S6 8 (202)-2012 N G 6 N NGUT & o6\ SONG NGOAI NGU VOI BAN NGU
cAcH CHUYIN DICH riJ UG\JX[JHG H6 TRONG GIAO TIEP TI^NG ANH SANG T I I N G VIET
(QUA NGUYEN BAN (^ONEWITH THEWINPVk BAN DICH CUdN THEO CHliu Old) TRANSLATION OF VOCATIVE WORDS FROMS ENGLISH INTO VIETNAMESE IN GONE WITH THE WIND AND CUdN THEO CHIEU GIO
TRAN TH! KIM TUY^N (ThS, Dai hoc Vinh)
Abstract
The article investigates vocative words in the dialogues in Margaret Mitchell's work.
Gone with the wind and its translation by Vu Kim Thu, Cuon theo chieu gio, in order to find out which is effective way to translate the vocative words from English into Vietnamese. The results of the research can be applied in teaching foreign languages in general, and in teaching English in particular.
1. O^tvan de
Chuyin djch ttt tieng nay sang tifing khde la mflt vin di phtte tgp bdi dfl khflng don thuan chi Id tri thttc ngfln ngtt md con lien quan dfin van hfla, tdm H xa hgi. Nghidn euu vin dfi ndy khflng chi gflp phdn tim hieu ngfln ngtt, van hfla md con huu ich dfli vfli viec dgy hgc tiing nudc ngodi. Lau nay vdn dfi chuyfin dich ngfln ngtt da dupe nhieu nhd nghien ettu quan tdrh tren nhieu goc dp khac nhau, trong dfl co vific nghien ciiu van ban dich. Qua khdo sdt va phdn tich nhttng cupc hpi thoai ciia cac nhan vgt trong vdn ban Gone with the wind cua tdc gia Margaret Mitchell va ban dich Cudn theo chieu gio, d bdi viit ndy, chiing toi mudn gflp phin vao vific nghifin ettu each thttc chuyin djch bifiu thuc xung hfl tu tiing Anh sang tieng Vipt.
2. Khai nifm vi xirng ho
Theo Tir diin liing Viit (8, Hodng Phe ehu bien, 1994) "Xung hfl la ty xung minh
va ggi ngudi khac Id gi dfl khi nfli vdi nhau dfi bieu thi tinh chdt cua mfli quan he vfli nhau" (tr.l 124). Nhu vgy khi tham gia giao tifip, c ^ nhdn vat phdi diing tu xung ho.
Theo ttt difin Macmillan English dictionary thi: Ttt xung ho id mflt loai danh ttt trong ngfln ngtt dupc stt dun§ dfi chi mflt ngudi hay vgt dang dupe nfli dfin (A vocative word 'linguistics' is a type of noun in some languages that is used for showing that a particular person or thing is being spoken to) [5, tr. 1577]. Ttt xung hfl da dupc cdc tac gid khde dfi cap din nhu: Diep Quang Ban, Nguyin Tai Can, Dfl Hiiu Chdu, Nguyen Van Chifin, Dinh Vdn Due, Hodng Trpng Phifin, Bui Minh Yin, Truong Thi Difim, Dfl Thi Kim Lifin,...
Ttt xung hfl Id mpt phgm trii ngoi: ngfli mpt trfl ngufli nfli, ngfli hai trfl n^udi nghe, ngoi ba trfl ngudi hay vat dupe nhdc • den voi chttc ndng d^nh vi va chttc ndng the hifin
10 NGON NGUT & Ddl sdNG S6 8 (202>-20?g
quan he lifin nhan. Nhu vgy, ttt xung hfl la mflt ldp tCr d$c bi?t dugc su dyng khi thyc hien hdnh vi giao tiep trong cdc ngfln ngtt. Chiing dupc cdc nhdn vat su dung vdi nhieu ehue ndng nhu djnh vi, thiit ldp quan he lien nhdn vd bieu lg thdi dp tinh cdm, tam li, nhdn thttc khi tham gia giao tiep trong gia dinh vd ngodi xa hgi.
3. Ve tdc pham Gone with the wind vd ban dich Cu6n theo chiiu gid
Gone with the wind la tifiu thuyet rat noi tifing cua tdc gia Margaret Mitchell, xudt bdn nam 1936, dupe giai Pulitzer ndm 1937, Id mpt trong nhttng tde phim dupc nhieu ngudi biet den nhat vd dd dupe dieh sang nhieu ngon ngu khde nhau tren the gidi, ban hang trdm trieu bdn trfin toan eau trong 75 ndm qua. Bp phim phflng theo nfl dupc phdt hdnh ndm 1939, da trd thdnh phim My dat doanh thu ttt tien ve nhifiu nhdt va dupc nhieu gidi Oscar ki lyc. Tac pham nay dupc nhifiu dich gid dich sang tieng Viet, nhu Duong Tuong, Le Cong Thanh, ... chung tfli chpn bdn dich ciia Vu Kim Thu.
Cau chuyen dupc dat boi canh tai Georgia vd Atlanta, xoay quanh mpt ngudi phu nu CO ca tinh mgnh me d mien nam Hoa Ki. ten la Scarlett O'Hara, phdi tim mgi cdch dfi sflng sflt qua chifin tranh, vupt len cugc song kho khan ma nang cung vdi bgn be, gia dinh vd nhttng ngudi than yeu dd trai qua tgi mifin Nam Hoa Ki trong suflt thdi ki n0i chien va thdi ki tdi thiet. Dflng thdi, cdu chuyen kfi vfi mgt tinh yfiu dupc ket tinh gitta Scarlett O'Hara vd Rhett Butler, ldm thfln thuc bao trai tim, mgt chuyen tinh dupc xem Id bdl hu vd ldng mgn,, tuyet voi nhit cua mpi thdi dai.
4. N h u n g khac bift trong cdch xu-ng hfl giira ban goc (tieng Anh) va ban djch (tiing Vift)
4.1. Khdc biit ve so luqng dgi tic vd danh tie trong sit dung
Trong tieng Anh vd tieng Vifit diu cfl dgi tu dich thuc va danh tu thdn tflc dupc su
dyng xung hfl khi giao tiip. Nhung diim khdc bi?t gitta hai ngon ngtt d ddy Id trong tiing Anh, hp t h i n g dai ttt dich thuc thucmg dupe stt dung, trdi lgi, trong tieng Vi$t, vi tri ndy ddnh cho danh ttt than tpc.
a. Dgi tu
Dgi ttt nhdn xung dich thiec vd cdc danh ttt. v i dgi ttt nhdn xung dich thuc, trong tieng Anh Id /, He. She. II. You. We. They vk nhttng biin t h i cua chung Id Me, Him, Her, Us, Them. Cfln trong tiing Vi$t gom: toi, td, la, lao, mi, mdy, han, y, ga, thi, fl...Chung dfiu cfl sy phdn chia rfl rdng ve ngfli thtt nhu ngfli thtt nhit, ngfli thtt hai vd ngfli thtt ba.
Bdng phan chia ngdi thu* cua dai tir nhdn xmig trong tieng Anh va tiing Viet Ngoi ^ " ^ ^ ^
Ngoi thir nhat Ngoi thir hai Ngoi thir ba
Tieng Anh / (Me), We (Us) You He (Him). She (Her), It, They (Them)
Tilng Viet
Toi, to, ta, tao, ...
Mi, may,...
Hdn, y, ga Ihi, a.
V i d y ( l ) : Mpt cuflc nfli chuypn giira Scarlett vd Rhett Butler v i vific Rhett vfl tinh nghe dupe cau chuypn bi mgt cua Scarlett dugc trich trong [4] vd [6], cac dai ttt nhan xung dupe thfi hipn qua cdc vi du sau:
Tieng Anh Scarlett: Sir, you should have made known youi presence!
Rhett: ... But you were the intruder. 1 was forced to wait for Mr.
Kennedy...
Tieng Vigt -> Scarlett: Thira ong, dang lg ong phai cho biet la ong co m|it nai day.
-* Rhett: ... Diing ra chinh c6 mfli la ke quay rdy. Toi phai buOc 16ng dpi ong Kennedy...
0 cac vi dy tren, trong tifing Anh, dai tit nhan xung d ngfli thtt hai "You^"' duoc sii dyng hai ldn d i gpi ngufli nghe vd dai tu:
nhdn ximg dngfli thtt nhit " / " d i ty ximg.
Con trong tiing Viet thi ehi eo mot dgi tir
"r^i" dupe stt dyng.
SO8(202)-2012 NGON NGOT & Odi SONG 11 Trong giao tifip tieng Anh, hai dgi t u " / "
vd " You" vfln dupc stt dyng r i t rpng rdi khi noi cung nhu viet vdi b i t ki ai, khong phan biet tuoi tac, gidi tinh, vt t h i xa hfli, quan h§
gitta ngudi nfli vd ngudi nghe. Tuong ttng trong tifing Viet, [you] lai cfl thfi dich Id cfl hoac dng.
Nhu vdy cung cfl the thay, dgi ttt nhdn xung trong tieng Anh dupc stt dung nhiiu hon trong tiing Viet, vi t h i khi chuyen sang tifing Viet thi ngudi dich phai can nhic gitta nhieu lya chpn vd phdi chpn diing vd phtt hpp khi stt dung cho cac danh xung.
b. Danh ttt
Cung voi dai ttt nhan xung thi danh ttt la mpt phan kha quan trpng trong bifiu thttc xmig hfl, nfl ehiem sfl lupng tu rat Ifln vd cfl phdn ldn dt ede dai tu khi giao tiip tieng Viet. Dfl la cdc danh ttt nhu tfin rieng, danh tu ehi ngudi, danh ttt chi nghe nghiep, danh ttt than tflc dupc chuyfin hod thdnh ttt xung hfl. Cfln trong giao tiep tieng Anh, danh tu cung dupc stt dung trong cdc cufle thoai, nhung cfl han che hon. Cung ttt ngtt ednh neu d vi dy (1) d tren, eac tu xung hfl bdng danh ttt dupe dung trong dfl thfi hien qua cdc VI dy sau:
Scarlett: S i r should have known your presencel
Tieng Aoh you made
Rhett: ... But you were the' intruder. I was forced to wait for Kennedy'..
Tieng Viet Scarlett: Thua 6ng, dang le ong phdi cho biet la ong cfl mat nai day.
'-* Rhett: ... Diing ra chinh CO mdi la ke quSy Toi phai bupc long dpi ong Kennedy ...
Mr ray.
Ttt cae vi du tren cho thdy, trong tifing Anh, ttt xung ho bdng danh tu d ngfli thii Hai
"Sir" dupc stt dung de gpi ngudi nghe m^t each Hch sy^ d ngfli thtt ba cfl mpt danh ttt
^""Mr Kennedy" dupc s u dung va khong co ttt xung ho nao bdng danh ttt d ngfli thtt nhdt dfi
ty xung. Con trong tieng Vipt thi cfl ba danh ttt thdn tflc "dng" vk mpt bieu thttc: danh tie thdn tqc + ten/ hq Id "dng Kennedy" dupc stt dyng.
Nhu v$y cung cfl the thiy, so lupng tu xung hfl bing danh ttt trong tieng Anh dupc stt dyng it hon trong tiing Vipt. D$c bi$t Id tiing Anh ehi stt dyng danh ttt thay eho dgi ttt nhdn xung d ngoi thtt hai, thtt ba ehu khong thay cho dai ttt nhdn xung d ngfli thu nhat nhu trong tifing Viet. Vi the, khi dich sang tiing Vi$t, phdi chii y chuyen dfli theo sic thdi tinh cdm, tdm li, vdn hod vd nhflng mfli quan he gia dinh vd xd hfli eua cac nhdn vat cho phu hpp.
4.2. Tu xung ho trong chuyin dich a. Theo Dfl Hun Chau thi "Chuyen dich ttt xung hfl cua cdc ngfln ngtt An - Au sang tieng Viet qua la mpt dieu khfl khdn" [1].
Tdc gid Nguyen Van Chien thi cho rdng
"Niu coi tifing Viet la ngon ngu phien dich (ngfln ngtt dich) de chuyen dich cac ngfln ngtt khdc qua nfl thi Idp tu xung hfl cua tifing Viet la mflt hien tuong gdy ra nhieu chuyen rdc rfli..." [2]. Ttt cdc nhan dinh ndy vd cdc phan tich trfin, chung tfli cung thdy rdng he thflng ttt xung hfl d mfli ngfln ngtt vfln dT dd phtte tgp Igi edng phtte tap hon khi chuyfin dich sang mpt ngfln ngtt khde, dgc biet Id khi chuyfin sang tieng Viet. Dieu dfl dupe bifiu hipn rdt ro qua hai van ban chiing toi dang tim hieu.
b. Nhung bifiu hifin khdc bifit trong cdch xung hfl gitta ban goc vd ban dieh.
Trong rat nhieu doan hfli thogi eiia cdc nhdn vat trong tieu thuyet nhu Scarlett O'Hara, Rhett Butler, Ashley, Melanie, Charles, Frank, hai anh em sinh' dfli (Brent, Stuart), ... nhung d d a y , chung tfli chi liy mpt vai cufic de lam vi dy diin hinh tu ngu xung ho qua vai cupc dam thogi dfi lam vi du dien hinh.
12 NGON NGUT & Odi S 6 N G s6 8 (202)-20i7' Tieng Anh |41
(2) Scarlett: "I know you two don't care about being expelled, or Tom either. But what about Boyd?
He's kind of set on getting an education, and you two have pulled him out of the University of Virginia and Alabama and South Carolina and now Georgia,
(4) Brent: "Oh, he can read law in Judge Parmalee's office over in Fayettevitle. Besides, it don't matter much. We'd have had to come home before the term was out anyway."
(6) Scarlett: "Why?"
(8) Stuart; "The war, goose! The war's going to start any day, and you don't suppose any of us would stay in college with a war going on. do you?
(10) Scarlett: You know there isn't going to be any war. It's all just talk. Why. Ashley Wilkes and his father told Pa just last week that our commissioners in Washington would come to - to - an - amicable agreement with Mr. Lincoln about the Confederacy.
And anyway, the Yankees are too scared of us to fight. There won't be any war, and I'm tired of hearing about it."
(12) The twins: Not going to be any war!
(14) Stuart: Why, honey, of course there's going to be a war. The Yankees may be scared of us, but afiei the way General Beauregard shelled them out oi Fort Sumter day before yesterday, they'll have to fight stand branded as cowards before the whole world,
Tiing Vl$t |61
- • (3) Scarlett: "T6i biit 2 anh hk ck} chuy$n duii hpc, cd anh Tom cung v§y. Nhung chimg blit anh Boyd sg ra sao? Anh iy hieu hpc, nhimg hal anh Igi Idm cho anh iy lin lupt phdi b6 h?c 6 Virginia, Alabama, South Carolina, vd bdy gi6 tdi Georgia...
-* (5) Brent: 6 , c6 gl ddu. Anh ^y cfl thl hpc lu$t tgi v&n ph6ng thim phdn Parmalee i Phayetteville. Vd Igi, chuyen cQng chang c6 gi quan trpng. Ddng ndo thl bpn ndy cQng phdi trd vg tru-flckhi hit hpc trinh.
-* (7) Scarlett: Sao v$y ?
-»(9) Stuart: Chiin tranh chd c6n sao ni>a cfl hi ktiii, chiin tranh sip stta bung ni bdt cu: khi ndo. Cd tudng cfl dira ndo trong bpn ndy sB chju di hpc trong khi chien tranh diSn ra, phdi khong?"
—»(11) Scarlett; Cdc anh du biet la khong co chiin tranh md cht nfli cho c6 chuydn thfli. Niu cd thi tgi sao anh Asley Quylkes va ba anh iy n6i vdi ba t6i Id may dng d$c uy cua minh t^ Hos Thjnh D6n tuin tra da di tdi mOt thod hi?p vdi fing Lincoln vk chdnh sdch Li€n Bang. Vd lai, bgn Yankee qud sp minh thi tdm sao ddm danh. Nhi!rt djnh Id khong cfl chi6n tranh dau, toi chan nghe chuyfn do 13m roi.
—• (13) The twins: Khong c6 chien tranh!
-»(15) Stuart: C6 cho, cung oi, nhijft dinh sjp cd chiln tranh. Co IS bpn Yankee vin sg muih, nhimg qua edi loi Bgi tudrng Beauregard n3 d^i bdc day b^t chung ra khdi can cu Sumter, chAn^
bat bupc sg phdi ddnh tra neu khdng mudn ca the gidi coi chdng la nhttng t€n khiip nhoyc.
thay, trong ciing mflt cdu nfli d tieng Vifit co sy ket hpp dai tir vd danh tir dk xung gpi, cfl thfi hi^n sy phan bipt gifli la nam theo moi quan hp thii bdc: ngufli nfli nho tufli hem ngudi nghe.
Bfin cgnh dfl, chung tfli thdy dm tir "you"
6 vi dy (8) dupc dich gid diing danh tiJr than tpc "co" dfi dich khi Stuart gpi Scarlett nhu fl vi dy (5), trong trudng hpp ndy danh tir "co"
cfl nghia Id co em, co thl hifin mfli quan hS thii b^c: ngufli nfli Ion tufli hem ngudi nghe.
Hodc nhu d vi dy (16) va vi du (17) duoi day, nhan vat trong h^i thogi ndy Id mgt chang^ trai tre Ashley, diing dgi tir lAdn xung vfli sic thai hTing hod dl ty xung Id'T va dimgyou" dl gpi Scarlett:
Chung tfli thay:
bl. Ve dgi tir:
Ddi vdi ngoi thu nhdt so it "I" va ngoi thir hai "you": 0 vi dy (2), la ba nguoi quen thdn, Scarlett nhfl tufli hon Brent vd Stuart, Scarlett ty xung Id " / " , vdi sdc thdi trung hod vd sii dung to hpp tir: dgi tic + tir chi sd luqng, dfi gpi Brent vd Stuart Id "you twoZ, vdi sic thdi trung hod.
Cfln d vi du (3) Id "Tdi - hai anh", ngudi nfli sir dyng dgi tir nhan xung "tdi", thfi hipn thdi dp chin chan, trudng thdnh, ty tin vdi edi tfli cua bdn than vd su dyng tfl hpp: tir chi s6 luqng + danh tic thdn tqc de gpi ngudi nghe d ngfli thu hai Id "hai anh", voi sdc thdi thuong mfin, kinh trpng. Dieu ndy cho
SO 8 (202)-2012 NGON NGUT & Odi SONG 13
(16) Ashley: "Scarlett, I have something so important to tell you that I hardly know how to say it." -* (17) Scarlett:, "Scarlett, anh CO mflt chuyfin quan trpng mu6n nfli vdi em, nhung anh khong bifit phdi nfli nhu the ndo". Trong truflfng hpp nay, dich gid dd sir dung cap tir xung hfl bdng danh tir than t^c
"flrt/i - em" dfi chuyfin djch, vdi sdc thai than tinh, gan gw, rat phu hpp vdi ngit ednh tinh edm lang mgn ciia trai gdi trong giao tilp tieng Viet.
Ciing dm^t vi dy khac (18) vd vi dy (19), nhan vgt trong hfli thogi nay Id mpt chang trai tre Stuart, diing dgi tir "/" dl ty xung vd diing "You" de gpi ngudi anh em sinh doi eua minh. Brent, vfli sac thai trung hod.
(18) I kept thinking she would. Why do you suppose ..."—» (19) Stuart: Theo tao thi phdi vay. Tgi sao may nghT la ...
5 vi dy (19), cap dgi tir "may - tao", dupc su dung vdi sdc thai thdn mat. suong sa de chuyen dich, rdt phu hpp vdi ngu" ednh thdn mat, gdn gui trong giao tifip tifing Viet.
Doi vdi ngdi thii nhdt so nhieu "we (us) "
vd ngoi thic hai "you ": Thi co dai tit "we" d vi du (4), lam ehii ngiJ, ddng d dau cau vd bifin thfi cua nfl Id "us" d vi du (8), (14) lam tan'ngiij bfl ngu cho dflng tir, vdi sac thai trung hoa dupc Brent vd Stuart sii dung de ty xung,, dupe dich Id "bqn ndy" a vi du (5), (9), dfi ehi cd hai ngudi ho, theo bilu thiic:
bqn + dgi tit chi dinh. Bfin egnh dfl, trong tilng Anh ciing cfl diing tfl hpp tir Id dgi tu bdt dinh + gidi tir + dgi fir a dgng biin thi (biln thfi "M5"cua dai tir 'Ve"): any of us nhu d vi dy (8), vfli sdc thai trung hoa nhung khi chuyfin dich sang tilng Viet,id "dAa ndo trong bon ndy (9), thfi hien sac thdi th^i mat, suong sa.
Trong vi dy (20), Stuart su dyng bifin thl
"us" cua dai,tir "we" , the hien ^ nghla bao gflp ngoi mpt vd ngoi hai khi thyc hienTfli de nghi vfli Brent, vfli sdc thai trung hoa. Cfln d
vi dy (21), dai tir "minh" mang nghia bao gpp ngoi, dupc su dyng de chuyfin djch vdi sdc thdi thdn thilt, gkn giii.
(20) Stuart: Well, let's go over to Cade Calvert's and have supper. —- (21) Stuart:
Thoi, minh qua Cade Calvert dn toi di.
Trong vi dy (22), Stuart sir dung dgi tir nhan xung ngoi thii nhat so nhieu "we" khi ty xung vfli Jeems (ngudi ddy td trung thdnh ciia hai anh em), vdi sdc thdi trung hod. Cfln trong vf dy (23), dich gid dd sir dyng dgi tir
"t^i tao/ tui ndy" theo bieu thiic: lui + dgi tic nhdn xung/ dgi tic chi dfnh, dfi chi nhieu ngudi ty ximg d ngfli thii nhdt, vdi sdc thdi suflng sd, thl hifin mfli quan he thii bgc: chu -td.
(22) Stuart:... and tell Ma that we won't be home for supper. -^ (23) Stuart:... Thfli nfli cho md tijii tao hay Id tui nay khflng an tfli.
Trong vi du (24), ong Henry sii dyng dgi tCr nhdn xin^ ngfli thii nhdt sfl nhifiu "we"
khi ty xung vfli Melanie, mang y nghTa bao gop ngfli, vdi sac thdi trung hod.
(24) Heiuy: ... We've got to win it. ^•
(25) Henry: ... Chung ta phdi chifin thdng mdi dupc.
CJ vi dy (25), dich gia da sir dung dgi tir nhan xung bao gpp ngoi thii nhat vd ngfli thii hai "chiing ta", vdi sdc thdi trung hod de chuyen djch.
Ddi vdi ngoi thir ba sd it "he (him), she (her) ": Trong vi dy (4), dgi tir "he" ldm chu nga, diing d ddu cau vd bien the cua nfl la
"kim" (2) la tan ngii, ldm bfl ngii, vfli sac thdi trung hod, cfl thfi hifin sy phdn bi$t gifli tinh Id nam khi dupc nhdc den. Trong vi dy (8), CO sir dyng danh tir thdn tpc "anh" vd dai tir ehi dinh "dy" dfi chi anh Boyd, Id ngfli thii ba vdng mdt, theo bifiu thiic: danh tic thdn tqc + dgi tic chi dfnh, vdi sdc thdi thuong men, tfln trpng, dieu ndy eho thay, ca Brent, Stuart va Scarlett deu rat kinh nfi anh Boyd, cfl sy phdn bipt gifli tinh la nam va thfi
14 NGON NGUT & Ddl S 6 N G S<3 8 (202)-201?'
hien mfli quan he thir bdc: ngudi nfli (ngfli thii,nhdt) nhfl tufli hon ngudi dupc nhdc din (ngoi thu ba).
Trong vidy (26), Scarlett sti dyng dgi tir nhdn ximg ngfli thd ba s6 it "she" khi hfli vfi Melanie Hamilton (Id nhan v^t dde bi§t, liic ddu id tinh dich ciia Scarrlett nhung ve sau Id ehi chflng ddng kinh ciia cfl vd liic ddu Id em hp eiia Ashley nhung vfi sau la vp cua anh ta), vdi sdc thai trung hod, cfl sy phdn bifit gifli tinh Id nO khi dupc nhdc den. Cfln trong vi dy (27), danh tir "c8 ta" dupc sir dyng theo bilu thitc: danh tir thdn tqc + dgi lir, trong trudng hpp ndy Id dai tir "ta", de nhdc dfin tinh dieh eiia minh, cfl sy phan bipt gidi tinh Id nii, vdi sdc thai suflng sa, ghfit bfl.
(26) Scarlett: Oh, so she did come? -*
(27) Scarlett: 6, cfl ta cung da tdi dfl?
Trong vi du (28), Scarlett sir dung dgi tir nhdn xung d ngoi thir ba sfl il "she", cfl sy phdn biet gifli tinh, vdi sac thdi tnmg hod khi trfl chuyfin cimg Rhett vfi Melanie Hamilton, sau khi da hiia vdi chflng ciia Melanie (Ashley) Id cham sflc cho cfl dy khi Ashley di vdng). Cfln trong vi du (29), dich gid da sir dung danh tir "co ay" theo bifiu thiic:
danh tic thdn tqc + dgi tie, de nhdc den chj chflng yfiu flt cua minh, vfli sac thai than tinh, gdn gui:
(28) Scarlett: To keep Melanie company.
You see, she - well, she can't refugee just now.
-»(29) Scarlett: De ldm ban vdi Melanie.
Ong cung hifiu day? Liic nay co ay chua the di dupc.
Ddi v&i ftgdi thu ba so nhiiu "they (them)": Trong vi dy (14), dai tir "they", ldm chii ngii, diing d ddu cau vd bifin thl eiia nfl la "them" ldm tdn ngii, bfl ngii cho d^ng tir, ngfli thii ba so nhieu, khflng co sy phdn bifit gidi tinh, vdi sdc thdi trung hod. Cfln trong vi du (15), "chiing" Id dai tir nhdn xung d ngfli thii ba s6 nhifiu trong tifing Vi$t,
dfi chi bpn Yankee (quan tinh My, bpn co hfli ldm gidu nhd chiln tranh trongrl^i chifin d MT vdo nhthig ndm 1860), vdi sdc thdi coi thuflng, khinh bgc khi nhdc din.
Trong vidy (30), cfl chdu gdi Melanie sii dyng dgi tir nhdn xung ngfli thirba s6 nhilu "/Ac/' khi trfl ehuydn ciing chu Henry vl cupc chiln, vdi sdc thdi trung hod.
Cfln trong vi dy (31) dgi tir "ch&n^' dupc sii dyng dl chi bpn Yankee, vfli sdc thdi suong sd, ghdt bfl.
(30) Melanie: Do you think they will?"
—» (31) Melanie: Chii cfl cho id chdng sS chiim dupc khflng?
Tii nh&ng vi dy vfi sy chuj^ln' djch dgi tir nhan xung trong giao tilp tifing Anh sang tifing Vipt trfin cho thdy, npi dung va ngoi thii khflng dfli nhung cd sy thay doi vl tur logi va bifiu thirc xung ho.
b2. Vi danh tit: Tir xung hfl bdng danh tir cfl nhifiu logi nhu ten rifing, danh tir chi vat (nhdn hod), danh tii thdn tpc, danh tii chi nghe nghiep,...
Doi vdi ten rieng: Trong vi dy (2), ten rieng Tom, Boyd dupc sii dyng khi nhac dfin, vdi sdc thdi than tinh nhung khflng the hien dupc mfli quan hp lien nhan. Cfln trong vi dy (8), dupc dich Id "anh Tom, anh Boyd", voi sdc thai than tinh vd the hien dupc moi quan h^ thit b§c: Tom, Boyd Ion
tu6i hon. ^ Trong vidy (10), tac giddd coydfi cho
Scarlett sit dyng cdhp vaten ciia y trung nhdn Id "Ashley Wilkes" khi nhdc dfin, voi sdc thai ljch sy, tfln trpng. Trong vi dy (11), dupe dich Id "ank Asley Wilkes" (11) cho thay Tom, Boyd va Ashley Wilkes Idn tufli hon Scarlett, cfl sy jjhan bifit gidi tinh la nam, vdi sdc thai ne trpng, thl hifin dupc tinh cdm vd moi quan he thii bgc.
Cung trong vi dy (10), tdc gid da sitdung bifiu thiic: Mr + ten/ hq, dl gpi' mpt ngucri nam ndo do vfli sdc thai lich sy, trang trpng,
"Mr Lincoln". Trong vi dy (11) dupc dich la
"ong Lincoln", theo hilu thucr danh tic thdn
so 8 (2Q2)-2012 NGON NGU & o6\ SONG 15
tqc + ten/ hq, de gpi mpt ngudi ddn flng Ifln tufli, voi sdc thdi trang trpng, cfl sy phdn bift gidi tinh vd the hifin mfli quan h | lifin nhan giiia ngudi nfli nhfl tu6i hon ngudi dupe nhac dfin la ong Lincoln.
Trong vidy (32), Stuart sii dyng bilu thiic: Miss + ten/ hq, de nhdc den cfl ciia Melanie "Miss Pitty", vfli sdc thdi lich sy, cfl the hien sy phdn bifit gifli tinh la nit. Trong vi du (33), Stuart da sii dyng bilu thiic: danh tic thdn tqc + ten/ hq Id cfl Pitty", vdi sdc thai kinh trpng, cfl sy phdn bifit gidi tinh vd CO thfi hifin moi quan he lien nhan ciia con chau nho mfli dfli voi ngudi Iflrn tufli hon.
(32) Stuart: Well, Miss Pitty told us.
->(33) Stuart: U", cfl Pitty cfl ddn vgy.
Doi vdi danh tic chi vdt (nhdn hod):
Trong vi du (8), danh tir md Stuart dung Id
"Goose", trong truflrng hpp nay, Stuart da dung hinh anh mpt con ngdng, hlnh dnh khii kh&, ngdc ngkich dl gpi Scarlett bfi nhfl, mflt cdch yfiu thuong, trieu mfin. Trong vi dy (9), dupc dieh la "Co be kkd", vdi sac thai than mat, yfiu thuong, cfl sy phan bifit gidi tinh vd co thfi mfli quan he lien nhdn:
vdi ngudi yfiu thuong nhfl be.
Trong vi du (14), danh tir ma Stuart dimg danh tir "Honey ", cd nghTa tuong ling chinh xdc la "m^lt ngpt/s^r ngpt ngdo/ (mlnb/anh/
em) yeu quf\ trong trudng hpp nay, Stuart da thfi hien sy thdn mdt, yfiu thuong, ngpt ngdo, dl gpi Scarlett. Con d vi dy (15), dupe dich Id "Cimg", vdi sdc thdi ngpt ngao, cung yfiu, chifiu chupng, ndng niu, che chd co sy phan biet gifli tinh va cfl thl hipn mfli quan he lifin nhdn: vdi ngudi yfiu thucmg nhfl be.
Trong vidu(34), Scarlett sii dyng danh tu "Darling", cfl .nghia tuong iing chinh xdc la "(mmh/anh/em) yeu qui", dk txb chuyfn mpt cdch rflng lupng, ngpt ngdo, yfiu; chilu voi cfl em gdi Carreen. Trong vi dy (35), trong > tr;y6fng hpp ndy, dupe diph la "em
cung", the hipn dupc sy rpng lupng, ngpt ngdo, yfiu chifiu vdi co em gdi.
(34) Scarlett: Darling, I don't care a thing about Brent. —* (35) Scarlett: Em cvng, chi chdng dfi y gi den Brent dau.
Trong vi dy (36), flng Gerald O'Hara, cha eua Scarlett dirng "Missy" dl gpi con gdi, vdi sdc thdi trang trpng, rdt lich sy, cfl sy phdn bift gifli tinh Id n(i "Missy (co gdl)".
Trong trudng hpp ndy, d vi dy (37) dupc djch Id "tieu tha^\ the hipn sy yeu chifiu ciia ngudi cha, cfl chiit hdnh difn vd dfi cao cimg pha iSn mpt chiit bat binh vd tang bflc con gdi.
(36) Gerald: Well, Missy! so, you've been spying on me and, like your sister Snellen last week, you'll be telling your mother on me?".
—»• (37) Gerald: Ndy, tifiu thff, cfl phdi co rinh rap tfli dfi roi cung nhu con Snellen em cfl tudn trudc, met lai voi ma cfl khflng?
Trong vi dy (10, 14), hai anh em sinh dfli Brent vd Scarlett dimg bieu thiic: The + ten/
hq + s/es (chi mpt gia dinh ai dfl) hogc The + tinh tie (dfi chi mpt nhflm ngudi ndo dfl), dfi gpi bpn linh My dau co, tryc loi Id "The Yankees". Trong vi dy (11, 15), dupc dich la
"bpn Yankee", vai sdc thai coi thuflrng, khinh bac.
Trong vidy (38), Ashley tunhdn minh Id "a coward (mot ngirdi hen nhdt)" khi trfl chuyfin voi Scarlett, khflng ddm nfli hfit Iflng minh. Trong vi dy (39), dupc dich la "mpt ke khiip nhitptc":
(38) Ashley: Oh, Scarlett, what a coward Iam!"
—• (39) Ashley: 6, Scarlett, anh diing la mpt ke ichiep ahinjrc!
Theo quy tde eua tieng Anh, mpt danh tir sfl tt chuyen sang so nhifiu thi phdi themi/ej vdo sau danh tu do. Con trong tifing Vift thi them tit (cdc/ nhimg/ may/
bqn) vkp trudc danh tu do, tuy theo thdi dp, tinh cdm cua nguoi nfli md chpn tu cho phii hpp.
16 NGON NGU & DOI SONG s6 8 (202)-2013
Nen trong vi du (14), Stuart dd gpi bpn Yakees \k"cowards (nhitng ngir&l hdn nhdt)'. Va d vi du (39) dich Id "nhitng ten khiep nhupfc", trong tilng Vift khi ndi din dam dflng, nhieu ngudi thi thfim tir {cdc/
nhiing/ bqn) vdo trudc danh tir.
Trong vi dy (40), nhan vat Id bd vii gid Mammy ciia Scarlett dd sir dung "Witless nigger (ngmri da den ngu dhn)" dl gpi Rosa, diia td gdi trfin lau, vdi sdc thdi su6ng sd, coi thuflng, cfl the hifin mfli quan hf lien nhan: chu - td, qudn gia/ vu nufli vdi dky td, cfl sy phan bifit chung tflc (ngudi da trdng thflng minh, giau cfl, cfln ngudi da den ngu ddn, ngheo khfl). Trong vi dy (4l), dupc dieh id "do mpi cdr, vdi sdc thdi khinh thuong, bj xem nhu siie vat, co sy phan bift giod tinh Id "cai (diing cho vat: con difC, con cai)", truong hpp nay, dich gid diing tir chuyen djeh khong tuong iing chinh xdc vod nfli dung ciia ban nguon (ban gflc), ma phdi mupn hinh dnh con vat de nhdn hoa cho phu hpp vdi ddc trung cua nguoi Viet Nam (da vang, khflng eo sy phdn biet ehung tpc giiia ngudi da trdng voi ngudi da den). Id Idy hinh tupng thflng dung, gan gui cua "con mpl cai (con heo mpi den trai, xdu xi, ngu d&n)"
trong tieng Viet dfi chuyin dich.
(40) Mammy: Witless nigger. ~> (41) Mammy: D 6 mpi cai an hai.
Ve danh tic chi nghi nghlip: Trong vi du (4, 14), Brent, Stuart su dyng bilu thdc:
danh tic chi nghe nghiip + tin/ hq, "Judge Parmalee", "General Beauregard" vfli sdc thai lich sy, trang trpng. Trong vi dy (5, 15), bieu thirc: danh tie chi nghi nghiip + tin/
hq, de dich la "thdm phdn Parmalee", "B^i tw&ng Beauregard", voi sdc thdi Ijch sy, trang trpng.
6 vi dy (10), tde gid dimg theo bifiu thde:
tirih titsa hitu + dqng tic + er (them s/es neudsfl nhifiu) \k"our commissioners", vdi sde thdi lich sy, trang trpng, ty hao vl nhiing ngudi lanh dgo ciia minh. Trbng vi dy (11), dupc dich gia thfim tir mdy vao trudc
danh tir yd tir mang^ sdhDxi (cMa)„theo bilu thitc: (cdc/ mdy/ nhitng) + danh tic chi nghi nghidp + tic s& hieu (ciia), trong truflng hpp ndy Id "mdy.difg d^c uy c&a minh", vfli sSc thdi ljch sy, Ixang trpng, t\f hdo.
Vi danh tie thdn tqc: Trong vi dy (14), Scarlett sir dyng jdanh tir than tpc "Pa (Pa/Papa: cha, Ma/ manan: mf)", ngodi ra trong tilng; Ai^h cung cfl cdc danh td thdn t§c de gpi ba/ rh? 1^ "dad/daddy, mom/mommy/
mum/ mumitvy" de gpi eha/ mp ciia miiJi mflt cdch tliSii yfiu^ triiu mfin. Ben canh dfl, 6 vi dy (14)/Scarlett sii dyng bilu thiic: tinhtii sd him' + daHh ''tie thdn tdc nhu "his (father/
mother)" dlilhdc din cha/ mp ciia ai do {cha cda Ashle;^), vdi sdc thdi lich su, trang trpng, yfiu thuong.,Xrong vf du (11), bilu thitc:
danh tic thdn tdc + dgi tit nhdn ximg, "ba tot, dupe sir dung dl Scarlett nhdc den cha cua Ashley; dupc djch Id "ba anh ^y", theo bilu th\to:-4Qnh tic thdn tqc + dgi tit chi dinh, vdi sdc thdi yeu thuong, kinh trpng, th^
hifin ro mfli .qyan hfi lifin nhan: cha/ me va
con cai. •,,..,•
Vi dy (42), nhdn' vat Id Scarlett diing
"mother - you" dl gpi me cua minh, vdi sfc thdi ljch sy, kinh trpng vd dung dai tir dl tit xung Id "r-, yd^ sdc thdi trung hoa. Trong vi dy (43), dirprp sii dung danh tir thdn tpc "ma (theo phuxm^; ngit Nam)" vk ty xung la
"con", rdt.ljphjsy, yeu thuong.
(42) Scarlett; Mother, the lace is loose,on my new ^a^lj dress and 1 want to wear it tomorrow, night at Twelve Oaks. Won't you please fix it?,!,'',,
-+ (43):.,lit;j! Ao da hpi con siit ren r6i, con mu6n jjjyi nfl ngdy maid Twelve Oaks.
Md cfl thl 0 t lgi cho con chd?
Trong vi'.idu (44), nhdn vat Melanie''sii dung danh tir than tflc "Uncle (chu/ bdc/
Cttu/dwpfng)", ,vfli sdc thai trang trpng; theo bieu thiic: Danh tic thdn tdc + tin/hq vd d^
tiJ nhdn xung ngfli thit hai "you", vflii'slc thai trung hod khi trd chuyfn vfi eupe chiln ciing chii-Henry (chii cua Charles'*'va
SO8(202)-2012 N G 6 N NGUT & 06\ SONG 17
Melanie, la luat su d Atlanta, mflt flng gid nhfl nhdn vd vui tuoi). Trong vi dy (45), bilu thue: Danh tir thdn tqc + ten/ hq. dupe sii dung dfi nhdc dfin "chii Henry", vdi sdc thdi trang trpng, lich sy.
(44) Melanie: Oh, Uncle Henry! do you think ...?" -»(45) Melanie: "Oi, chu Henry!
Chu cfl cho Id ... ?
TCr nhimg vi dy vfi sy chuyin djch danh tir xung hfl trong giao tifip tifing Anh sang tieng Vift, chiing toi nhgn thdy npi dung vd ngfli thu khong dfli nhung cfl nhilu thay doi ve each sii dyng bifiu thirc xung hfl trong giao tiep cho phii hpp vdi thdi dfl, tinh cdm, mfli quan he lien nhdn, vj thl vd ddc trung van hod ciia ngfln ngii dieh. Cfl khi, vifc chuyfin djch danh tir xung hfl tir tilng Anh sang tieng Vift khflng thfi djch sat nghTa ma phdi dimg nghTa tuong duong.
5. V^n dung li thuyet chuyin dich tir ngu- xirng hfl giira hai ngon ngu* trong giang d^y
Do trong tifing Anh, cde nhdn vdt thuong sii dung dgi tir nhdn xung trong giao tifip de chuyen tdi nfli dung, ehi vdi sdc thdi trung hod, cdn trong tifing Vifit, cdc dgi tir nhan xung phan bo khflng dfiu vfi sdc thdi (khflng cfl dgi tir nhdn xung d sac thdi ljch sy, trang trpng, chi cd d sdc thdi trung hod, than mat vd suflng sa), khflng dii dgi tir xung hfl dfi sit dyng trong giao tifip, do dfl danh tii xung hfl cfl phdn ldn dt, cho nen, khi dich nhiing cau CO dgi tir nhdn xung thi khflng the dich tuong duong "mpt dfli mflt" dupe. Dfi dam bdo nfli dung va sdc thdi bifiu edm eua nfl thi bat bupc ngudi dich phdi thay dfli bifiu thiic xung hfl cho phii hpp vdi timg miie dp cua hodn canh, tinh huflng, trang thdi vd ban sac vdn hod theo timg loai hinh ngfln ngii khac nhau.
Tir nhung vdn dfi tren, chiing tfli cfl nhung dfi xudt vl phuong phdp chuyin dich tir xung ho tir ngfln ngirngufln (tifing Anh) sang ngon jigir dich (tilng Vifit) nhu sau:
a. Viic chuyen dich mqt tie xung ho lie ngon ngii ngudn sang ngdn ngit dich khdng phdi luc ndo cUng tuang ung chinh xdc vi tic logi Co thfi dich dai tir xung hfl thdnh dgi tir xung hfl, danh tir xung hfl thdnh danh tir xung hfl nhung cung cfl thfi djch theo bilu thiic xung hfl d dgng tuong iing vfi nghTa ciia ngfln ngii dieh (tifing Vift).
Nfli chung, tuy theo ngii canh, hodn ednh ciia cufle thogi md cfl sy chuyfin djeh eho phii hpp, cy thfi d day la tifing Anh sang tifing Viet:
Dai tir —»dgi td nhu "they" d vi du (30)
—> "chung" d vr dy (31).
Dai tir —* bifiu thiic xung hfl nhu "we" a vi dy (22) -> "tui ndy" a vi dy (33).
Dgi tic —*• danh tii than tflc nhu "You - /"
d vi dy (16) —» "anh - em" d vi du (17).
b. Viic chuyen dich mqt danh tic xung hd tic ngdn ngQ nguon sang ngon ngu dich khong tuang icng chinh xdc vdi y nghia gdc.
Id cdch dich ngon ngii djch khac voi ngon ngii nguon, ma y nghTa dich nay la nghTa bflng (nhan hod), cfl the diing bifiu tupng ndo dfl gdn vdi dac trung van hod eua ngfln ngir dich, thong dung hon so voi y nghTa cua ngfln ngii ngufln. Vi dy: ;
Danh ^"Goose" d vi du (8), cfl nghTa tuong iing chinh xde Id "con ngdng cdr hoac la "nguM ngdc ngkich, ngudi khd dar, dupe dich sang tifing Viet, trong ngir ednh ndy, Stuart dung dfi gpi Scarlett mot edeh yfiu thuong, trifiu men la "Cd be kh&"
d vi dy (9).
Danh tir "Witless nigger" a vi dy (40) ciia ngfln ngii nguon (tieng Anh), cfl nghTa tudng ling chinh xdc Id "ngirdi da den ngu ddn", nhung trong ngfln ngii dich khflng cfl hinh dnh ciia nguoi da den nen khflng chuyin tdi dupe het npi dung, phai diing hinh tupng
"con heo mpl cdt\ thflng dung, gdn giii trong tifing Viet, nhu d vi du (41) la "Dfl mpi cai" dn hai.
18 NGON NGOT & D d l S 6 N G S6 8 (202)-2012
Hode nhu danh tix "honey" d vi dy (14), cfl nghTa tuong iing chinh xdc Id "m^t ong/
m^t ngpt", khi dich sang tieng Vift cung trong ngii ednh md Stuart diing de gpi Scarlett mpt cdch yfiu thuong, triu min Id
"cung" dvi dy (9).
L. Chuyen dich mql danh lie xung hd tic ngdn ngit nguon sang ngdn ngii dich luang icng chinh xdc v&i y nghia goc. Id cdch djch.
cdc bifiu thiic xung hfl nhu: danh tic thdn lqc + tin/ hq, ciia cde nhdn vat tham gia giao tifip d ngfln ngu" ngufln (tifing Anh), cfl nghTa tucmg ling ehinh xde vdi ngfln ngii dich (tifing Viet). Can phai ton trpng thir bdc, vj the, mfli quan he Ufin nhan, thai dp, tam li, tinh cam vd van hod cua nhdn vat d ngfln ngQ: dieh (tifing Vift) trong gia dinh vd ngodi xa hpi nhu cac vi dy (42): Danh tir thdn tflc "mother" dupc cfl con gai Scarlett sir dung de gpi me mpt cdch yfiu thuong, ljch sy, cfl nghTa tuong iing chinh xac la "mf/
md" trong tifing Vift. Da so ede bd mp d Vift Nam dupc con cua minh gpi mpt edeh yfiu thuong, lich sy nhu vdy, nfin d vi dy (43), danh tir than tpc "Md" dupc sir dyng.
Hogc nhu, bieu thiic: danh tie thdn tqc + ten/ hq nhu "Uncle Henry" a vi dy (44), vdi sdc thai trang trpng. lich sy, "Uncle" trong tifing Anh eo nghTa tuong ling chinh xdc Id
"chO/ bdc/ c^u" thi sang tifing Vift, vdi sdc thai trang trpng va lich sy nhu vdy, nen d vi dy (45), bilu thiic: danh tic than tqc + ten/
hq nhu "Ch& Henry" dupc su dung.
6. Ket lu^n
Tir nhung mifiu td, phdn tich trfin, cho thdy tir ngii xung hfl dugc sii dyng d hai ngfln ngii cfl the hien thai dp tinh cam, tdm li, nhdn thiic, thfli quen, vdn hod,... ciia
nhdn v^t tham gia giao tiep. Trong tieng Anh tir ngft xung hfl it bj ehi phoi vl dja vj, tufli tdc, tinh edm, moi quan hf lifin nhdn hon trong tilng Vift.
Trong tilng Anh, dgi tir nhdn xung dupc sir dyng ph6 biln hon danh tii, cfln trong tilng Vift thi danh tir (ehu ylu Id danh tir thdn tpc) dupe sir dyng ph6 bifin hon dgi tir vd dupe diing vdi nhOng bilu thiic xung hfl da dgng hon nfin nfl ehilm sl lupng tir rdt ldn vd cfl p h ^ lan at cae dgi tir trong giao tilp.
Tdi lifu tham khdo 1. Do Hiln Chdu (1993), Dmg hqc va Dich thugt. NhOng vdn di ngon ngit va dich thugt, Nxb DHSP Ngoai ngQ Hd Nfli.
2. Nguyin Vdn Chifin (1993), "Tit xung ho trong tiing Vift (Nghien cuu ngU dung hqc vd ddn tqc hqc giao tiep"), K.J yeu, Nhitng vdn di Ngon ngU vd Vdn hod, Hpi Ngon ngQ- hpc Vift Nam, Truflng DHSP Ngogi ng& Ha Npi, tr.61 - 65.
3. Do Thj Kim Lifin, "Til- xung ho trong h0i thogi", Ng& hpc trfl 98, Hfli Ngfln ngii hpe Viet Nam, 1998, tr. 12 - 18.
4. Nguyin Vift Tiln (2010), "Ngit dung hqc vai vifc dgy va hqc ngogi ngit (tren cu lifu tiing Phdp"), Tgp chi Khoa hoc DHQGHN, Ngogi ngtr 26, tr.l51-162.
5. Vifn Ngon ngii hpc, Tir diin tiing
»^(>7, Nxb Dd Ndng, 1994.
Sdch trich din vf d\f
6. Margaret Mitchell (2005), Gone with the wind, Macmillan Publisher.
7. Michael Rundeel (2002), Macmillan English Dictionary, Macmillan.
Vu Kim Thu (2009), Cudn theo chik gJo>
Nxb Thdi Dgi •'•
(Ban Bifin tfip nhdn bdi ngay 1 8 4 5 ^ 1 2 )
