N g h i e n ciiu G i a d i n h v a G i d i
So 5 - 2 0 1 0
Tudi ket hon A Viet Nam va cac yeu to tac dong
Nguyen Hull Minh
Vien Gia dinin va Gidi
T o m t a t : Diia tren ket qua mot so'nghien ciiu thUc nghiem, bai viet tim hieu mot so' dae diem ciia khuon mau tuoi ket hon lan d i u ci Viet Nam, moi quan he cua no vdi qua trinh hien dai hoa, vai tro ciia nha nU6c va tac dong ciia chie'n tranh. Bai vie't chi ra rang qua trinh hien dai hoa va chie'n tranh la nhan to' quyet dinh lam tuoi ke't hon tang dang ke trong may thap ky qua. Tac gia du bao kha nang tuoi ke't hon ciia nam nQ d Viet Nam se tie'p tuc tang mac du d nhip do cham hdn. Bai vie't cung chi ra mot so'trd ngai trong viec kiem chting cac gia thuye't xung quanh cac yeu to' tac dgng de'n khuon mau tuoi ke't hon trpng cac nghien cilu cho de'n nay ve van de nay.
Txi k h o a : Hon nhan; Gia dinh; Tuoi ke't hon.
I. Mot SO each tiep can nghien ciiru tuoi ket hon
C5 hau het cac nudc chau A dang diSn ra qua trinh bie'n doi tir md hinh hdn nhan truySn thdng sang md hinh hdn nhan hien dai. Dae trung chu ye'u cua qua trinh nay la tuoi ke't hdn tang len, ti le nhung ngudi sd'ng ddc than cao, cac ca nhan cd quyen tu do ldn han trong viec quye't dinh hdn nhan ciia minh (Xenos va Gultiano, 1992; Chengung va dong tac gia, 1985).
Nhieu nha nghien ciiu da cd gang tim kiem cac yeu td lam thay ddi
khudn mlu tuoi ke't hdn. Ly thuye't hien dai hda ciia Goode (1963) nhan manh tac ddng cua cdng nghiep hoa, hien dai hda. Trong sd cac ye'u td hien dai hda, quan trong nha't la su gia tang cac eg hgi giao due, thay ddi CO ca'u viec lam va dd thi hda. Goode du bao rang, do tac ddng ciia cac ye'u td nay, trong cac xa hdi dang hien dai hda, viec ke't hdn cua cac ca nhan se ngay cang it le thudc han vao gia dinh, thanh nien cd quyen tu chii ldn han va phu nir ngay cang cd vi the xa hoi cao han. Ke't qua la, tren pham vi toan xa hdi se cd xu hudng ke't hdn mudn hon. 6 cap do ca nhan, Iy thuye't cua Goode din de'n gia thuye't thuc nghiem la nhiing ca nhan cd vi the xa hdi cao (hge van cao, lam viec trong cac nganh nghe hien dai,...) thudng ke't hdn mudn hon nhung ca nhan cd vi the xa hdi tha'p. Tuong tu, nhirng ngudi sinh ra va ldn len d cac vung dd thi thudng ke't hdn mudn han nhirng ngudi sinh ra va ldn len d ndng thdn. Trong sd cac ye'u td hien dai hoa, giao due dugc coi la ye'u td quan trgng nha't.
Mac dii cac nhan to hien dai hoa dugc thiia nhan la ap luc chu yeu gay nen sir bie'n doi khudn mlu tuoi ke't hdn, tac ddng cua cac nhan td nay d cac nudc la khdng gidng nhau. Cd nhiing khae biet nha't dinh giii'a cac nudc chau A ve khudn mlu tuoi ke't hdn, cho dii cac nudc dd cd cung trinh do phat trien kinh te. Ddng thdi cung cd nhirng ye'u to quan trgng khae da tac ddng de'n khudn mlu tuoi ke't hdn d mdi nudc, nhu yeu to vimg d Thai Lan, ye'u td dan tdc d Malaysia, su can thiep cua nha nudc vao van dfe gia dinh d Trung Qud'c. Tinh de'n nhiing thuc te dd, Dixon (1971) da de xua't mdt lugc do xa hgi hge nha'n manh tam quan trgng ciia ba bie'n sd dilu chinh su tac dgng cua ca'u tnic xa hgi de'n cac khudn mlu hdn nhan. Cac bie'n so dd la: kiid ndng co lite ciia iion nhdn (availability of marriage), tinh klid thi ciia lion nhdn (feasibility of marriage) va su mong mudn hon nhdn (desirabihty of marriage).
Theo Dixon, khd ndng co the ciia hon nlidn dugc quye't dinh chii ye'u bdi su can dd'i ve tuoi va gidi tinh cua nhiing ngudi trong do tuoi ke't hdn va cd the ke't hdn, cung nhu bdi tinh cha't cugc hdn nhan la dugc sip xep hay tu nguyen. Tinh klid tiii ciia hon nhdn lien quan chu ye'u de'n nhiing di6u kien can thiet de cap vg chdng mdi cd the dn dinh cugc sd'ng gia dinh, chang hah nhu da't dai va thu nhap. Hdn nhan se xua't hien sdm hon trong cac gia dinh cd dieu kien kinh te thuan Igi hon de hd trg cho cac cap vg chdng mdi tao lap cugc sd'ng rieng. Nhu vay, d nhiing noi ma gia dinh md rdng la phd bie'n, mgi ngudi cd xu hudng ke't hdn sdm hon bdi vi trong mdi trudng dd su trg giiip kinh te cho cac gia dinh tre la d6 dang han. Mong mudn hon nhdn bi quye't dinh chu ye'u bdi cac ap luc xa hdi cung nhu dgng ca ca nhan khi ke't hdn. Ap luc xa hoi cd the la nhiing lgi ich ca nhan nhan
N g u y g n HQu M i n h 5
dugc tir hdn nhan nhu duy trl ddng gid'ng, trg giiip kinh te khi khd khan, ddi sd'ng tinh cam... ciing nhu nhiing ma't mat ma ca nhan phai chiu ne'u hg di ngugc lai vdi chuan muc, chang han nhu tinh trang sd'ng cd don, chiu dung nhiJng ldi dam tieu. Diem manh trong each tie'p can ciia Dixon la su nha'n manh de'n tac ddng ciia cac thie't che xa hdi nhu he thdng gia dinh va cac chuan muc hdn nhan, ciing nhu cac yeu td khae cd the anh hudng de'n su can dd'i cua ti suat tudi - gidi tinh. Cac ye'u td nay khdng nha't thie't bie'n ddi cimg nhip do vdi qua trinh hien dai hoa. Chang han, ye'u td chie'n tranh cd the lam thay ddi su tac ddng cua cac yeu to hien dai hoa de'n khudn mlu tudi ke't hdn thdng qua viec thay ddi ti suat tudi - gidi tinh va lam giam nhe ap luc ciia chuan muc truyfen thd'ng dd'i vdi hdn nhan.
Ye'u to nha nudc, thdng qua luat phap cQng nhu cac chinh sach kinh te- xa hdi cu the cd the tac ddng de'n tudi ke't hdn bing viec thay ddi su mong mudn hdn nhan, tinh khd thi ciia hdn nhan, va khd ndng co the cua hdn nhan (mugn thuat ngir cua Dixon, 1971) dd'i vdi mgi ngudi, dae biet la nhirng ngudi lam viec cho nha nudc. Mdt so nghien cuu d Trung Qud'c cho tha'y cac cdng chiic nha nudc thudng chiu nhieu ap luc ciia chinh sach nha nudc ve cdng tac dan sd va ke hoach hda gia dinh han nhiJng ngudi khae VI hg phu thudc nhieu vao cac td chiic nha nudc trong viec cap nha, di hoc cho con cai, de bat, v.v. (Whyte va Parish, 1984; Liao, 1989). Tuy nhien anh hudng cua vi the lam viec trong khu vuc nha nudc hay khdng lam viec trong khu vuc nha nudc de'n tudi ke't hdn cung khdng hoan toan dan gian nhu vay. Lam viec trong khu vuc nha nudc cd the cd kha nang tao ra cac ngudn luc nhieu han de dap iing yeu cau ciia hdn nhan. Trong trudng hcfp dd, ne'u cha me lam viec cho nha nudc thi con cai cd nhieu kha nang ke't hdn sdm han vi hg cd the dua nhieu han vao gia dinh.
Dua trdn ke't qua mdt so cugc nghien^ciiu thuc nghiem gan day, bai vie't nay trinh bay mdt so dae diem cua khudn mlu tudi ke't hdn lan dau d Viet Nam, md'i quan he cua nd vdi qua trinh hien dai hoa, vai trd ciia nha nudc va tac ddng ciia chie'n tranh.
II. Khuon mau tuoi ket hon va xu hirdng
Ty le ke't hdn d nhdm tudi 45-49 the hien miic do phd bie'n ciia hdn nhan lien quan de'n tai san xua't dan so. Nam 1989 ty le nay la 98,5% dd'i vdi nam va 96,5% dd'i vdi nQ (Nguyin Hiru Minh, 2000a). Theo sd lieu Tdng dilu tra dan sd nam 1999 thi cd 98,8% nam va 94,2% nQ do tudi 45-49 da timg ke't hdn (Tdng cue Thd'ng ke, 2001). Ke't qua Tdng dieu tra dan sd nam 2009 chi ra ring cd 97,9% nam gidi va 94,4% nQ gidi d do tudi 45-49 da.
timg ket .hdn (Ban chi dao Tdng dieu tra dan sd va nha d trung uang
(TDTDSTU), 2010: 48). Miic do dn djnh ciia ty le ke't hdn d nhdm tudi 45- 49 qua 20 nam qua khang dinh rang hdn nhan d Viet Nam la phd bien.
Mdt dilu khae dang quan tam la tudi ke't hdn ddi vdi nam va nQ d do tudi vi thanh nien. Dd'i vdi nam gidi, d do tudi 15-19 cd 2,2% da tiing ket hdn va vdi nu gidi la 8,5%. Cd 1,2% nu d do tudi 15 da timg ket hdn, 2,6%
d do tudi 16 va 5,6% d do tudi 17. Nhu vay, mdt bd phan khdng nhd thanh nien Viet Nam ke't hdn dudi tudi luat dinh, tiic la 18 vdi nQ va 20 vdi nam (Ban chi dao TDTDSTU, 2010: 51).
Nhin chung nQ cd xu hudng ke't hdn sdm hon nam. Tudi ke't hdn trung binh lln diu (SMAM)' d Viet Nam la 24,4 dd'i vdi nam va 23,2 dd'i vdi nu theo Tdng dieu tra dan so nam 1989. So lieu tuong iing nam 1999 la 25,4 dd'i vdi nam va 22,8 dd'i vdi nQ va nam 2009 la 26,2 vdi nam va 22,8 vdi nQ (Ban chi dao TDTDSTU, 2010: 48). Nhu vay cd the nhan thay tudi ket hdn trung binh lan diu ciia nam gidi cd xu hudng tang len trong vdng 20 nam qua, tuy nhien tudi ket hdn ciia nQ lai cd xu hudng giam nhe.
So sanh vdi cac nudc trong 'viing cd the tha'y ring, dan so nam d Viet Nam cd xu hudng ket hdn sdm hon so vdi cac nudc khae d Ddng Nam A.
Cac chi sd vl thdi diem ket hdn ciia dan sd nam d Viet Nam nhu tudi trung binh ket hdn lln diu va ti le nam gidi cdn ddc than d tudi 15-19 d mdt miic do nao dd la thap han cac chi bao ciing loai d hiu het cac nudc Ddng Nam A, va ti le da tiing ket hdn la cao nhat trong vung. Trong khi dd tudi trung binh ket hdn lan dau ciia dan sd nQ Viet Nam va ti le phu nQ chua tQng ke't hdn d do tudi 15-19 la xep thii ba trong so cac nudc Ddng Nam A, sau Malaysia va Singapore (Nguyin Hiru Minh, 2000a).
Xu hudng qua do tQ khudn mlu tudi kit hdn sdm sang tudi ket hdn mudn han d Viet Nam da dugc khang dinh d cac nghien cuu, chang han tu ket qua Tdng dieu tra dan sd 1999, 2009; Dilu tra Gia dinh Viet Nam (DTGDVN) 2006 hoac so lieu d dieu tra chgn mlu (Tdng cue thd'ng ke, 2001; Le Nggc Van, 2006; Nguyin HQu Minh, 2007; Bg Van hda. The thao va Du lich va co quan khae, 2008; Ban chi dao TDTDSTU, 2010).
III. Cac yeu to tac dong
3.1. Cac yeu to' hien dai hoa
Su nang cao trinh do giao due, tang cudng dd thi hoa va md rdng cac CO hdi lam viec trong khu vuc phi ndng nghiep thirc su thiic day manh me qua trinh chuyen khudn mlu tudi ket hdn d Viet Nam tQ truyen thd'ng sang hien dai.
N g u y e n Hflu M i n h 7
Ddng vai trd ndi bat trong viec lam bien ddi he thd'ng gia tri vl hdn nhan va gia dinh d Viet Nam trudc het la su phat trien cua he thd'ng giao due. Trinh do hoc van cua dan cu, dae biet la cua phu nQ, da tang len dang ke trong may thap nien qua (Ban chi dao TDTDSTU, 2000: 69). Trinh do hge van tang len da tao thuan lgi cho viec truyen ba nhQng quan niem mdi vl hdn nhan va gia dinh trong nhung ngudi tre tudi.
Dd'i vdi ca nam va nQ, sd nam hoc tap la ye'u to quan trgng nha't tac ddng de'n tudi ke't hdn lln dau. Tudi ket hdn tang dan diu cimg vdi su tang ldn cua trinh do hge vin (Nguyin HQu Minh, 2000a, 2000b, 2007). Ly do chu ye'u ciia viec nay la thanh nien phai danh nhilu thdi gian hon cho hge tap.
Qua trinh dd thi hoa d Viet Nam, mac du diln ra cdn cham, da tao ra mdt ldi sd'ng khae biet vdi ldi sd'ng ndng thdn. Ti le phu nQ da tQng ket hdn d cac vung dd thi la thip han dang ke so vdi cac vung ndng thdn. Theo so lieu Tdng dieu tra dan so 1989 va 1999, nam d dd thi ket hdn mugn hon nam d ndng thdn khoang 3 nam va su khae biet d nQ la 2 nam (Tdng cue Thd'ng ke, 2001: 4). Sd lieu Tdng dilu tra dan sd nam 2009 cho bie't tudi ke't hdn trung binh lln diu cua nam thanh thi la 27,7 va nQ la 24,4, trong khi d ndng thdn tuong ung la 25,6 va 22,0. MQc chenh lech thanh thi ndng thdn la khoang 2 nam. Ty trgng chua tung kit hdn ciia dan sd tQ 15 tudi trd ldn cua thanh thi cao han ciia ndng thdn (31% so vdi 25%) va ty trgng kit hdn vi thanh nidn ciia ndng thdn cao han gan ba lan so vdi ciia thanh thi (Ban chi dao TDTDSTU, 2010).
Dan cu d khu vuc ndng thdn cd xu hudng kit hdn sdm hon dan cu d khu vuc thanh thi vi d thanh thi, ngoai chuyen hdn nhan, thanh nien cdn cd nhilu md'i quan tam,khae nhu hge hanh, cdng viec. Ngudi dan dd thi cd nhu ciu vl cugc sd'ng cao han, viec tao ra dilu kien vat cha't thda man nhu ciu ddi sd'ng ddi hdi nhilu thdi gian hon va tudi kit hdn, do dd, cung trd nen mudn han. Ke't qua phan tich nhilu cugc dilu tra khae nhau chi ra ring mQc do dd thi hoa d nai sinh la mdt trong nhQng yeu td cd vai trd quan trgng nha't tac ddng den khudn mlu tudi kit hdn lln diu (Nguyin Huu Minh, 2000a, 2000b, 2007).
Su phat trien kinh te' cung da md rgng cac ca hgi nghi nghiep phi ndng nghiep cho dan cu, dae biet cho phu nQ, vi vay ddi hdi thanh nien nam nu phai cin them thdi gian dao tao va tim kiem viec lam ngoai pham vi ddng rugng ciia minh. Dd la mdt yeu td lam tang them tudi kit hdn.
Ke't qua DTGDVN 2006 eho thiy nhQng ngudi lam cac cdng viec cd trinh do ky thuat cd tudi kit hdn trung binh cao han nhQng ngudi lam cac cdng viec lao dgng chan tay dan gian. Cu the, nhQng ngudi lam cdng viec
chuyen mdn ky thuat cao cd tudi ket hdn trung binh la 25,8 vdi nam va 24,1 vdi nQ trong khi tudi ket hdn trung binh cua ngudi lam cdng viec lao dgng don gian la 22,9 vdi nam va 20,7 vdi nu. Nguyen nhan la trong khi nhQng ngudi lam cdng viec lao ddng don gian danh thdi gian cho viec yeu duong va lap gia dinh thi nhQng ngudi lam edng viec chuyen mdn ky thuat phai diu tu thdi gian cho hge tap, cdng viee rdi mdi tinh de'n chuyen lap gia dinh (Bo Van hda. The thao va Du lich va eac co quan khae, 2008: 40).
NhQng ngudi lam viec trong cac nganh nghi phi ndng nghiep cd xu hudng ke't hdn mudn han nhQng ngudi lam nghi ndng nghiep (Nguyin HQu Minh, 2000a, 2000b). Tuy nhien, tai mgt sd hoan canh nhat dinh, chang han, d nhQng dia ban khao sat ma cac nghe nghiep phi ndng nghiep khdng ddi hdi nhilu vl viee dao tao de nang cao ky nang nghi nghiep nen nhu ciu phai dinh hoan hdn nhan de hoc nghe hoac nang cao trinh do chuyen mdn khdng cao, thi tac ddng lam cham lai tudi kit hdn ciia nghi nghiep phi ndng nghiep la khdng ldn (Nguyin HQu Minh, 2007),
3.2. Yeu to' kinh te
Theo lap luan ciia Dixon (1971), yeu td kinh tied vai trd quan trong vi nd bao dam tinh kha thi cua hdn nhan. Ne'u hai ngudi cd mong mud'n hdn nhan nhung chua du nhQng dieu kien ve kinh te de xay dung gia dinh rieng, thi viec ket hdn cd the phai lui lai. Trong thuc te, mot sd nghien cuu d Viet Nam da cd ging do ludng tac ddng cua bie'n sd dilu kien kinh te de'n tudi kit hdn. Tuy vay, do chua cd nhiJng chi bao thich hgp do ludng dilu kien kinh te cua cac ca nhan va gia dinh vao thdi diem ket hdn, cac phan tich dinh iQgng cho de'n nay chua cho tha'y vai trd quan trgng eiia bie'n so nay (Nguyin HQu Minh, 2007). Day cd the la mgt nhiem vu eho cac nghien cuu tiep theo vl chii dl nay. Ngugc lai, cac ket qua khao sat dinh tinh ggi ra ring, yeu td kinh te thuc su cd y nghia trong viec quye't dinh thdi diem ke't hdn. Nhilu ngudi da khdng the lay vg khi chua chuan bi du tiem luc kinh te, bdi ho hieu ring xiy dung gia dinh nghia la phai dd'i dien vdi viec tu lo cho gia dinh rieng cua minh. Nhilu ngUdi da 29-30 tudi nhung chua sin sang cho viec xay dung gia dinh bdi le day la viec Idn, lien quan de'n ngudn tiln de td chQc II cudi va tao dung cuoc sd'ng doc lap sau dd. Mdt nam gidi lam tiiu thu cdng nghiep d Phii Da (Thua Thien- Hue) phat bieu: "Di ldm nliuthe, ngheo qua, khong co tien cd bgc thi cdc CO gdi khong ua, khong ai lay. Nhu anh ndy 35 tudi md chua co vg. Kie'm dn chua dii thi ldy vg rdng dugc. Ngheo cdc co gdi khong thich. Noi thiet dd. Cit thdt ngiiiep d nhd thi kho lay vg ldm." (Tai lieu dinh tinh Du an SIDA - Gia dinh ndng thdn Viet Nam trong chuyen ddi).
N g u y g n HQu M i n h 9
Lien quan den vai trd ciia yeu td kinh te, mdt ty le dang ke ngudi tra ldi trong cugc DTGDVN 2006 d do tudi 18-60 (27,4%) cho ring hg tim de'n viec kit hdn "de ban than ed chd dua vl vat chat va tinh than" (Bo Van hda. The thao va Du lich va cac ca quan khae, 2008: 54). Rd rang, cac ca nhan mong dgi cugc hdn nhan se la co hdi cai thien cugc sdng cua hg. Mot so ngudi cung cho rang, trong nhilu trudng hgp, viec lay vg lly chong cdn cd the tao dilu kien de bd me gia va cac thanh vien khae cua gia dinh dugc cham sdc, giiip dd td't hon. Cung chinh vi vay, mgt trong hai nguyen nhan hang diu cua viec chua tung lly vg lay chdng khi d do tudi 40 ddi vdi nQ va 45 ddi vdi nam tai cugc DTGDVN 2006 chfnh la "do hoan canh gia dinh" (28,1%), ching han, gia dinh neo dan, kinh te khd khan (sdd: 51).
Rat nhilu ngudi trong nhdm dge than la tru cot chinh trong gia dinh, viec lap gia dinh cd the anh hudng xlu den miic sd'ng cua hd.
3.3. Cac yeu to van hoa
Mot trong nhung ye'u td van hda quan trgng giai thich cho viec lira chgn thdi diim kit hdn la quan niem hdn nhan la phd bie'n d Viet Nam. Sd lieu DTGDVN 2006 cho bie't, dd'i vdi hiu hit ngudi Viet Nam, xay dung gia dinh rieng la mdt gia tri cugc sd'ng. Nhu cau thanh ngu "trai khdn dung vg, gai ngoan ga chdng", ngudi ta cho ring kit hdn la viec phai lam. Chinh vi vay, mgi ngudi deu mong mudn xay dung gia dinh sdm nhit cd the khi hdi dii cac dilu kien. Mong mud'n cua bd me dd'i vdi hdn nhan cua con trai nhim duy tri ndi gidng, cung nhu udc mong cua bd me ring con gai ho se khdng bi lam vao canh sd'ng cd don khi ve gia, la nhQng ly do chii ye'u de bd me can thiep vao viee hdn nhan cua con cai. Sir tham gia cua cha me vao viec lira chon ban ddi ciia con cai thud'ng dugc coi nhu mdt trach nhiem trong cugc sd'ng. Chinh vi vay, nhilu bac cha me mong mudn thuc hien nhiem vu nay cang sdm cang td't. Ye'u to van hda nay se tac ddng de'n tudi kit hdn cua mgi ngudi.
Phii hgp vdi kit qua cua nhQng nghien cQu khae d cac nudc chau A, sd lieu dilu tra d Viet Nam cho thay nhung cuoc hdn nhan do cha me sip xep thudng diln ra sdm hon nhung cuoc hdn nhan khae (Nguyin Huu Minh, 2000b). Kit qua mgt cuoc khao sat cho biet, trung binh, nhung nam gidi ma hdn nhan chu yeu do cha me sip xep thudng ket hdn sdm han 3,6 nam so vdi nhQng ngudi tu minh quyet dinh viec hdn nhan (Nguyin Hiiu Minh, 2000a).
Trong mot sd khung canh, su ep budc trong hdn nhan cd anh hudng khae nhau len tudi kit hdn eiia nam va nu va ap lue gia dinh dd'i vdi viec kit hdn cua nQ la manh han so vdi viee ke't hdn ciia nam (Nguyin Huu Minh, 2007). Dilu nay phu hgp vdi quan diem chung cua nhQng the he cha
me thdi ky trudc, lo ling cho con gai "tudi xuan vun vut qua di" va mong mud'n giup con cd chdng cang sdm cang tdt.
Mgt yeu to van hda khae cd tac ddng den tudi kit hdn la tdn giao. Kit qua nghien cuu d khu -vuc ddng bing sdng Hdng cho thay nhung ngudi theo dao Thien chiia thudng kit hdn sdm han so vdi nhQng ngudi khdng theo dao Thien chua va tac ddng ciia ylu td tham gia tdn giao manh han dd'i vdi nhQng ngudi nQ. Dilu nay xae nhan gia thuylt cho ring nhung ngudi theo Dao Thien ehiia trong vung cd the coi ndi hdn va kit hdn sdm nhu la nhung each duy tri su doan kit va phat trien ciia nhdm (Godscheider, 1969; Kennedy, 1973). Tie ddng ciia viec theo Thien chua giao dd'i vdi nQ manh hon dd'i vdi nam ed le vi phu nu theo dao Thien chua chiu nhilu ap luc phai lay chdng trong cung tdn giao tQ phia gia dinh.
Theo phong tuc truyin thd'ng, cac cd dau vung ddng bing sdng Hdng thudng ve nha chdng sau khi kit hdn. Vi the, cac bac cha me trong cac gia dinh Thien chua giao cd the e ngai ring neu con gai hg cudi mdt ngudi chdng ngoai dao thi con gai hg se khdng cdn gin bd vdi Thidn chiia giao nQa.
Vai trd quan trgng ciia con trai ca trong gia dinh va ddng hg tai nhilu xa hoi A chau cung ggi y xu hudng kit hdn sdm hon ciia nhung ngudi la con trai ea so vdi nhQng ngudi khae. NhQng nghien eiru d Viet Nam cho de'n nay cho tha'y tac ddng cua yeu to con trai ca trong gia dinh de'n khudn mlu tudi kit hdn khdng nhat quan giua cac cugc dilu tra. Ching han, khao sat tai 10 xa/phudng d ba tinh Ha Nam, Nam Dinh, Ninh Binh nam 1995 cho tha'y vai trd cua ylu td con trai ca khdng ldn. Tuy nhien, cugc khao sat tai ba diem dan cu ndng thdn d Yen Bai, ThQa Thien-Hul, Tiln Giang nam 2004-2006 lai xae nhan ring nhung ngudi con trai ca cd xu hudng kit hdn sdm han so vdi nhung ngudi con trai khae, sau khi da tinh den vai trd eua cac ylu to khae.
Tap tuc ciia cac dan toe cd anh hudng quan trgng din do tudi kit hdn.
Ching han, mdt nghien ciiu tai ba xa d Yen Bai, ThQa Thien-Hue va Tiln Giang cho tha'y nam gidi dan tdc Kinh kit hdn mugn han nam gidi cae dan tdc thieu sd gin hai nam (Nguyin Huu Minh, 2007). Mdt sd thanh nien ngudi dan tdc Hmdng d dia ban khio sat tham chi cd the kit hdn d do tudi 14-15.
3.4. Ye'u to' nha nu'dc
Nhirng cai each luat phap nhim hgp phap hoa quyln tu do lira chgn ban ddi cung nhu tang tudi kit hdn td'i thilu cd the gdp phan quan trgng vao viec dinh hinh mot khudn mlu mdi vl tudi kit hdn. Luat Hdn nhan va Gia dinh nam 1959 ciia Chinh phu Viet Nam dan chii cdng hoa (dugc thi hanh
NguySn HQu M i n h 1 1
d miin Bic cho din nam 1975 va ap dung chung cho ca nudc tQ nam 1976 de'n nam 1986) va cac bo luat sira ddi tilp theo da khing dinh tudi kit hdn dugc quy dinh la 18 cho nQ va 20 cho nam. Phong trao van ddng sinh de cd ke hoach, van ddng thanh nien kit hdn mudn (26 tudi dd'i vdi nam, 22 tudi ddi vdi nQ), cung da gdp phin cimg cd chuin muc tudi kit hdn mdi.
Tac ddng cua yeu td nha nudc din tudi kit hdn the hien qua cac chi bao do ludng khae nhau. Dd'i vdi cugc dilu tra Lich dai Viet Nam nam 1995 tai 10 xa/phudng d ba tinh (da neu tren), vai trd true tilp cua ye'u td nha nudc dugc do ludng thdng qua chi bao "cha/me lam viec trong khu vuc nha nudc" khdng the hien rd (Nguyin Huu Minh, 2000b). Tuy nhien, cugc khao sat tai ba xa ndng thdn d Yen Bai, ThQa Thien - Hul, Tiln Giang cho tha'y lam viec trong khu vuc nha nudc cd vai trd quan trgng nhat trong viee tang tudi kit hdn ciia nhung ngudi dugc hdi. Mgt trong nhung nguyen nhan khiln nhung ngudi lam viec trong khu vuc nha nudc kit hdn mudn hon la vi hg phai lo hge hanh dl xin dugc viec lam cin thiet, tiep dd lai phai cd ging trong nghi nghiep dl cdn lo kinh te gia dinh va su nghiep. Ngoai ra, hg thudng sdng xa gia dinh, khdng bi gia dinh rang budc nen dl dang tu quyet dinh thdi diem kit hdn ciia minh hon (Nguyin Huu Minh, 2007).
Anh hudng quan trgng cu'a ylu td nha nudc cdn dugc the hien thdng qua viec thi hanh cic ehinh sach cd lien quan d cac thdi ky khae nhau.
Ching han, cugc khao sat d ba tinh ddng bing sdng Hdng cho thay da cd su tang len dang kl vl tudi kit hdn giua hai thdi ky, trudc va sau Luat Hdn nhan va Gia dinh nam 1959. Chinh sach nha nudc cung cd thi tac ddng de'n tudi kit hdn thdng qua viec nang cao trinh do hoc van va md rdng co hdi nghi nghiep ngoai pham vi ndng nghiep. Them vao dd, nhung ngudi cd hoc van cao va lam nghi phi ndng nghiep thudng bi anh hudng nhilu nha't bdi cae chinh sach nha nudc. Khudn mlu tudi kit hdn sau khi thuc hien Luat Hdn nhan va Gia dinh nam 1959 phd bien nhanh hon trong nhung ngudi cd hoc va'n cao hgn, lam nghi phi ndng nghiep (Nguyin HQu Minh, 2000b).
3.5. Yeu td tham gia quan doi va chie'n tranh
Chie'n tranh cd the lam thay ddi khudn mlu tudi kit hdn do nam gidi phai trl hoan hdn nhan de phuc vu trong quan ddi va ti le chet cao cua nam thanh nien trong do tudi kit hdn. Mot hau qua nang ne khae ciia cugc chiln tranh lau dai la sd lugng ldn nhung ngudi thuong tat, mat kha nang lao dong (Banister, 1993). Kha nang tham gia vao hdn nhan ciia nhdm ngudi nay thudng thap han nhung ngudi khae. Kit qua la hg budc phai kit hdn mudn hon hoac sdng ddc than.
Tie ddng ciia yeu td chien tranh den do tudi kit hdn d Viet Nam kha rd rang. Kit qua tQ Dilu tra nhan khau hge va sQc khde Viet Nam 1988, Tdng dieu tra dan sd 1989, Dilu tra lieh sir cugc sdng Viet Nam 1991 va cac cugc dilu tra khae ggi y ring chie'n tranh cd tie ddng de'n khudn mlu tudi kit hdn lln diu cua cl hai gidi nam va nu. Dd'i vdi nam gidi, nhung ngudi tham gia quan ddi thudng kit hdn mugn hon nhung ngudi khdng tham gia quan ddi. NhQng nam thanh nien tham gia lire lugng quan dgi trudc khi kit hdn tham chi cdn trl hoan hdn nhan cua hg lau hon. NhQng phu nu cd chdng tham gia quan ddi cung kit hdn mucin hon dang ke so vdi nhung phu nQ ma chdng cua ho khdng tham gia quan ddi. Ti le ldn nam gidi tham gia quan dgi trong thdi gian chien tranh chd'ng My ddng vai trd quan trgng tao nen xu hudng kit hdn mudn hon cua nam gidi trong mdt khoang thdi gian dai (Nguyin HQu Minh, 2000a, 2000b).
Anh hudng cua chiln tranh len khudn mlu tudi kit hdn lln diu khdng chi bilu hien d viec tri hoan xay dung gia dinh dl nam gidi tham gia phuc vu quan ddi ma cdn thi hien d viec lam tang sd iQgng phu nQ sd'ng ddc than do mdt so lugng dang kl nam thanh nien bi chet trong thdi gian chie'n tranh (Hirschman va ddng tie gia, 2009).
Trong nhiing trudng hgp tic ddng eiia ylu to chien tranh khdng dugc do mdt each true tilp thi, trong mot sd nghien ciiu, nhiing chi bao giin tilp nhu so sanh giQa cac ldp the he kit hdn thuoc giai doan 1948-1975 gin liln vdi 30 nam chiln tranh bao ve td qude cua chiing ta vdi cac giai doan khae vl sau cung cho tha'y ring chiln tranh da thuc su de lai dau an tren khudn mlu tudi kit hdn cua dan cu Viet Nam, vdi viec lam tang tudi kit hdn ciia nhung ngudi trudng thanh trong giai doan chiln tranh (Nguyin HQu Minh, 2007).
3.6. Cac yeu to' khae
Do han che vl so lieu trong eae nghien cuu, nhilu bien so phan tich chua giai thich dugc day dii xu hudng lich su bien ddi tudi kit hdn. Dilu nay ggi y ring cd mdt thien hudng chung vl kit hdn mugn theo thdi gian hoan toin khdng phu thudc vao nhQng dae trung ca nhan va gia dinh da xem xet trong cac md hinh phan tich. Nhung yeu td khic cd the da tao nen su thay ddi vl thdi diem kit hdn.
Mdt vi du la ylu td ndi long chuin muc xa hdi trong quan he tinh due cua thanh nien. Viec cd thi quan he tinh due ma khdng can den hdn nhan da dugc mdt bd phan khdng nhd dan cu chap nhan, nhit la khi quan he tinh due dd dua trdn tinh yeu (Bd Van hda. The thao va Du Iich va cac co quan khic, 2008). Chinh dilu dd tao dilu kien cho nhilu thanh nien hien
N g u y i n HQu M i n h 1 3
nay cd the thda man quan he tinh due ma khdng cin vdi va kit hdn. Su mat can bing gidi tinh tai mdt sd vung do tie ddng cua ylu td di eu cung lam tang tudi kit hdn cho mdt nhdm dan eu nao dd, nQ hoac nam. Ching han, nhilu nam thanh nien di cu den cac vung dd thi hoac cac tinh phia Nam lam an rdi d lai dd xay dung gia dinh cd the lam cho mdt bd phan nQ thanh nien d cac dia phuong phia Bic giam di ca hdi tim hieu va lira chgn ban ddi, do dd cham xay dung gia dinh. Ngugc lai, tai mgt sd dia phuong cd hien tugng nhilu phu nu tre lay chdng Dai Loan hoac Han Qud'c da lam cho nhilu nam gidi giim co hdi tim kie'm vg tai dd va phai tim hieu d eac dia phuong khae, do dd cham viec kit hdn. Dilu nay lien quan din ylu td kiid ndng lua chgn bgn ddi nhu cich ndi cua Dixon (1971).
Nhilu ylu td khae cd the tie ddng din khudn mlu tudi kit hdn nhung chua dugc dua vao cic md hinh phan tieh dinh lugng nhu anh hudng eua truyin thdng dai chung, nhung cugc thao luan rdng rai vl luat phip trong nhan dan dd'i vdi su thay ddi nhan thQc cua thanh nien. Ching han, mdt sd kit qua phan tich dinh tinh tai ba xa ndng thdn thudc Yen Bai, ThQa Thien - Hue, Tien Giang cho thay thanh nien cd xu hudng kit hdn muon vi hg cho ring trude mit ndn lo lam an, lo vui ban be da, de hiiu xa hdi hon rdi mdi budc vao cugc sd'ng vg chdng. Vi da budc vao hdn nhan la phai lo ling, lo kilm tiln vl nudi gia dinh rieng, lo tiln cho con di hge cung nhu nhilu thu lo khic. Tai nhilu noi, xu hudng kit hdn mudn cua phu nu the hien rd rang hon cua nam gidi. Thdi gian trude day cac cd gai 17-18 tudi da phai lo lly chdng, nlu chua cd ai din hdi thi cha me se rat lo ling, thi gid day 25-26 tudi ehua lay chdng hg cung khdng tha'y la mudn.
Ngoai ra, cd mgt bd phan sd'ng ddc than do sue khde khdng cho phep ho lap gia dinh (12,1%) hoac do ban than hg thich cugc sdng tu do (12,6%
ngudi sd'ng ddc than) (Bo Van hda. The thao va Du lieh va cac co quan khae, 2008). Ty le tha'p nhQng ngudi sdng ddc than vi thich cugc sdng tu do phan anh su khae biet ciia Viet Nam vdi cac nudc phuang Tay. Tuy nhien, nd cung cho thay xu hudng mdi vl hdn nhan eua mdt bd phan ngudi dan trong xa hgi.
Ket luan
NhQng nghien cQu trong han mdt thap nien qua d Viet Nam da xae nhan mdt sd nguyen nhan chi'nh ciia ^fthay ddi dang ke vl khudn mlu tudi kit hdn d Viet Nam, trong do cd vai trd rat quan trgng ciia cac ye'u td hien dai hda, ylu td kinh t l cung nhu van hda. Ddng thdi cac nghien cQu da chi ra anh hudng manh me cua ylu td nha nudc va chiln tranh len tudi kit hdn. Qua trinh hien dai hda va chie'n tranh dugc coi la nhan td quylt
dinh lam tudi kit hdn tang dang ke trong may thap ky qua.
Do tac ddng dan xen cua cac yeu td hien dai hda, chinh sach nha nude va chie'n tranh ddi vdi su bie'n ddi tudi kit hdn cua dan cu, se it kha nang cd su tang nhanh tudi kit hdn d Viet Nam trong vai thap nien tdi. Thay vao dd, cd the se diln ra hien tugng kit hdn sdm hon trong mdt so ngudi tre tudi so vdi nhirng ngudi da trai qua thdi gian chiln tranh. Tuy nhien dd khdng phai la hien tugng quay trd lai khudn m l u kit hdn sdm truyin thd'ng. NhQng nhu cau mdi v l nang cao trinh do hoc van va cd dugc ca hdi nghi nghiep mdi ngoai pham vi ndng nghiep do cai cleh kinh t l dua lai se tilp tuc khuyen khich nhung ngudi tre tudi liii lai viec xay dung gia dinh.
Cd the du bao ring tudi kit hdn eua nam nu d Viet Nam se tilp tuc tang mac du d nhip do cham hon nhilu so vdi cac thap nien trudc.
Bing chQng thuc nghiem ciia cac cugc khao sat d Viet Nam ggi ra ring phin ldn cac md hinh phan tich chua giai thich dugc mot each day dii xu hudng bie'n ddi tudi kit hdn. NhQng khd khan ve m l u khao sat, each do ludng cd thi la trd ngai trong viec kiem chQng mdt cich hoan toan cac gia thuylt ly thuylt xung quanh cac ylu td tac ddng d i n khudn m l u tudi kit hdn nhu ly thuylt cua Goode, Dixon va dilu nay la ddng luc cho cac nghidn cQu tiep theo v l chii de nay.H
Chu thich
'" Tudi ket hon trung binh lan dau cho biet so' nam trung binh cua the he gia dinh da song doc than trudc khi ket hon ISn dSu.
Tai lieu tham khao
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Nguy§n HQu Minh 1 5 for the Schientific study of population), pp.293-308.
Du an SIDA - Gia dinh nong thon Viet Nam trong chuyen doi (VS/RDE-05). Cac tai lieu dinh lugng va dinh tinh.
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Gia d i n h v a G i 6 i So 5 - 2 0 1 0
Di cir hon nhan Viet Nam - Han Quoc:
nhufng van 0e fiat ra
Le Thj Quy
Trirdng Dai hoc Khoa hoc Xa hoi va Nhan van, Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Noi
T o m t a t : Van de hon nhan co ye'u to' nU6c ngoai la dieu binh thUdng, dUdc phap luat Viet Nam thCra nhan va bao ve, song hien nay co nhieu van de nay sinh tii cac cuoc hon nhan nay. Tii cac nguon tai lieu san co, bai "vie't tap trung xem xet thUc trang van de ket hon giiia phu nii Viet Nam lay chong Han Quo'c va nhiing van de dat ra v6i cuoc song hon nhan ciia cac cap vd chong Viet - Han, ciing nhU cac hoat dong ho trd hien nay cho nhiing cuoc hon nhan nay. Tac gia ciing cho r i n g de dam bao dUdc vai tro va kha nang xay dUng gia dinh ciia cac cap vd chong quo'c te trong thiic hien cac chQc nang kinh te, xa hoi, chinh tri, thoa man tinh cam, giao due. c i n hu6ng tdi muc tieu mang lai sU hoa nhap cho cac co dau nUdc ngoai vao xa hoi, ciing nhU thie't lap cac hoat dong ho trd va co sii dieu chinh chinh sach tii ca hai phia Viet Nam va Han Quo'c.
Txi k h o a : Hen nhan; Phu nii lay chong nU6c ngoai; Hon nhan Viet Nam - Han Quo'c.
1. Hon nhan Viet Nam - Han Quoc
Di cu lay chong nudc ngoai, con dudng cua nhieu co gai nong thdn 6 Viet Nam hien nay, con dudng di cu hgp phap kit hdn vdi ngudi nudc ngoai, dae biet la Dai Loan, Han Qud'c dang phat trien manh. Theo
