TAP CHi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM SS 1(66) nim 2015
TIEU DIEM THONG TIN VA Vlf C D 6 I DICH NGHIA CUA Ttr "ONLY" TRONG TIENG ANH
VA Tir "CHI" TRONG TifiNG VIJT
HU'i'NH TH! BiCH PHLTONG' T6M TAT
Trin ca sd phdn tich vi du diin hinh eua cdu dan tiing Anh co chira trgng tic "only"
theo quan diim vi cdu trdc lieu diim cita Nomi Erieschik-Shir, bdi viet nhdm ehi ra cac phuang dien nghia ciia trgng tic ndy A goc nhin ngic dgng vd doi sdnh v&i cde yeu to tuang duang trong tiing Viet.
Tir khoa: tieu dilm thdng tin, djch nghTa ciia tO "chi".
ABSTRACT
Information focus and an English - Vietnamese translation of "only"
In light of the theory of focus structure by Nomi Erteschik-Shir, simple sentences with "only" in English are analyzed pragmatically in this article. Different results of meaning are discussed and compared with those in Vietnamese.
Keywords: information focus, translation of only.
1. Dat vin dl
Khi md rgng tim quan sdt ngdn ngO trong hdnh chtte, nhit la ddi vdi cdc diln ngdn ndi thi ngO cdnh cd mgt vai trd hit sOc quan trgng. Thgm chi, ngii cdnh quyet djnh ndi dung diln ngdn. Ndi cdch khde, khi ngO canh thay ddi, nghia cua diln ngon ciing se thay ddi. Qud vgy, ndi din ngO cdnh la ndi din mgt tap hgp cdc djc dilm trong va ngodi ngdn ngO, ttong dd ddng chu y Id tidu dilm thdng tin.
Hipn nay cd nhilu cdeh djnh nghia tieu dilm. Tuy nhien, nhin ehung cd thi hinh dung nd la phin quan trpng nhdt ciia mdt thdng tin. Xin din ra mgt vai djnh nghTa dijn Mnh: M. A. K. Halliday, E. Selkirk quan nipm: "Tieu dilm thdng tin la mdt dgng nhSn mgnh", "...Id thanh td dugc nhin gigng bdo hi|u thdng tin mdi dugc dua vao diln ngdn" [5]. Hay "tieu dilm eua cdu dimg dl chi thdng tin md nguoi ndi va ngudi nghe chua cimg chia se" [3]. Theo K. Lambrecht thi "tieu dilm eua cdu, hay cy thi ban, tiSu diem cua mpt menh de dugc thi Men bdng mgt cdu trong mdt ngu cdnh phdt ngdn cv the dugc coi la thdnh td thdng tin, nhd nd ma ta phan biet duge sy khac nhau giira tiJn gid djnh vd thuylt dinh. Tieu dilm Id phin khdng dugc coi la duong nhien dd bill vao thdi dilm ndi; trong phdt ngdn, nd Id ylu td khdng thi dodn djnh dugc hay khdng thJ khdi phyc lgi ve phuong dien ngu dyng. Tieu dilm la cdi lam cho mdt phat ngdn trci thdnh mgt nhdn djnh" [4]. Cdn Nomi Erteschik-Shir thi hinh dung: Trong diln ngon, mpt cdu chi co mpt tieu dilm chinh (main focus) giO chile nang la thanh td ngO phap
• ThS, Trudng Dgi hpc NguySn Tat Thdnh; Email: [email protected]
TAP CHi KHOA HQC DHSP TPHCM Huynh Thi Bich Phuang
(syntactic constituent): Cd thi Id ngO danh tit (NP), ngQ ddng tO (VP), hodc thdm chi la cd cdu (S). [6]
Dya tren quan dilm vl tieu dilm cua Nomi Erteschik-Shir, bai vilt nay xem xet eac cdeh giai thich nghia ciia cdu dan cd chiia trgng tit tiing Anh "only" trong mdi quan he vdi tieu diem ciia edu d gdc nhin ngO dung vd ddi sanh vdi cac ylu td tuong ducmg trong tiing Viet.
2. Hay xem xet vi du sau:
(1) John only phoned Marv -> John chi goi dien cho Mary Taglicht eho rdng tieu dilm cua cdu tren la thanh phin dugc gach chdn va cd ba cdch gidi thich nghTa nhu sau:
a. He took no other action.
-> Anh John khdng thyc hien hogt dgng ndo khac -> Phgm vi tdc ddng cua only Id cym dgng tu (VP) -> Tieu dilm chinh cua cdu Id cum ddng tO "phone Mary"
b. He phoned no one else.
-> Anh John khdng gpi dipn thoai cho ai khdc ngoai Mary -^ Phgm vi tdc ddng cua only la cym danh tO
-^ Tidu diem chitih cila cdu Id danh tO ridng Maty.
c. He did not write to her for example.
-^ Anh John khdng viet thu hay lam mdt viee gi khde ngodi ggi dien cho Mary.
-^ Phgm vi tac ddng cua only chinh Id ddng tO -^ Tieu diem chinh cua cdu Id ddng tO "phone". [8]
Tir phdn tich tren, Taglicht khang djnh cd hai logi tieu diem: (i) tieu diem cu phap, vd (ii) tieu diem ngO dyng. Trong cdc ldi dien gidi eho vi du tren, tieu diem cii phdp chinh la cym dgng tO (la); cdn "only" gin liln vdi tieu diem ngO dyng d cd hai trudng hgp (lb) va (Ic). Trong (lb), tri thuc nin cua dgng tO (backgrounding of the verb) giiip ngudi nghe gidi hgn tieu diem ngO dung, cdn ttong (Ic), ddng tO d ddy chinh la tieu dilm ngO dung. Vd nhu vdy, tieu dilm ngO dung cung xac dinh ngO dieu ttong cdu/ phdt ngdn. Thgm chi, ngu dieu, nhdt Id ngO didu nhdn mgnh, ngu dipu tuong phan se tgo ra tieu dilm ngu dyng.
Rooth dua ra khdi ni$m hd p (p- sets) [7]. Ddy la tap hgp cdc ylu td cd thi thay thi ttong diln ngdn. Tap hgp cdc ylu td nay duge xdc djnh bang each thay thi thdnh td dugc nhin mgnh bdng mdt biln sd (variable). Theo dd, trutmg hgp (lb) d tren cd the dugc thi hipn nhu sau:
(2) John phoned y -> John ggi dipn cho y
(y Id tap hgp nhOng ngudi khdc nhau trong timg ngO cdnh didn ngdn)
Nhu vdy, nlu djnh dl (proposition) cua can true "John phoned y" Id dung thi
"John phoned Mary" la mgt truang hgp cu the minh hga cho tieu de (!d xac dinh.
Tuong ty, cd thi gidi thich (Ic) nhu sau:
TAP CHi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM SS 1(66) nam 201S
John ]) Mar}
Ndi ro han. ]) la mdt tap hgp ban djnh dudi sy tdc ddng tryc tilp cua "only". Kha nang xuat hien ciia cac ddng tO khdng phai la qua rdng, cho nen Taglicht cd li khi chpn dgng tu "write" lam vi du.
Trd lai vdi (lb) va (Ic): Ca hai diu cd thi Id cdu tra ldi cho cau hdi sau:
(4) What did John do? -> John da lam gi?
Do vay, ciu true tieu dilm ehung cho cd hai trudng hgp (lb) va (le) la:
(5) [John]Top [only phoned Maryjpoc
0 day, TOP la chii dl hay chii thi, FOC Id tieu diem thdng tin.
Vi ca hai cdu dang xet cd ehung ciu tnic tieu diem nen eung cd nghTa va ngu dieu nhu nhau. Rieng vdi (lb), cdn luu y them vl each gidi thieh nghTa:
(6) John phoned J Mary 1 no one else.
Cdu chi dung khi djnh dl "John phoned Mary" va djnh de "John phoned nobody else" diing, ddng thdi "thdnh vien trdng" (silent member) cua tap hgp {Mary, everyone else} bj loai bd hoan toan. Ci ddy, quan diem eiia Taglicht eho ring cd hai dinh de n&y deu dugc xdc nhdn, vd Hom (1969) cung khdng djnh rdng dirihdeJohn phoned Mary la dd biet trudc (presupposed) va chi cd djnh de John phoned nobody else la dugc xac nhdn.
Dya tren nhimg tien de co sd nay, Nomi Erteschik-Shir xac dinh tit ca nhirng thdng tin dirp'c biet trird'c chinh la' mot tdp hprp cy the theo ngii canh, trong do only giu- vai tro xac dinh nghia. Do vdy, nhiem vy cua cdu tnic tieu dilm (6) dugc the Men (cd only Id yeu td van hanh chinh) nhu sau:
(7) [John]Top [ONLY phoned f [Marylfoc everyone J FOC TOP
Tap hgp bao gdm {Mary, everyone else}la chti dl cOa eiu true tieu dilm phu (chiing ta dang ndi ve Mary va ed thi la nhOng nguai khdc ), trong dd Mary Id tieu diem. Only ddng vai trd la ylu td cd tac dyng phu djnh nhirng thanh vien khdc trong tjp hgp nham lam ndi bat mot thdnh vien tieu dilm (Mary). Vdi chuc ndng ndy, only cung du-gc xac dinh la tieu dilm.
Trd lgi trudng hgp cdu (le), cd thi dp dyng ciu tnic tieu dilm phy dl giai thich nhu sau:
(8) John fphoned Mary.
j did nothing else (with respect to Mary)'
Cdch gidi thich nay bit budc only chi van hdnh trong tap hgp gidi hgn theo ngO
1^
TAP CHI KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Huynh Thi Bich Phugng
cdnh phdn dinh: John chi gpi Mary, vd khdng lam viec gi khac. Ta xet tilp \i du .sau:
(9) John only slept. -> John chi ngii (chu khdng lam viec gi khdc) Cdu tren rd rang gdp phdn minh dinh vai trd ciia "only" trong viec giai thich nghTa. Vi the. "only" la mdt tap hgp ttrong phan dugc xdc djnh va cdu dugc hieu nghia diing theo timg ngu cdnh. That ra, ngu canh cQng cd thi xac djnh mdt he thang dp (scaled set).
Trong trudng hgp nay, cd the hieu cd nhieu each lien he de giao tiep vdi Mary nhu gui fax, giii email, hodc ggi dien thoai... Do vdy, sy xudt hien only nhdm de gidi ban linh vyc cdc hogt ddng, ddng thdi lam ndi bat hoat ddng lieu diem.
Nhu vdy, cdu ludn cd tieu diem chinh va tieu diem cd nhiem vu the hien thdng tin quan trgng cua cau. Tren phugng dien ngu dyng, tieu diem cua cdu chinh Id tieu diem ngO dyng. Vi vdy, thdng tin tieu diem ciia cdu se dugc giai ma thanh nhieu iruimg hgp khdc nhau tuy theo ngO canh va cd sy tac ddng cua nhimg tu thanh td khac trong cdu.
Trudng hgp cdu dem cd chOa only la mdt vi du.
3. Trong rat nhieu tai lieu ddi djch, "only'' trong tieng Anh dugc djch sang tieng Viet bdng tO "cbi"'. Tuy nhien, vdn de phOc tgp ban rdt nhieu chu khdng phai Id gidi ban d cdc tu tuong duong theo kieu mot ddi mpt, tren be mat dien ngdn, nhdt la trong nhiing trudng hgp "only'" dugc sit dung di kem vdi cac ham y khae nhau.
3.1. Til dien tieng Viet dinh nghia "chi" la phu tit bieu thj pham vi dugc hgn djnh, khdng cd gi, khdng cd ai them nua. Vi du:
Nhd anh chi co mpt gian, Nira thi ldm bip, nica toan ldm budng.
(Ca dao)
Ci chilu hudng ngugc lai, theo quan sat budc dau ciia chimg tdi, tuy khdng phdi tit ca "chi" trong tiing Viet diu dugc djch sang tieng Anh la "only", nhung khdng the phu nhdn giOa chimg cd mdi quan he rit gin gui, ngoai tru trudng hgp "chi" mang hdm nghia nhin mgnh vdi tieu diem thdng tin tuong phan.
3.2. Khao sat vipc djch cdu cd chita phu tu "chi" trong tiing Viet va trgng tit "only"
trong tiing Anh 3.2.1. Dich Anh-Viet
Khdo sat tren 100 sinh vien Viet Nam nganh Bien phien dich va chpn nhilu ngit canh xuit hien ciia "only" trong tiing Anh khac nhau, the nhung cd den 82% sinh vien diu djch diing, sau ddy la mdt vdi vi du minh boa:
(i) "I carry your heart with me (I carry it in my heart) i am never without it (anywhere i go you go, my dear; and whatever is done by only me is your doing, my darling)..."
(/ carry your heart with me - EE Cummings) -> Anh mang trdi tim em theo anh (anh ddt nd trong tim minh) anh chdng bao gid rdi xa nd (anh den ddu chinh la em den day, em thdn thuang, vd bat eu viec gi do chinh
TAP CHi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Sd 1(66) ndm 20IS
John ID MaiT ,; . , .. „, Ndi rd hon tl Id mdt tap hap ban dinh dudi sy tac dgng tryc tiep cua 'only . Kha nang xuit hien cua cac ddng tu khdng phai la qua rpng, cho nen TaglicM co li kM chpn dona tu "write" lam vi du.
" Trd lgi vdi (1 b) va (1 c): Ca hai diu cd thd la cdu tra ldi cho cdu hdi sau:
(4) What did John do? ^ John dd lam gi?
Do va\. ciu triic tieu dilm ehung cho cd hai trudng hgp (lb) va (ic) la:
(5) [JohnJTop [only phoned Marylroc
0 ddy. TOP la chii dl hay ehu thi, poc li 'leu i'^™ *™g ""•
Vi ca hai cau dang xet cd ehung cdu true tieu dilm nen cung cd nghia va ngii di&
nhu nhau. Rieng vdi (lb), cdn luu y them vl each gidi thich nghia:
(6) John phoned J Mary I no one else.
Cdu chi dung khi djnh dl "John phoned Mary" va djnh dl "John phoned nobody else'' dung, ddng thdi "thdnh vien trdng" (silent member) cua tap hgp {Mary, everyone else} bj logi bd hoan loan. 6 ddy, quan dilm ciia Taglicht cho rdng cd hai dinh de nay diu dugc xdc nhan, vd Hom (1969) cOng khdng dinh rdng djnh dl yo/i« phoned Mary la da bill trudc (presupposed) vd chi cd djnh de John phoned nobody else la dugc xac nhdn.
Dya tren nhung tiln dl co sd ndy, Nomi Erteschik-Shir xac dinh tat ca nhihig thong tin dugc biet trirde chinh la" mpt tap hpp cu thi theo ngir eanh, trong do only giir vai tro xac dinh nghta. Do vdy, nhiem vu cua cau tnic tieu diem (6) dugc the hien (cd only la yeu td van hanh chinh) nhu sau:
(7) [John]TOp [ONLY phoned [Mary]Foc I Jpoc everyone \ ^ P
Tap hgp bao gdm {Mary, everyone elsejla chii de cua cdu true tieu diem phu (chiing ta dang ndi ve Mary va cd the la nhung ngudi khdc ), trong dd Mary Id tieu diem. Only ddng vai trd la ylu td cd tdc dung phii djnh nhiSng thanh vien khdc ttong tap hgp nhim ldm ndi bat mdt thdnh vien lieu diem (Mary). Voi chirc ndng nay, only cung du-ffc xac dinh la tieu diem.
Trd lgi trudng hgp cdu (le), cd thi dp dyng ciu tnic tieu dilm phu dl giai thich nhu sau:
(8) John [phoned Mary. |
• did nothing else (with respect to Mary)f
Cdch giai thich nay bit budc only chi van hdnh trong tap hgp gidi hgn theo ngi
TAP CHI KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Huynh Thj Bich Phugng
canh phdn djnh: John chi ggi Mary, va khdng ldm viec gi khac. Ta xet tilp \\ du sau:
(9) John only slept. -^ John chi ngii (chu khdng lam viec gi khdc) Cdu tren rd rang gdp phdn minh dinh vai trd cua "only"" trong viec giai thich nghia. Vi the. "only"" la mdt tap hgp tuang phan dugc xdc djnh va cdu dugc hieu nghia diing theo timg ngu cdnh. That ra, ngu canh cung cd thi xac djnh mdt he thang dp (scaled set).
Trong trudng hgp nay, cd the hieu cd nhilu each lien he de giao tilp vdi Mary nhu giii fax, gui email, hodc ggi dien thoai... Do vdy, sy xuit hien only nhim de gidi hgn linh vyc cdc hogt ddng, ddng thdi lam ndi bat hoat ddng tieu diem.
Nhu vgy, cdu ludn cd tieu diem chinh va tieu diem cd nhiem vu the hien thdng tin quan trgng ciia cau. Tren phugng dipn ngO dyng, tieu diem eua cdu chinh la tieu diem ngO dyng. Vi vdy, thdng tin tieu diem cua cdu se dugc giai ma thanh nhieu trudng hgp khdc nhau tuy theo ngO cdnh va cd sy tac dpng ciia nhimg tu thdnh td khdc trong cdu.
Trudng hgp cdu dan cd chOa only la mdt vi du.
3. Trong rat nhieu tdi lieu ddi djch, "only" trong tieng Anh dugc djch sang lieng Viet bing tO "chi". Tuy nhien, van de phire tgp hon rdt nhieu chu khdng phai la gidi hgn d cac tu tuong ducmg theo kieu mdt ddi mdt, tren be mat dien ngdn, nhdt la trong nhihig trudng hgp "only" dugc su dung di kem vdi cdc ham y khdc nhau.
3.1. Tir dien tieng Viet dinh nghia "chi'" Id phu tO bieu thj pham vi dugc hgn djnh, khdng cd gi, khdng cd ai them nOa. Vi du:
Nhd anh chi co mpt gian, Nica thi ldm bip, nica toan ldm budng.
(Ca dao)
d chilu hudng ngugc Igi, theo quan sat bude ddu cua chiing tdi, tuy khdng phdi tit ca "chi" trong tiing Viet diu dugc djch sang tiing Anh la "only", nhung khdng the phil nhdn giOa cbung cd mdi quan he rit gin giii, ngogi ttir trutmg hgp "chi" mang ham nghia nhin mgnh vdi tieu diem thdng tin tucmg phdn.
3.2. Khao sat viec djch edu cd chita phu tu "chi" trong tiing Viet vd trgng tO "only"
trong tiing Anh 3.2.1. Dich Anh-Viet
Khdo sat tren 100 sinh vien Viet Nam ngdnh Bien phien djch vd chgn nhieu ngii canh xuit hien ciia "only" trong tiing Anh khdc nhau, thi nhung cd den 82% sinh vien diu djch diing, sau ddy Id mgt vai vi du minh hoa:
(i) "I carry your heart with me (I carry it in my heart) i am never without it (anywhere i go you go, my dear; and whatever is done by only me is your doing, my darling)...'
(I carry your heart with me - EE Cummings) -> Anh mang trai tim em theo anh (anh ddt nd trong tim minh) anh chdng bao gid rdi xa nd (anh din ddu chinh la em din ddy, em than thuang, vd bdt cu viec gi do chinh
TAP CHi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM So 1(66) nam 2015
anh ldm citng Id em ldm ddy, em yeu a).
(ii) "He no longer dreamed of storms, nor of women, nor of great occurrences, nor of great fish, nor fights, nor contests of strength, nor of his wife. He only dreamed of places now and the lions on the beach...''
(The Old Man and the Sea -Ernest Hemingway) -> Ong khdng cdn mo vl nhOng ccm bao, ve dan bd, vl nhtmg bien cd trgng dai, nhimg con ca to tudng, nhitng cude chien, nhtmg cudc diu sue hay ve vg dng nua. Ong chi mo" den vung ddt hien tai cimg nhung con su tu tren bdi bien...
(ill) "My only love sprung from my only hate..."
(Romeo and Juliet - William Shakespeare) -^ Tinh yeu duy nhat cua tdi ndy nd tO moi t h i duy nhat ttong ddi.
Nhu vgy, tiiy theo tuong tae ngO cdnh, "only" dugc cam nhan khi thi "chinh"
(only me), hodc "chi" (only dreamed of), hay "duy nhdt" (only love)...
3.2.2 Dich Viet - Anh
Viec chuyen djch nghia tO Viet sang Anh ddi vdi cdu cd phu tO "chi" cd phin kho khdn. Co nhieu nguyen nhdn lien quan den vdn de ndy, trong dd, vipc nim bit nghia, hilu dung dung y cua ndi dung ngdn ngu ngudn, cung nhu phdt hien diing ehOc nang cua phy tO "chi" ttong cdu tiing Viet Id nhung cdn ttd dang kl.
Vdn trdn sd lieu sinh vien vd ngO canh khdo sdt nhu d myc ddi djch Anh - Viet, nhung ket qud ciia cdc diln ngdn djch cd chua tu "ehi" ban chi hon nhilu, chi cd gdn 50% sinh vien Id djch dugc cac hdm y trong diln ngdn. Sau ddy la mgt vdi vi dy:
(i) Chi lo eho ban thdn -> Care about yourself only -> He cares about no one but himself (ii) Chi biet an, khdng bill ldm
•^ Good-for-nothing -> He does nothing but eats.
(iii) "Cac ba di vdo nha: Ddn ba chi loi thoi, bill gi?"
(Chi Pheo-'Nam Cm) -> Get back home! What else you know? Just only messing around!
(iv) "Thi thi con chi dirge hai dong dem v l . . . ' '
(CWDflM-Ngd Tit T6) -^ So you only got two cents back?
Vol nhieu sdc thdi nghTa khdc nhau, cdc phdt ngdn vua khao sat ben tten diu gin lien vdi eac tieu dilm tuong phdn:
(i) Chi lo cho chinh ban thdn minh khdng lo cho ai khdc;
(ii) Chi bill an udng chii khdng bill lam gi khdc;
(iii) Chi gdy ra ldi thdi, ric rdi chu khdng ich lgi gi;
(iv) Chi cdn dugc hai ddng it di chu khdng phdi la nhilu.
TAP CHi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Huynh Thi Bich Phuang
• Vd neu tinh y mdt chiit, chiing ta thiy, vl ban chit, cdu (iii) vd (iv) rit khdc vdi (i) vd (ii). 0 ddy, (i) vd (ii) cd mOc dp tuong phdn cao hon rdt nhilu so vdi (iii) vd (iv).
Thdm chi, neu tridt dl ed the xem (iii) vd (iv) dugc xdy dung tren mpt logi tieu dilm khdc: tieu diem ngu cdnh cd tinh chit hdm y va cdn thilt phdi logi suy, nd khdc vdi tieu diem chinh ndi rd tren be mdt dien ngdn, vd do vdy, ban djch chOa tu "only" vdi sy tac ddng tryc tilp den cac ddng tu la hgp li.
4. Nhu vdy, tieu dilm thdng tin bao gdm nhilu kilu logi khac nhau, cd tim tdc ddng cd khi tren ca cdu, tren mdt bd phdn eau, nhung cd khi ddi lap vdi bd phdn ngogi suy gin liln vdi ngO canh ngO dyng. "Only" trong tiing Anh, "chi" ttong tiing Viet, la nhOng yeu td tinh thai nhin mgnh thudng gin Uln vdi tieu dilm thdng tin. Tuy vdy, tuy thugc vdo ngu canh cy thi ma chiing dugc ddm nhdn nhiing chOc ndng khdc nhau. Do vdy, khi ddi djch Anh - Viet hodc Viet - Anh ndi ehung, hay "only" "chi" ndi rieng, cau ein dugc xem xet trgng tdng thi cdc tidu dilm thdng tin thi mdi cd thi diln dgt hit eai tinh te ttong hai ngdn ngO.
TAI LIfU THAM KHAO
1. Cao Xudn Hgo (I99I), Tiing Viet sa thdo ngir phdp chdc ndng, Quyin I, Nxb Khoa hpc xa hdi, Hd Npi.
2. Nguyen Thi Thanh Huyen (2010), Cdu true tiiu diem thong tin trong edu tiing Viet vd tiing Anh, Ludn an Tien sT Ngdn ngu hpc, Trudng Dai hgc KHXH&NV TPHCM.
3. Jackendoff, Ray., (1972), Semantic interpretation in generative grammar, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
4. Lambrech, K., (1994), Information Structure and Sentence form. A theory bf topic, focus, and the mental representations of discourse referents, Cambridge Studies in Linguistics, Cambridge University Press.
5. M. A. K. Halliday (2001), Ddn ludn ngU phdp chirc ndng, Nxb Dgi hgc Qude gia Ha Ngi.
6. Nomi Erteschik-Shir (1997), The Dynamics of focus structure, Cambridge University Press.
7. Rooth, M., (1992), A Theory of Focus interpretation. Natural Language Semantics I, 75-116.
8. Taglicht, J., (1984), Message and Emphasis, On Focus and Scope in English, English Language.
(Ngiy Tda sogn nh$n dirge bii 26-11-2014: ngiy phin bi0n dinh gii: 12-12-2014:
ngiy chip nhin dSng: 20-01-2015)
