S6 12 (242)-2015
NG6N NGC & D6I S6NG
31svr THE HBgN CUA TINH THAI HOA QUA PHV N G f TINH T H A I TRONG CAC B A I P H A T B I E U B A N G T I E N G A N H TJ^l L £ TOT NGHIEP:
PHAN TICH THEO QUAN DifeM N G C P H A P CHU'C NANG
REALIZATION OF MODALIZATION THROUGH MODAL ADJUNCTS IN ENGLISH COMMENCEMENT ADDRESSES: A SYSTEMIC FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS
TRlTONG x m A N H (Ths; Dfi hQC Ngo^i ngfr, B H Q G Hft N$i)
Abstract: M. A. K. Halliday's Systemic Functional Grammar theoiy of modality is used to investigate the realization of modalization by using modal adjuncts in live English commencement addresses. Modalization is realized through ten categories of modal adjuncts.
Among them, usuality. Intensity, and time adjuncts are employed most frequently in the chosen speeches.
Key words: modalization; modal adjunct; systemic fimctional grammar.
1. DSn nh$p
NgQ- phdp chite nfing h$ th6ng (Systemic functional grammar) ducc gidi thi$u iln diu t^i Anh nfim 1958 vd sau dd tfii l)c nfim 1994 bdi Michael Alexander Kirkwood Halliday (M. A. K. Halliday). LI thuydt ngtt phdp chlic nfing h$ th6ng nghi€n curu ngdn ng& trong m$t m ^ g ludri h$ th6ng md ^ nghTa du^c t^o ra didng qua sv nhfhig s}f l^a chpn c6 li6n h$
ch$t chg vdi nhau. Thu§t ngtt chiic nSng dimg dk ndi den quan dilm c&a Halliday vh v i ^ ^ nghTa cua ngdn ngtt chOra d^ng ba thdnh phm siSu chfic nflng Id: y nghTia tu tirdng (ideational), ngdn bdn (textual), vd lt€n nhin (interpersonal). Trong so ba thdnh phin trgn, si6u chute nfing liSn nhdn Id sy t h l hl^n ciia vi$c lya chpn cdc cdng cy ngtt phdp cOa ngudi ndi nhim tfto ra cdc m6i quan h$ gitta ngabi ndi vd ngudi nghe. Sy v|in dyng t^t si£u chiic nfing ndy ciia ngdn ngQ s6 t^o ra cho ngdn bdn cd dupc hi$u qud tfch cyc trong vi^c thi^t l$p m6i quan h$ li€n nhdn phiic tfip vd da d^ng giOB ngudi t ^ ra ngdn bdn vd ngirdi t i ^ nh|b ngdn bdn. Cdng cy ngD' phdp t^o ra m6i li6n nhdn dd c6 the phong phfi song mdt trong nhthig cdng cy hi^u qud nhit phdi ke den Id tinh th&i (modali^) ndi chung hay tinh thdi hda (modalization) ndi rieng.
Vdi mong mu6n tim hlku vh si8u chite nfing li€n nhdn, tdc gjd cfia bdi bdo dfi nghiSn cfhi ve sy the hi$n ciia tlnh t h ^ thdng qua cdc phy ngQ' tinh thdi trong nfim bdl phdt bilu t^i cdc le tot nghiap ciia cdc diln gid ndi tilng Anh n6i tilng Id Steve Jobs (200S), Bill Gates (2007), Barbara Kingsolver (2008), J. K.
Rowling (2008) vd Barack Obama (2009).
Nhfhig bdl phdt bilu ndy dup'c lya chpn Id do chfing diu dk dirpc hudng fing rdt ni^rtfi mi bdi cdc sinh vi€n t9i cdc trudng d^i hpc md cdc diln gid du^c mdi tdi phdt bieu. Gdp phin tao nia sy thdnh cdng cho cdc bdi phdt bilu ay hin phdi do cdch sii dyng ngdn ngCt vd ciing khto lto vd linh hofit ciia cdc diln gid. Chfnh cdng cy ngdn ngtt md hp lya chpn d3 tfio ra spi dfiy vd \Hjjlh g ^ kit hp vdi ngirdi nghe. Theo quan dilm ciia tdc gid bdi vilt ndy thl spi dfiy ay dirpc t ^ ra chfnh bdi m6i liSn h$ lidn nhfin vd quan trpng Id dupc t h l hi$n qua tlnh thdi hda.
Nghign cfiu ndy tfip trung trd ldi cfiu hdi:
tinh thdi hda dugc the hi$n nhu thl ndo thdng qua cdc phy ngO* tinh thdi trong nfim bdi phdt bilu ciia cdc diln gid ndi tilng Anh dya tr6n quan diln! ngft phdp chiic nfing h$ th6ng?
2. M$t v&i khdi nifm quan ylu Zl. nnh thdt vd fSn/r thdl Ma
32 N G 6 N N G C & Bin S 6 N G S 6 12 (242)-2015
Trudc hit cln phdi chi ra ring khdi ni$m tinh thdi (modali^) vd tinh thdi hda (modalization) theo quan dilm ciia M.A.K Halliday Id cdc khdi n i ^ khdc nhau. Hai thu$t ngU tieng Vi^t dupc dCUig d dfiy cung nhu nhilu thu$t ngft khdc nhu phy i ^ tinh thdi, tdc tli tlnh thdi hitu dinh,... dupc tdc gid bdi vilt tham khdo bdn djch ciia Hodng Vfin Vfin.
Theo Halliday (1994). tbih thdi Id ddnh gid ciia ngudi ndi v l cdc khd nfing ho$c sy bfit bu$c trong dieu md anh ta ndi. l l n h thdi t h l hi^n nhftng sy lya chpn trong ngdn ngft vd nhttng lya chpn ay nim ^ t t a hai cyc "cd" vd 'Ididng". Chiing bao g6m todn bO cdc mure dp trung gian nim gi&a hai cyc ly.
Trong ngft phdp chiic nfing h$ th6ng, tinh thdi (modality) dupc chia ra thdnh tlnh thdi hda (modalization) vd bien thdl (modulation) dya dieo hai lo^i hofit dpng giao tiep md chung lign quan cung nhu hai ph^m trii f ngJiTa md
CO ! _ PI 'hdi
chiing the hi^n. Phfim trit -y nghTa diu li£n quan den phdn dodn (proposition) vfi cdi sau li€n quan din khiln n ^ i (proposal). Khi ho^
d$ng giao tilp hudng tdi Id de trao dhi thdng tin thl cu t h l hi^n hlnh thiic m$t phdn dodn.
Cdn khi ho^t d$ng giao tilp hudng tdi Id de nghi ho$c ydu clu tfic Id khi dd m$t hdnh d$ng ndo dd cln phdi dupc thyc hi^n thl cfi thl hi$n hlnh thlic m^t khiln ngh}.
Tlnh thdi hda phfin dnh ddnh gid cda ngtrfri ndi din khd nfing xdy ra ciia cfic phdn dodn.
Halliday (1994) tilp tyc phfin tdch tlnh diii hda thdnh hai miic d$ khdc nhau Id: cdc m ^ d$ xfic suit (cd till/ rit c6 till/ chfic chin) \i cic miic dO thudng xuydn (thinh thodng/
thudng thudng/ ludn ludn). Cdc miic d$ xdc suit tuong duong vdi cd (khfing djnh) ho$c khdng (phli djnh) trong khi cdc mure d^ diudng xuygn tuong umg vdi cd vd khdng. Tlnh thdi hda cd thl dupc md tfi ngin gpn sau dfiy:
I dodn , K H O N G
khfing dinh
khd nfing trung gian
TiNH T H A I HOA , phfi dinh
xfic suit (cd ho^c k^ng) 2.2. Phy ngit 6nh thdi
Theo Halliday, tinh thdi hda dupc thl hi^n chu ylu qua tdc tur tlnh thdi hftu djnh (d$ng tCr thih thdi) vd phy ngQ- tinh thfii. Trong khudn khd bdi nghidn cfhi ndy, tfic gid t^p tnmg vdo
thudng xuygn (c6 vd khdng)
Halliday (1994, fr. 49) djnh nghTa phy ngft tinh thdi Id "phy ngft diln t& sy ddnh gid cda ngudi ndi lign quan din sy phti hpp cda thdng di$p." Cdc phy ngft tlnh thdi dupc phdn chia thfinh hai lo^i chfnh Id thuc vd binh ludn. Tk cdc nhdm phy ngit tinh thdi cd t h l dupc
dyng d l the hign tinh thdi hda.
L09I
"ITwlc Ki^D xdc sudt thudng XUVSD dien hlnh sSnsdng b6n phfln thtri elan rOrdng
V nghfa k h i nfing nhu thS ndo?
thu&ng xuy6n nhu tht ndo?
diln hlnh n h u d i l ndo?
s i n sdng nhu t h l ndo?
bfit b u ^ nhu tht ndo?
khindo?
rO rdng nhu tht ndo?
sdr cfi cfic lo9i trgn d u p c t 6 n g h p p t r o n g bdng sau:
V f d v
probably (khd ndng), possibly (cd tht), certainly (chiic ehan), perhaps (c616)
usually (thudng), sometimes (thinh thodng), always (lu'^'^
lufin), (n)ever (khdng bao gifr/bao gid)
cccasionally (thhih thodng), generally (nhin dnmg), regularly (Uiufmg xuy£n), for die most part Cpbln nhiiu) willingly (tlnh nguyfn), readily (sin sdng), gladly (hAn hanh), certamly (chfic ch4n), easily (dS ddnp*) deflnitety (diM k h o ^ ) , absolutely (ti^r^ doi), at all costs ( b ^ g mpi gid), by all means (bfing moi cdch) yet (chua), still (v3n), aheady (dfi), once (c6 ldn) of course (dl nhifin), surely (bita nhifin), obvious^ (lO rdng)
S6 12 (242V2015 NG6N NGC & Bdl S6NG 33
Blnh hi^n
cudng d$
mt^cdQ quan dilm c6ngnh|n thuylt phyc tfalnhcdu gid djnb mong mudn bdo luu thdm dinh ddnh gid dydodn
cudng d$ nhu thl nto?
d mftc dQ ndo?
tdi nghi tdi cdng nhdn tdi ddm bdo vdi ban tdi yfiu cdu ban tfii cho Id mong mufin nhu tfai ndo?
tin cfiy nhu dil ndo?
h9p If nhu thl ndo?
nh^y cdm nhu thl ndo?
du^c chd dpi nhu thl nio?
just (chO, even (th^m chf), actually (thyc ra), in tact (thyc tl)
quite Odia khd), ahnost (hdu nhu), scarcely (bilm khi),
^solutely (hodn todn)
in my opinion (theo quan dilm ci^ tfii), to my mmd (theo cdch ng^ cda tdi)
frankly (ndi difing ra), to be honest (ndi thyc) really (dtpc ddy), believe me (hSy tin tfii) please (ldm on), kindly (mfit cdch trfin trpng) evidently (hiln nhi&i), presumably (cd thl dodn chtnag) (un)fortun3tely (may mfin/ khfing may), regrettably (th$t ddng tile), hopeliilly (hy vpng Id)
at first (luc d^u), tentatively (udm thit), provisionally (mQt cdcb t^m thdi), looking back on it (nhin lai nd) broadly speaking (ndi rfing ra), in general (nhin chung) (un)wisely (khfin ngoan/khfing khfin ngoan), understandably (cd dil hilu dupc), foolishly (ngu xudn) to my surprise (trudc sy ngfic nhiln cda tfii), as expected (nhu dy dodn), by chance (tlnh cd)
Bdng 1. Phfl ngit tinh thdl (Halliday, 1994, tr. 49,82, 83) 3. Kit qufi phfin tich ngft lifu
Sau khi phdn tich nfim bdi phdt bilu dS chpn, kit qud cho thiy khdng phdi tit cd cdc kilu phy ngft tinh tiifii li$t kd trong bdng 1 diu dupc v ^ dyng dl thl hi$n tlnh thdi hda. Tren thyc tl, mudi kilu phy ngtt tlnh thdi dfi dupc sii dyng dl hi§n tinh thfii hda. Dudi dfiy Id bdng tSng hpp s6 lupng cy the tdng kilu phy ngit tinh thdi xult hi^n trong titng bdi phdt bilu.
Kilu phy ^ ^ ^ ^ nefr tinh t h ^ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
thuimg xuygn cudiiR d$
thfri Rian xic suSt mirc dp cdtm n h ^ bonph$n quan diem thuvSt phuc riSiinR Tdm
Steve Jobs
13 8 8 7 5 1
42
Bill Gates
13 19 5 2 2 1
42
Barbara Kingsolver 4 8 11 4 2 1 1 31
J. K.
Rowling 19 6 8 1 2 3 1 1 41
Barack Obama 10 17 13 4 1 1
46
Ting
59 S8 45 18 11 6 2 1 1 1 202 Bdng 2. Phf ngit tinh thdl trong cdc bii phdt biiu
Bing 2 trlnh My s6 li$u th6ng k€ s6 lin cic I k trong bii phit bi^u cia Barack Obama. Ci Viia phv ngft tlnh thii dui^c sOt dving d^ the
hi$n tlnh thii h6a tiong tiimg bii phit bik.
Trong nim bii phit b i k du^c phin tich, phv ngtt tinh thii dugc sft dvng nhieu nhdt vdi 46
hai diSn gii Steve Jobs v i Bill Gates d k d sk Iln si!r dvng cic k i k phy ngtt tlnh thii nhu nhau li 42 Ifin trong moi bii ke ttia. Trong khi dd, nhi v|n J. K. Rowling c6 s6 I k sij* dyng
34 N G 6 N N G t r & B(n S 6 N G S 6 12 (242)-2015
phy ngft tinh thdi ft hon song theo rdt sdt hai diln gid trdn vdi 41 ldn. Bdi phdt bilu cd sy xuat hi$n cdc phy ngft tinh thdi ft nhat vdi 31 lan thu$c v l Barbara Kingsolver.
Bdng tren cfing chi ra mudi nhdm phy ngft tinh thdi d u ^ sii dyng trong cdc bdi phdt bleu vd duoc sfip xip theo thii ty tdn sudt xudt hi^n tii cao din thdp. Nhdm kilu phy ngft ddn ddu ve tdn sudt d u ^ sii dyng t h u ^ ve phy ngtt tinh thdi chi miic dQ thudng xuydn, cudng d$, vd thdi gian vdi s6 ldn xudt h i ^ tuong ung Id 59, 58, 45 ldn. Trong dd, bdi phdt bilu ciia J.
K. Rowling cd s6 lupng phy ngit thudng xuydn dagc sii dyng nhieu nhdt Id 19 ldn.
Ciing vdi con so 19 ldn nhung dd Id s6 phy ngft cudng d$ dugc sii dyng trong bdi diln tiiuylt ciia Bill Gates. S6 lupng phy ngit tiidi gian dupc sd dyng nhilu nhdt 13 ldn trong bdi ndi cOa Barack Obama. Nhttng kilu phy ngtt tinh thdi xudt hi^n khd h ^ c h l Id xdc suat, miic do vdi ting s6 18 vd 11 ldn sur dyng trong cd nfim bdi phdt bilu. Nfim nhdm phy ngit tlnh thdi cdng nh$n, b6n ph$n, quan dilm, thuylt phyc, rd rdng dupc sii dyng vdi s l lupng rdt khidm t6n vdi chl m$t hay vdi lan xudt hi^n.
X6t v l do da d^ng trong v i ^ sii dyng cdc Idiu phy rigtt tlnh thdi, kit qud cung chi ra rdng nit dien gid J. K. Rowling Id ngudi din ddu vdi v i ^ bd da diing tdi tdm trdn mudi kieu phy ngft tinh thdi trong bdi diln thuylt cOa mhih. Trong khi dd, Barbara Kingsolver dfi diing bdy trdn mudi kilu vd Barack Obama diitig sdu tren mudi kilu. Hai diln gid - hai dng "tnim cdng ngh$" Id Steve Jobs vd Bill Gates cd dilm chung khi cimg sii dyng tifim trong mudi kilu phy ngft tinh thdi dupc l i ^ kd d bdng trdn.
4. Thdo Iu$n
Trong phdn ndy, tdc gid xin dupc phdn tich mpt vdi vf dy miiih hpa cho vi$c sii dyng phy ngit thih thdi de hi$n tlnh thdi hda trong cdc bdi phdt bilu d3 chpn. Cdc vf dy dy cung t§p tiung vdo ba kilu phy ngft tlnh thdi dupc sur dyng nhilu nhdt Id thudng xuydn, cudng dQ, vd thdi gian.
Thu nhdt, cdc phy ngft ttah thdi thudng xuydn vdi miic dO tCt cao, trung blnh den thdp
dupc Sli dyng d l the h i | n tinh thdi hda. Bon cii nhu trong bdi phdt bieu ciia Bill Gates, dng ndi: "Dad, I always told you I'd come back and get my de^ee" (Bill Gates, 2007; Bl, c<ni vln ludn ludn ndi vdi b6 rfing con sS quay Ifd vd ldy tdm bfing ciia con). Phy ngft tinh thdi thudng xuydn "always" (lu6n ludn) dupc xip trong nhdm tit thuQc miic dQ cao vd d diy khi Sli dyng. Bill Gates mu6n thl hi$n sy khd chju khi dng phdi nhfic dl nhfic Ifii rdt nhilu 1 ^ vdi cha mlnh v l viQc quay trd l9i tnrdng d^i hpc.
d miic dQ trung bhih vd thdp, cd thl t^t g$p
"sometimes" (thinh thodng) vd "never" (khdng bao gid) dupc sii dyng trong cdc cix sau:
"Sometimes life hits you in the head with a bricK^ (Thinh thodng cuQc song gidng vdo d^u bfui mQt vidn g ^ h ) vd " / never graduated ffom university (Tdi chua bao gid tot nghi$p d^i hpc; Steve Jobs, 2005). Khi cdc phy ngQ
"sometunes" hay '*never" dupc sii dyng, tinh khfing dinh hay phii dfnh ciia cii khdng cdn d^t miucc t6l da. Thay vdo dd, cdc gid trj tnmg gian hay tlnh thdi hda dupc the hi^n. "Thhih thodng" cd nghia Id cd liic cd, cd liic khdng.
Khdng phdi 10c n t o cuQc sing cfing khd khfin nhung ddi khi nhiing rfic r6i bdt ngd cQng cd the $p.dln trong cuQc s6ng ciia m5i ngudi.
Tuong ty, "chua bao gid" s6 hodn todn khdc vdi "khdng". Steve Jobs ndi "Tdi chua bao gjd t6t nghiQp d^i hpc" dn chiia thdi dQ cfia dng khi nhdn mfmh vl^c mlnh chua tCmg cd ^ djnh hay ^ muln phdi t i t nghiQp d^i hpc.
Thif hai, hai phy ngit thdi thdi cudng d$
dupc sii dyng nhilu nhdt Id "even" ( t h ^ chQ vd "just" Ichi) bdi IS chiing ldn lupt dupc sli dyng 19 vd 17 lan trong todn bQ nfim bdi ph&
bilu. Nhta chung, hai phy ngft tlnh thdi cudng dQ ndy dupc diing de nhdn m^nh mQt hdnh dQng hay tr^ng thdi vd chfta dyng trong dd thdi dQ cOa ngudi phit ngdn. Barack Obama (2009) da ndi "Icome to affirm that one's title, even a title like President ofthe United States, says very little about how wc// one's life has been led*. (Tdi khdng dpih rfing mQt chiic danh ciia u d6, th|Un chl Id ting thing Hoa K^, cho bilt rdt ft v l cuQc sing ciia ngudi d6 da trd ndn t i t d?p nhu till ndo). 6 dfiy, khdng
S6 12 (242)-201S NG6N NGtr & B6I S6NG
35
chi dimg d viQc ndi chung chung "chiic danh ciia ai dd" md Obama cdn din ra mQt vf dy cy till nhu chlic danh ting thing Hoa K^ d l nhdn m ^ ve khodng cdch v l vd bdn ngodi vdi cuQc sing thyc sy ciia mSi ngudi. Xdt din phy ngit tinh tiidi "just" ta cd t h l bfit g&p trong "I'm just observing' (Tdi chi dang quan sdt;
Barbara Kmgsolver, 2008). Bd muln nhdn m^nh din hdnh dQng d a i ^ xdy ra d hiQn tfu Id
"quan sdt" md khdng kdm tiieo bdt kl hdnh dQng ndo khdc.
Thik ba, nhftng phy ngii tinh thdi thdi gian dupc Sli dyng khd phong phii nhu "now" (bdy gid), "already" (da), "just" (viia mdi),...Trong dd, "now" dupc sii dyng nhilu nhdt. MQt vf dy cho thdy sy xudt hiQn ciia phy ngfi ndy Id "I'm fine now" (BSy gid tdi on; Steve Jobs, 2005).
Trong tilng Anh, viQc sit dyng thdi hiQn tfii don gidn nhu trong cit ndy da dfi d l chl ra t r ^ g thdi hiQn t^i ciia chii thl md khdng cdn thdm **now". Tuy nhidn, Steve Jobs van sii dyng phy ngtt tinh thdi ndy de khfing dinh t r ^ g tiidi mang tfnh t^m thdi chii khdng mang tfnh ddi Ifiu. Cd till "bdy gid" till dng dy cdm thdy In, song mQt liic ndo dd d cuQc sing hiQn t^i ttfuig thdi dy sS khdng cdn dupc duy tri.
Ndi din hai phy ngft ttah thdi tiidi gian
"already" vd "just" thl bdn thdn chiing da cd sy khdc biQt v l m$t ^ nghTa. "Already" dupc dilng d l chi mQt hdnh dQng dfi xdy ra trudc thdi dilm ndi cdn "just** Id d l chl mQt hdnh dQng vita mdi xdy ra rdt gdn thdi dilm ndi,
Cd thl thdy, mudi kilu phy ngit tinh thdi dupc sd dyng diu c6 nhftng dnh hudng nhdt dinh v l ^ nghia ciia cdu. Tuy nhidn, d dfiy tdc gid chl mdi bdn v l ba kilu dupc sit dyng nhilu nhdt cDng nhu dua ra mQt vdi vf dy tifiu bilu dl phdn tich cy till. Cdc phy nga ttah tiidi khi dupc sft dyng deu nhfim myc dfch thl hiQn nh§n dinh hay ddnh gid ciia ngudi phdt ngdn vdi nQi dung phdn dodn md hp dua ra.
5. K i t lu^n
Geoff Thompson (1996) cho rflng, tinh thdi Id mQt khfa c^iJi vd ctmg phirc t^p trong ngft phdp tilng Anh. Do vgy, d l nghidn cfhi kT ludng vh vdn d l ndy cdn rdt nhilu thdi gian vd
cdng sftc. Nghidn cftu ndy hi vpng dfi ddng
^ p mQt phdn nhd trong viQc nghien ciru tinh thdi tilng Anh trong cdc bdi phdt bilu cy thl.
Tuy v$y, trong khudn k h i bdi vilt, tdc gid mdi chi t|lp trung vdo ttai hilu sy thl hiQn cila ttah thdi hda qua phy ngft ttah thdi trong nfim bdi phdt bilu cua cdc diln gid ndi tilng Anh md chua di sfiu vdo cdc vdn d l khdc lidn quan din ttah thdi. K i t qud cua nghifin cftu chl ra rfing, tinh thdi hda trong cdc phdn dodn cfta cdc bdi phdt bilu dupc the hiQn thdng qua mudi kilu phy ngft tinh thdi. Trong dd ba kilu dupc sft dyng nhieu nhit Id phy ngtt tinh thdi thudng xuyfin, cudng dQ vd thdi gian. Sy v ^ dyng khdo ldo vd linh ho^t cdc phy ngit tinh thdi giftp cdc phdt ngdn thl h i ^ quan <film hay thdi dQ ciia ngudi ndi doi vdi nQi dung md hp muln tmyln d^t.
T A I U%\} T H A M K H A O 1. Halliday, M. A. K. (2012), oSn lu^ ngft phip <Mc nSng. Ho&ng Vfin Vdn djch. Hd NQi: NXB DHQG.
2. Halliday, M. A. K. (1985), An introduction to functional ^ammar. London: Arnold.
3. Halliday, M. A. K. (1994), An introduction to fimctional ff-ammar. London: Arnold.
4. Thon^Kon, G. (1996), Introducing fimctional grammar. London: Arnold.
5. Gates, B. (2007), Remarks of Bill Gates - Harvard commencement 2007,
htlp://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2007/06/rem aiks-of-bill-gates-harvard-commencement 2007/
6. Jobs, S. (2005), "You've got to find what you love,' Jobs says,
ht4>://aew8.stanford.edu/news/200S/3unel S/jobs- 061S0SJitml.
7. Kingsolver, B. (2008), 2008 commencement adtb-ess bfy Barbara Kingsolver,
http://today.dul».edu/2008/05/ldi^8olver.htint tmy c9p ngdy 10 thdng 12 nam 2014.
8. Obama, B. {2(Xt9), Obama's commencement address at Arizona State University,
http://www.nytmies.coin/2009/05/l 3 / i i s ^ l i t i c s / l 3obama.texUitml?pagewanted=a11&_r=0 truy c$p ngdy 10 tfadng 12 n&m 2014.
9. Rowlmg, J. K. (2008). Text of J. K.
Rowling's speech, bt^:/Mews.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2008/06/text-of-
j4c-rowlmg-speech/ tmy c ^ ngdy 10 didng 12 nfim 2014.
