vdi quan diim eoi con ngudi giai cip khdng tich rdi con ngudi nhin logi, khdng tach khdi eon ngudi ndi ehung. Dimg tren quan diem eiia chit nghTa Mic, dng viet: "Con ngudi li sin phim cua ljch su, ddng thdi cflng la sin phim cua ban than nd, tue li ehinh nd li chu thi lam ra lieh sii, va khi lim ra ljch sir tbi nd eung lam ra ban thin nd vdi lu cich con ngudi giai cap. Nhung ddng thdi. nd vin li "lien de thudng tryc cua ljch su loai ngudi", tire li con ngudi theo nghTa chung eua ljch sit loai ngudi. Tue li trong cung thdi gian, nd vua li bdn Ihdn nd (con ngudi giai cip), vira la cdl khde (con ngudi theo nghTa loai ngudi)" (Trin Due Thio, 1989, tr. 118).
Mdt dieu dang quy khie d trong edng trinh Van de con ngudi va chit nghTa
"li luin khdng cd con ngudi", dng the hien li mpt eon ngudi vira ra sue bio ve chu nghTa Mic, ddng thdi cflng li con ngudi rat manh dan ttong chinh trj thdng qua \iec bao \e chin li mie du di cd lue dng bj quy kel ve quan diem chinh tri.
^2 Nghiin cuu Con ngudi sd 1(106) 2020
Ong viil; "Khdng phai di ding ma cai danh nghTa con ngirai duge cdng nhan. Theo loi suy nghT khdng phai it gap hien nay, thi ai ndi din con ngir&i li tdc khic bj nghi ngd va eoi nhu mit quan diem giai cap. DT nhien la trong xi hgi giai eip, con ngudi la eon ngudi giai eip. Quan diem giai cap la hoin toin dung vi cin bin. Nhtmg neu tuyel ddi hda quan diem giai cap. lya hd nhu ngoii giai cip thi khdng cdn gi ntta, lire li phu djnh con ngudi theo nghTa ehung cua loai ngudi, phu djnh con ngudi ndi chung" (Trin Due Thao, 1989). Tir dd dng kien tri khing djnh: "Khdng cd van de vi con ngucri giai cap ma phu djnh con ngudi ndi chung" (Trin Diic Thio, 1989, tr. 151), bdi vi, "d thdi dai giai cip, con ngudi giai cip vdi con ngudi ndi chung la gan lien vdi nhau ttong mdi con ngudi"
(Trin Dire Thao, 1989, tt. 136).
Tir chd phu nhan con ngudi nhan logi, eon ngudi ndi chung, chi cdn lai con ngudi giai d p thi rit de xay ra tinh trang cd nhung ngudi "khdng cdn chd dirng trong xa hdi, luc la mat quyen dan chu", mat quyen cdng din, mat quyen con ngudi vdi lu each la con ngudi. Vi vay, Tran Dire Thao khdng e nggi de cap den mgt vin di rll nhay cim, neu khdng ndi la cam kj vao thdi bay gid d nude ta, dd chinh li vin de quyen dan chii, ddn chit hda ddi sdng xi hdi gin lien vdi vin de quyen con ngir&l.
Ong viel: "Vin de dan chu hda gin lien vdi van de con ngudi theo nghTa chung ciia loii ngudi, quyen eon ngudi ndi chung" (Tran Diic Thio, 1989, tr. 123 - 124). Mgt thdi, d nude ta, vi tinh trang thiiu dan ehit, mat dan chii trong xa hgi mi da cd nhung ngudi bi quy oan (ed le dng cflng la mgt trong sd dd). Theo dng,
"ehinh linh ttang khiep sp bj quy oan lam eho tdi dai da sd nhan dan khdng dim hudng ling ldi keu ggi eua Dang va Chinh phu dau tranh chdng lieu cyc" (Tran Ddc Thao, 1989, tt. 124). 6 chd niy, mgt lin nua dng lai li ngudi sdm chi ra rit triing mgt trong nhimg nguyen nhan quan ttpng cua tinh ttmig nhan dan ta e ngai ttong viec chdng tieu eye. Bay gid thi chiing ta thay rd vi sao tinh trang lieu eye, tham nhflng, nhin hdi Ig,... da dien ra ning ne, nghiem trpng va keo dai den nhu vgy.
Va vi sao frong mpt tiidi gian kha dai, viee hd hao chdng lieu cue lgi khdng thu dupe ket qui nhu mong mudn. Chp nen, thdi nao cung vay, lcri canh bao tir mpt nha friet hge, vi the, cin duge tran trpng tiip nhan vi suy xet nghiem tue.
Danh gia vi ddng gdp cua minh trong cdng trinh Van de con ngudi vi chu nghta "li luan khdng cd con ngudi". Trin Dire Thao viet: "Ddng gdp mdi cua ldi la chiing minh ring eon ngudi ndi rieng khdng ggt bd, ma bao him con ngudi ndi chung. Cung nhu ngugc lai, eon ngudi ndi chung khdng gat bd, mi bao ham con ngudi ndi rieng" (Trin Due Thio, 1989, tt. 168). Cdng trinh nay thuc te cung bac bd
Nghien cdu Con ngudi sd 1(106) 2020 63
.\'guven Trong Chudn
tfianh kiin phd bien "cho ring ehii nghTa Mic khdng edng nhgn nhOng gii Ui chung cua loii ngudi, mi ehi cdng nhin nhitng gii trj giai cip" (Trin Diic Thao. 1989, tt. 168). Dd li nhung sy ty danh gii trung thyc vi khich quan eua Giao su Tran Due Thao ve ddng gdp cua chinh minh.
Cudc ddi cua mdt con ngudi trung thyc. diy tii ning nhung bet sue gian nan,
\'it va di tim chin li di de lai cho hau the mdt di sin khoa hpc do sg. Tu> nhien, tam guong vl khoa hge, vi chin li ma ren dfla ban ITnh, tgo dung nhin cich. dan than cung vdi dan tdc eua Giao su se khdng bao gid bj lu md vi ehic chin se duge hgu tbi tiip ndi. Ong khdng chi ddng gdp vio viec phit ttiin triet hpe hign tugng luan theg quan diim duy vit bien ehiing di duge nhiiu ngudi tren the gidi thira nhan. Cdng lao ciia dng edn the hien trong nhieu cdng trinh khae nhau nhit li trong nghien ciru vi ngudn gdc. su hinh thinh ngdn ngu v i y thirc; ve sy hinh thinh con ngudi tu ngudn gde cho din ddi sdng nhieu mil trong xa hgi. Nhthig cdng trinh nghien cim eua dng vi con ngudi ndi chung, vi su hinh thanh eon ngudi, die biet vi cgi ngudn ngdn ngu va y thirc, du cd nhung hgn ehe nhat djnh, nhung ehua dyng khdng it gia ttj ggi md cin duge tiip lue phil triin, nhat la y nghTa xi hgi eiia nhimg luan diem chua dyng trong dd.
Tai ligu tham khao
1. C.Mac vi Ph.Ang-ghen. 1994. Toan lap, tap 20. Nxb. Chinh tri qudc gia. Hi Ngi.
2. C.Mic vi Ph.Ang-ghen. 2000. Todn tap, tip 42. Nxb. Chinh trj qude gia. Hi Ngi.
3. Ttin van Giiu. 2016. 'Trin EXrc Thio - nha triit hge". In trong Triil gia Trdn Diic Thdo:
Di cdo, Khdo ludn, Ki niem Nguyen Tnmg Kien suu tam va bien soan. Nxb. Dgi hge Hue.
4. I. Canto. 2004. Phe phdn li linh thudn tiiy. Bill Van Nam Scm dich vi chu giii.
Nxb. van hge. Ha Ngi.
5. Jared Diamond. 2007. Lodi linh linh Ihu ba. Su tien hda vd lugng lai ciia lodi ngudi.
Nxb. Tri tfiuc. Ha Ngi. (bin tieng Nga r.H.MaTiouiHH. V ucmoKoa leioeetecmea.
MocKBa, "Mbicnb". 1982).
6. Ttin Dirc Thao. 1989. Vdn de con ngudi vd chu nghTa "h ludn khong cd con ngudf \ Nxb. Tp. Ho Chi Minh. Phin Phu lyc.
7. Trin Dirc Thao. 1989. Vdn de con ngudi vd chu nghTa "li ludn khdng cd con ngudi\
Nxb. Tp. Hd Chi Minh. Phin Phu luc.
8. Trin Due Thio. 2004. Su hinh thdnh con ngudi. Nxb. Dgi bgc quoc gia. Ha Ngi.
9. Trin Due Thao. 2017. Tuyin lap, tip 1. Nxb. Chinh trj quoc gia. Ha Ngi.
^ . Nghiin cdu Con ngudi sd 1(106) 2020
