Cdng nghiep rirng
l^THACH THU*C TRONG THlTC HIEN REDD+
VA N H U N G VAN D £ DAT RA DOI VOI CHINH SACH LAM NGHIEP VIET NAM
Tran Thi Thu Ha TS. Tru&ng Dgi hgc Ldm nghiep TOM TAT
REDD+ la ca che nham cung cap nhung sir den dap vl tai chinh dS tranh mSt rimg va suy thoai rimg d6ng thai t ^ ra su kich thich quan ly rang ben vung; bao ton da dang sinh hpc va duy tri dich vu moi truang; cai thien sinh ke cho nguai dan va cpng dong nguai dia phuong s6ng phu thuoc vao rimg a cac nuoc dang phat trien.
Nghien ciiu su dung cac ngu6n thong tin thii cSp vl vin dl co lien quan vai muc tieu danh gia nhung thach thiic trong thuc hien REDD+ a Viet Nam, tren co so do dua ra nhirng vin de vl chinh sach lam nghiep 6 Vi?t Nam can phai giai quylt dl co thi thuc hien va huang lpi ich tir REDDi^. Kit qua nghien cuu dS buac dku gpi ma ra nhung van de ve chinh sach lam nghiep cin t i ^ tuc nghien ciiu va quan tam giai quylt Uong boi canh tien toi thirc hien REDD+ 6 Viet Nam. Nhung V5D de quan trcmg dat ra hien nay chinh la siia d6i, b6 sung va xay dung mai cac chinh sach ve chia se Ipi ich, cac dam bao ve moi truong va xa hoi, quyen cac-bon, co che quan Iy tai chinh ciia cac du an REDDi- va thu hut su tham gia ciia cpng dfing va n^oi dan dia phucmg vao cac hoat dpng quan ly va bao ve rung.
Tir khoa: Bien ddi khf hdu, chinh sdch ldm nghifp, sdng kien REDD+.
I. DAT VAN DE
Sang ki8n REDD (Gidm phat thai tir mdt rirng va suy thoai rung) da dupe dua vdo chuang trinh nghi su Cdng udc khung ciia Lien hiep qudc ve bidn ddi khi hdu (UNFCCC) trong Hdi nghi cac ben (COP) ldn thu 11 nam 2005. Mae dii cdn nhieu thach thuc, nhimg sang kien nay van dat duac sir dong thuan ldn cua cdc thdnh vien cdng udc vd REDD dupe coi la mpt cdng cu quan trpng de gidm thieu bidn ddi khi hdu. REDD da dupe COP-13 ciia UNFCCC dua vdo Id trinh Bali vd da chinh thue dupe md rpng thdnh REDD+. Ddy la ca che nham eung cdp nhimg sy den ddp ve tai chinh de trdnh mdt rimg vd suy thodi rimg ddng thdi tao ra su kich thich qudn ly rimg ben virng; bdo ton da dang sinh hoc vd duy tri dich vu mdi tnidng; cai thien sinh ke eho ngudi ddn va cpng ddng ngudi dia phuong sdng phu thudc vao rimg d cac nude dang phdt trien.
Nam 2009, REDD+ dupe dua vdo Hiep udc Copenhagen tai COP-15 vd dupe nhieu nude thdnh Men, trong dd cd Viet Nam hoan toan ling hp.
Viet Nam la mdt trong nam qudc gia tren the gidi chiu anh hudng nang ne nhat cua bien ddi khi hdu. Ke tir khi Hpi nghi ve Bien ddi khi ban d Bali nam 2007, xdc dinh tam quan trpng ciia rimg ddi vdi viec gidm thieu bien ddi khi hdu vd chinh thiic ddng y Idng ghep sdng ki^n REDD+ vdo edc dam phan cho thdi ky sau nam 2012, Chinh phii Viet Nam da nhanh chong dp dung vd trien khai Khung chuang trinh REDD+. Neu dupe thuc hien d Viet Nam REDD+ ed (hi tao ra khoang 80-100 trieu USD/nam, gdp 3-4 ldn ho trp ODA hien ed ddi vdi nganh ldm nghiep (Chuang trinh UN- REDD, 2009). Ca hdi vd tridn vong cho REDD+ d Viet Nam Id rat ldn, tuy nhien, tiem nang cd bien thdnh hien thuc hay khdng phu thudc rdt nhieu vdo nang lire thue thi ciia quoc gia, nam bat ca hdi va vuot qua dirac cdc khd khan va thach thiic. Muc tieu ciia nghien cuu la tren ca sd danh gid nhung khd khan vd thach thirc khi thuc hien REDD+ d Viet Nam tir do dua ra tihung van de ve chinh sdch lam nghiep can phdi giai quyet de REDD+ that sy h-d thanh mdt cdng cu him hieu trong gidm thieu bien ddi khi hdu trong bdi cdnh phat trien lam nghiep Viet Nam.
TAP CHI KHOA HQC \ A CONG NGHE LAM NGHIEP SO I-20I5 109
Cong nghiep rimg
n. DCS TUONG, PHUONG PHAP NGHIEV CUU Ddi tuang cua nghien cuu Id cdc yeu cau khi thue hien REDEH- dupe thd hien thdng qua nhirng thdch thuc md Viet Nam phai ddi mat va nhiing vdn dl ve chinh sdch lam nghiep can phai gidi quyet trong bdi canh tien tdi thuc hien REDD+ d Viet Nam. Npi dung nghien cuu bao gdm: (i) nhiing dieu kien thuan lpi vd ca hdi cua Viet Nam khi thyc hien REDD+i (ii) nhiing khd khan vd thach thiic cua Viet Nam khi thuc hien REDD+; (iii) nhirng vdn de ve chinh sach dat ra cho Viet Nam trong thyc hien REDD+.
Nghien cuu dupe thyc hien chu yeu dua vao ngudn thdng tin thit cdp la cac bao cdo cua Bp Ndng nghiep va Phat trien Ndng thdn, Tdng cue Ldm nghiep, Chuang trinh UN-REDD vd cdc ket qud nghien cuu ciia ede ed nhdn vd td chuc ve cac vdn de lien quan den chi'nh sdch ldm nghiep vd REDD+. Cdc phdn tich danh gid cua tdc gid dua tren quan diem cd nhan, kinh nghiem vd su hieu biet ve REDD+ va chinh sach ldm nghiep ciia Viet Nam khi tham gia vao cac chuang trinh va dy an ve ldm nghiep va bien ddi khi hdu.
m. KET QUA NGHIEN CUU THAO LUAN
3.1. Nhirng dieu kien thuan loi va eve hoi cua Viet Nam khi thirc hien REDD+Mdl Id, vi^c thyc hien REDD+ d Viet Nam nhan dupe sy quan tam vd cam ket thyc hien nhu Id mdt trong nhirng bien phap ung phd vdi bien ddi khi hdu vd phat tri6n ldm nghiep bdn viing eua Chinh phii. Viet Nam da sdm ky kdt tham gia Cong udc khung ciia Lien hpp quoc vl biln ddi khi hau (UNFCCC) va da ban hanh nhieu chii truang, chinh sdch nhdm ung phd vdi bien ddi khi hdu, Chinh phii Viet Nam da the hien rd quylt tam lliye hien REDD+ bdng viec phe duyet va ban lianh Chuang irinh hdnh dpng qudc gia ve "Giam phat thai khi nha ta'nh thdng qua nd lyc ban chd mdt rimg va suy
thodi rimg, quan ly ben virng tdi nguyen rirag, bao tdn va ndng cao trii lugng cac-bon rung".
Chuang trinh hanh dpng nay eung da duac cu the hoa bang vide phe duyet Dd an qudn ly phdt thai gdy hieu img nha kinh; qudn ly cac boat dpng kinh doanh tin chi cdc-bon ra thi trudng the gidi.
Hai la, chuang trinh qudc gia cua Viet Nam ve irng phd vdi bien ddi khi hdu phii hpp vdi cac chien lupc va chuang trinh hien hdnh va cdc cam ket quoc te md chinh phii Viet Nam da ky ket. Nam 2007 Thu tudng Chinh phii da phe duyet Chien luge phat trien lam nghiep Viet Nam giai doan 2006-2020; Nam 2008 Thii tudng Chinh phii da phe duyet Chuang trinh muc tieu qudc gia ling phd vdi bien ddi khi hdu; Nam 2011 Thu tudng Chinh phu da phe duyet Chien lupc qudc gia ve bien ddi khi hdu.
CJ cap dp qudc te, Viet Nam da ky ket Cdng udc khung cua Lien hop qudc ve bien ddi khi hau, Nghi dinh thu Kyoto va Cdng udc vl da dang sinh hpc. Viet Nam cung da dp dung
"Cdng cu khdng mang tinh rang budc phap ly ve tdt cd cdc Ioai rimg cua Dien dan Lien hpp qudc ve Lam nghiep (UNFF). Cd the ndi chuang trinh qudc gia cua Viet Nam ve thuc thi REDD+ hodn toan phii hpp vdi quan diem, muc tieu va cae boat ddng cua cac chien lupc vd chuang trinh ve lam nghiep ma chiing ta dang thyc hien vd cac cam ket qudc te ma Chinh phii Viet Nam dd ky ket.
Ba la, Viet Nam da ed kinh nghiem ve xay dung he thdng phdn chia lpi ich tir chuang trinh thi diem vd hodn thien chinh sach ehi tra dich vy mdi trudng rirng va cac chuang trinh trdng rirng qudc gia. Mpt trong nhirng yeu cau khi dp dung REDD+ Id phdi thidt kl mpt he thdng phdn chia lpi ich mmh bach va cdng bang. Viet Nam cd dieu kien phu hpp de xay dyng he thdng phdn chia lai ich Iheo ca che REDD+ vi dd cd kinh nghiem vdi cac he thdng tuong ty nhu cac chuang trinh thi diem va thuc
110 TAP CHI KHOA HQC VA CONG NGHE LAM NGHI?P SO 1-2015
Cong nghiep rirng
"ldn chi trd dich vu mdi trudng rimg. Dd la nhirng lpi thd ma Vict Nam cd thd sii dung dd aat dupe kha nang canh ttanh cao trong ca chd R E D p + tren trudng qudc td frong tucmg lai.
Bon la, lgi ich md REDD+ dem lai rdt hua hen va khd nang huy dpng ngudn tai trp ldn tir cdc qudc gia va td chuc qudc td eho viec thuc hi?n REDD+ d Viet Nam. Vdi hien trang tdi nguyen rirng, ddt ldm nghiep, ehinh sach bdo V? vd phat triln rimg toan qudc, Viet Nam ed tiem nang to ldm trong viec thuc hien REDD+, xet ve ca gdc dp mdi frudng va kinh td - xa hdi.
Cimg vdi chinh sdch chi trd dich vu mdi trudng rimg (PFES) viec thyc hien REDD+ se dem lai cac nguon lye tai chinh mdi, hd trg qudn ly bin viing tai nguyen rimg, cdi thien ddi sdng cdng ddng dia phuang va thiie ddy viec thuc hien chu tnrang xa hpi hda boat dpng bao ve vd phdt triln rimg. Nhdn thuc dugc tdm quan trpng cua rimg trong viec giam thilu biln ddi khi hau cung nhu lpi ich nhan dupe khi tham gia REDD+, Viet Nam da tich eye tham gia tdt ea cac chuang trinh lan cua cdng ddng qudc t l ve REDD+ frong do phdi k l ddn Chuong trinh UN-REDD va Viet Nam la mpt frong nhimg qudc gia ddu tien tham gia.
3.2. Khd khan va thach thwc khi thirc hien REDD+ d Vi^t Nam
Khi thyc hien REDD+ cac quoc gia dang phat trien cd rimg phdi thyc hien cdc chinh sach gidm va thdm chi la xda bd tinh trang chat rimg, suy thodi riing vd lam tang trii lugng cac- bon; ddi lai, nhung qudc gia nay se dupe hudng lgi ve mat tdi chinh tir chinh phu hoac khu vyc kinh doanh ciia cdc nude phdt frien (nhirng nude cdn bdi hoan lupng phat thai hp tao ra). Ve mat Iy thuyet, dudng nhu day la qud trinh d a n gian nhung tren thyc t l vide thuc hien Iai vd ciing khd khan do cd rdt nhilu rao cdn ve ky thuat, chinh sdch va td chirc md cac qudc gia dang phdt frien phdi vugt qua. Cac khd khan va thdch thuc eho thyc hien REDD+
d Viet Nam cd thd duge chia thdnh 03 nhdm:
(i) Cac vdn de ve ky thudt; (ii) Cac van de ve the che, chinh sach; (iii) Cac vdn de ve td chiic vd ndng lyc thyc thi.
Tim nhdt, cdc yeu cdu ve ky thudt cua REDD+ rat cao va phuc tap frong khi nang lyc chuyen mdn cua dpi ngu can bd vd nhdn vien thyc thi cdn rdt han che.
REDD+ yeu cdu rat cao ve ky thudt trong giam sat (Momitoring), do dac, bao cdo va kiem chiing cdc-bon (MRV) va kiem ke khi nha kinh, trong khi chiing ta thieu ca sd sd lieu tdng hpp vd nang luc ve ky thuat de thyc hien.
Nhin chung cac hoat ddng giam sat dp ehe phu rimg d Viet Nam cdn mang tinh ngan ban va thieu tinh Hen tuc, khdng cd chuong trinh dai han, he thdng vd todn dien (Bd Tai nguyen vd Mdi trudng, 2006). Ngodi ra, mdt npi dung ky thudt rdt phuc tap ciia REDD+ dd la xay dung muc phat thai tham chieu (REL- Reference Emission Level) va xay dyng kich ban tren ca sd do xac dinh muc den dap eho quoc gia hay dy an neu lugng phat thai gidm di.
Mdt khd khan nua ve mat ky thuat dd Id vdn de chuyen ddi dia diem phat thai va yeu cdu ve edc ca che giam 'rd ri' vdi hai nguyen nhdn 'rd ri' dugc xac djnh d Viet Nam la khai thdc gd bat hpp phqj trong nude va xuyen bien gidi hoac khu vyc; chuyen ddi ddt ldm nghiep sang trdng cdy cdng nghiep (Hodng vd cdc cpng sy, 2010). Cde nguyen tdc ve gidm 'rd ri' ngay cdng rd rdng ban va REDD+ cd the se phai dupe thyc hien d cdp qudc gia dd trdnh cac vdn de cd lien quan den rd ri. Theo each thiie ndy ngudn tai chinh sc dupe dua ve cdp qudc gia, sau do phan bd cho edc ddi tugng dugc hudng lpi til REDD+. Day la mpt thach thiic vi bdo cdo thyc thi cap qudc gia se phiic tap han rdt nhieu so vdi bdo cdo thyc thi tai hien frudng do phdi bao triim toan bd lam phan qudc gia va cd lien quan den cde qudc gia md chiing ta cd boat ddng xudt nhap khau gd. Vdi cac vdn de ve ky thuat neu fren, REDD+ ddi bdi nhieu TAP CHi KHOA HQC VA CONG NGHE LAM NGHIEP SO 1-2015 111
Cdng nghiep rirng
ky nang chuyen mdn mdi nhu do tinh ttii lupng cac-bon dudi mat dat, xae dinh luong phat thai khi nha kinh, ddnh gid va thdm dinh rin ehi cac-bon, kd todn cdc-bon.. .frong khi kiln thiic va ky nang cua dpi ngu can bd chuyen mdn con rat han che.
Thu hai, su bdt cap ciia he thdng chinh sach v l REDD+ do mpt sd chinh sdch hien hanh khdng phii hgp va nhieu chinh sach mdi cdn phai xdy dyng d l ddp ung dupe yeu cdu qudc te.
Mdi quan tdm ve he thdng chi'nh sdch cd lien quan ddn thuc thi REDD+ chu ylu tap trung vdo ba khia canh cua khung phdn tich 3E's la hieu luc (effectiveness), hieu qua (efficiency) va cdng bang (equity) vdi cdc cau hoi cu the nhu sau; (i) he thong chinh sach hien hanh ndi chung vd chinh sdch ve REDD+ ndi rieng cd that sy lam giam mat rimg va suy thodi rimg hay khdng? (ii) REDD+ cd the dugc thuc hien vdi chi phi hpp Iy nhat hay dat hieu qua chi phi hay khdng? (iii) cac chi phi va lgi ich tir REDD+ co dugc chia se cdng bang giiia cac ben tham gia vd dac biet la ngudi ngheo va cdc ddi tupng d l bi tdn thuong cd that sy dugc hudng Ipi tir cac chinh sach nay hay khdng?
Cac van de ve chinh sdch de thyc hien REDD+ d Viet Nam chii ylu do nhiing bdt cap ciia cac chinh sach va quy dinh hien hanh trong do ndi bat la cac quy dinh ve chia se Ipi ich.
Day la mdt khd khan rat Idn ddi vdi cac qudc gia dang phat trien tiln tdi thuc hien REDD+
bdi vi khac vdi cdc kho khan mang tfnh ky thuat he thdng phdn chia lgi ich cdn phdi gidi quyet cac van de quan tri nhay cam vdi bdn nguyen tac frach nhiem gidi frinh, minh bach, sy tham gia va quy dinh cua luat phap. Mat khac, Viet Nam cd nhilu Ioai rimg, nhilu chu thg tham gia qudn Iy, bdo ve, phat triln va hudng lgi tir rirng, dan d i n xay dyng ca chd thue hien vd hudng Igi rat phiic tap (Pham va cdc cdngsy, 2012).
Cac quy dinh ve dam bdo an toan (safeguards) khi thyc hien REDD+ ciia Cdng udc khung cua Lien hiep qudc v l biln ddi khi hau (UNFCCC), Chuang trinh UN-REDD, Quy ddi tac cac-bon trong lam nghiep (FCPF- Forest Carbon Partnership Facility) va cac nha tdi tta khac chua dugc nghidn ciiu va hudng dan thyc thi d Viet Nam (Tdng cue Ldm nghiep, 2013). Quy dinh ve ddm bdo an todn la cac bien phdp bdo ve, ehdng lai, giam thieu cac thiet hai hoac gia tang lpi ich ve xa hdi va mdi trudng khi thyc thi REDD+. Day la yeu cau mang tinh bat budc nham dam bao tinh khd thi va tuang thich giiia cdc can thiep vdi dieu kien dia phuang ve van hod, xa hdi va mdi trudng hay sy lanh manh ve xa hpi va mdi trudng khi thye thi sang kien REDD+. Trong sd cac ca che dam bao ma chung ta phdi xay dyng va thuc hien thi dam bdo ve xa hpi va chinh tti Id van de dang quan tdm. Dd la cac dam bdo ve quan tti, quyen sd hiJU rimg va quyen cac-bon, su tham gia ctta cac chii the, cdng bang gidi va trao quyen eho phu nil, ngudi dan bdn dia va trao quyen cho ngudi dan bdn dia va dac biet la quyen ddng thuan tnrdc dya tren nguyen tac ty nguyen vd dupe cung cdp dii thdng tin (FPIC).
Day that sy la nhung vdn de khd tir each tiep can, xac djnh each thuc den thuc thi do rat nhay cam va lien quan den be thdng luat phap va chinh tti qudc gia ciing nhu dac thu ve van boa, xa hdi ciia mdi dia phuang.
Thu ba, han chd vd td chiic, phuang phap tiep can d cdp qudc gia va nang luc thyc thi, phdi kit hpp giua cdc ea quan va chinh quyen dia phuang cac cap trong thye hi8n REDD+.
Viec xay dyng he thdng td chiic, qudn ly, dieu phdi REDD+ tir cap Trung uong din dia phuang ed du ndng luc Id mdt frong nhiing dilu kien tien quydt d l cac nha tdi trp xem xet ho trg Viet Nam. Tuy nhien he thdng td chiic thuc hien REDD+ d cdp tmng uang mdi dugc thanh lap, nang lyc dilu phdi, qudn Iy va huy
112 TAP c m KHOA HQC VA CONG NGHE LAM NGHIEP SO 1-2015
Cong nghiep rung ddng ngudn lye thyc hien REDD+ cdn yeu vd
thieu. He thdng td chuc thyc hien REDD+ d cdp dm phuang chua dupe thdnh lap va di vao hoat ddng theo yen cdu ciia Thii frrdng Chinh phu. Viec qudn ly mpt khodn tien ldn cua edc nhd tdi trp dd thyc hien vd thi diim REDD+ Id mpt thach thuc ldn doi vdi chinh quyin dia phuang do cdn thilu cdc thii ttic giai ttinh vd minh bach, de ddn ddn viec chi tieu va phdn bd ngdn quy khdng hgp ly, chinh xac vd cdng bang. Nhdn thiire ciia cac cdp, cac ngdnh, cdc chu rimg va cdng ddng dia phuang v l REDD+
cdn nhieu bdt cap va chua ddy du dan din su phdi ket hgp giiia cdc ca quan va chinh quyin dia phuang cdc cdp vdi cac nha tdi frg chua that sy hieu qud (Tdng cue Ldm nghiep, 2013).
3 J . Nhirng van de dat ra doi vdi chinh sach lam nghiep Viet Nam
De ed thd thye hi?n REDD+ hieu qud chinh sdch lam nghiep cua Viet Nam cdn phdi dilu chinh nhdm gidi quylt nhiing vdn d l ca ban sau ddy:
Mpt Id, chinh sdch ldm nghiep phai xdy dyng duge he thdng chia se lpi ich (BDS- Benefit Disfribution System) cdng bdng vd hai hod de khuyen khich cac boat ddng quan ly rimg ben viing, dgt dugc muc tieu giam phdt thai va ndng cao khd nang tich tru cdc-bon cua rimg. Viec thuc hien REDD+ d Viet Nam se cd tac dpng rdt sau va rdng ddi vdi viec quan ly vd sir dung tdi nguydn rirng vd cd thd tdc ddng tdi hang ttieu ho gia dinh va cdng ddng dia phuang sdng dya vao rimg Cdc cdng ty ldm nghiep va ban qudn ly rimg (phdng hp vd ddc dung) bien dang quan ly dien tich rimg khd ldn d Viet Nam nhung lai thyc bien giao khodn mdt phdn dien tich cho ngudi dan vd cdng ddng dia phuang quan ly, bdo ve vd su dung rimg. Vi vay viec xay dyng mdt he thong chia se lpi ich dam bdo hai hod lgi ich ciia cdc ben lien quan vd cd tinh thyc tien cao Id het siic cdn thidt frong bdi cdnh thye hien REDD+ d Viet Nam.
Hai la, chinh sdch lam nghiep cdn phdi xdy dyng mdt ca che gidi quyet khieu nai vd gidm sat vdi sy tham gia cua cac dodn the, td chiic xa hpi dan sy, ngudi ddn bdn dia vd cac td chuc phi chinh phii ddc lap. Ddi vdi mdt he thdng chia se lgi ich, khieu nai la khdng the tranh khdi ngay cd khi nd mang Iai nhung hieu qua to ldn tdi cdng ddng (Chuang trinh UN- REDD, 2010), chinh y\ vay cdn cd ca che thfch hgp vd hieu qua de ddi phd vdi cdc vdn d l ve khieu nai mpt cdch kip thdi. Ngoai ra ca che gidm sdt vdi su tham gia ciia cac td chuc xa hpi ddn su vd cdng ddng se giiip dat dupe cde muc tieu ve hieu lyc, hieu qud vd cdng bang ttong thyc thi REDD+ vd cac dam bdo ve xa hdi nhu quyen sd huu rimg vd quyen cdc-bon, cong bang gidi vd ttao quyen cho phu nu, ngudi dan bdn dia va dac biet Id Quyen ddng thuan trudc dya fren nguyen tdc ty nguyen vd dugc cung cdp du thdng tin (FPIC).
Ba la, ngoai viec phai hoan thien he thdng chinh sach hien hdnh thi Viet Nam edn phdi xay dung mdi mdt sd chinh sdch nhdm dap ling yeu cau qudc te nhu cdc chinh sach vl td chiic;
ve qudn ly rimg va dat dai; quy ttinh danh gia thdm dinh vd quy dinh ve quyen cac-bon; qudn ly cae dy an REDD+; va quan ly tdi chinh vd thyc hien chi ttd REDD+. Qud trinh xay dung va hoan thien he thdng ehinh sdch neu tten ddi hdi phdi cd thdi gian vd rdt tdn kem do nhirng dac thil ve be thdng chinh trj va quy trinh xay dung ludt phdp nhung day lai la yeu cdu cdp bach ttude khi thyc hien REDD+ ddi vdi Viet Nam. Ngudi mua tin chi cac-bon trong REDD+ Id cdc td chiic nude ngodi vdi muc gid dupe xdc dinh tten thi trudng qudc te va van hdnh theo quy ludt thj trudng. Do dd, viec hoan thien khung phap ly cho REDD+ ngoai viec phdi phdn tich cdn ttpng cac thi chd hien hanh ciia Viet Nam thi cdn phai ddnh gia vd dy bao dupe cung, cdu cua thj trudng cdc-bon quoc tl trong tuang lai.
Bdn la, chi'nh sdch lam nghiep can phdi xay TAP CHI KHOA H Q C VA CONG N G H E LAM NGHIEP SO 1-2015 113
Cong nghiep rimg
dyng CO che nhdm lam gidm cdc ehi phi giao djch thdng qua thu hiit sy tham cua cdc cdng ddng dja phuang vao cac boat ddng giam sat thich hgp. Cac chi phi cho thye hien do dac, bdo eao va kiem chung cdc-bon (MRV) rat tdn kem va cd the chilm tdi 60% tdng chi phi ciia mdt dy dn. Hien tai cac chi phi khdng Id nay do cac nha tdi trp chi frd nhung ddy se la van dd ldn khi cac qudc gia thyc hien REDD+ phdi ty trang frai cdc khodn ndy. Nhieu td chiic qudc te da phat ttien cac cdng cu do tinh va giam sat cac-bon cd sy tham gia vd thyc hien thi diem d mdt sd qudc gia. Tuy nhien viec dp dung cdc cdng cu ndy d Viet Nam edn rdt ban che do nhiing rdo cdn ve chinh sach vd the che trong do ca ehe hien hdnh vdn nhdn manh vao su diing nhdn sy cua chinh phii ma chua quan tdm thoa dang den vai frd cua cpng ddng, cdc td chiic phi ehinh phii va chinh quyen dia phuang. Viec xdy dyng co che nay se gdp phdn ldm giam dang ke chi phi ddng thdi cd them sy cam ket chat eua cdng ddng dia phuang khi tham gia vdo REDD+.
IV. KET LUAN
Vi?t Nam Id mdt ttong nhung qudc gia dau tien tham gia ky ket Cong udc khung cua Lien hgp qudc ve bien ddi khi hdu vd triln khai sang kien REDD+. Cd the thdy co hdi va triln vong cho REDD d Viet Nam Id rdt ldn. Tuy nhien tilm nang cd biln thdnh hien thyc hay khdng phy thupc rdt nhilu vdo ndng lyc thuc thi ciia
qudc gia va sy ho ttg ciia cdng ddng quoc td dl chiing ta nam bat ca hpi va vupt qua dugc cdc khd khan vd thach thiic khi thyc hien REDD+.
Nhiing thdch thiic chinh eua Vipt Nam chinh la cdc yeu cdu vd ky thuat, thd chd ehinh sdch va nang lyc td chuc ma chiing ta phai ddp ung khi thuc hien REDD+. Nghien cuu ciing da chi ra nhiing vdn de ma chinh sdch Idm nghiep cua Viet Nam phdi gidi quyet de cd thd thsit sy dugc hudng lpi tir sdng kiln REDD+ vd dat dugc muc tieu gidm phat thdi thdng qua giam suy thodi rimg va mdt rimg ma cdc qudc gia dang hudng tdi.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Bo Tai nguyen va Moi truong (2006). Bdo cdo tinh trgng mdi trudng Vi^t Nam. MONRE, Ha Noi, Viet Nam,
2. Chuang trinh UN-REDD (2009). Thiet ke h? thdng chia se lai ich REDD tgi VtftNam. Ha Npi, Vift Nam.
3. Chuang trinh UN-REDD (2010). Nghien cim tiep ve thiet ke he thdng chia se lai ich vi REDD a Viet Nam.
Ha Npi, Viet Nam.
4. Hoang, M.H., Pham, T.T., D6, T.H. va Tliomas, D (2010) Ddnh gid cdc phutmg dn gidm phdt thdi tir tat cd cdc hinh thirc su dung ddt & Vifl Nam - chudn bf cho REDD+. To chiic Nong Lam thi gioi. Ha Npi, Viet Nam.
5. Pham. T.T.,Moeliono, M., Nguyin, T. H., Nguyen, H. T va Vu, T. H (2012), Boi cdnh REDD+ a Viet Nam- Nguyen nhdn, doi tugmg vd the che. Bio cao chuyen &h 77, CIFOR
6. Tong cue Lam n ^ e p (2013). Vdn kien du dn San sdng thuc hi^n REDD+ a Viet Nam. Ha Npi, Viet Nam.
T^P CHI KHOA HQC VA CONG NGHE LAM NGHIEP SO 1-2015
Cong nghiep rirng
CHALLENGES OF REDD+ IMPLIMENTATION AND FOREST POLICY ISSUES IN VIETNAM
Tran Thi Thu Ha SUMMARY
REDD + initiative is a mechanism to provide financial rewards for avoiding deforestation and forest degradation while providing the stimulus for sustainable forest management; conserving biodiversity and ecosystem serwces; improvmg livelihoods for local people and local communities who depend on forests m developing countries. The research using secondary sources of information on related issues to assess the challenges in implementation of REDD + and propose issues of forest policy in Viemam must solve in order to implement and benefit from REDD +. The results of the research have initially suggest the problem of forest policy should continue to study and address m the context of REDD + in:^)lementation in Vietnam. The key issues are on benefit sharing, environmental and social safeguards, carbon rights, financial management mechanism of REDD + projects and attract the participaticHi of communities and local people in forest management and protection.
Keywords: Climate change, REDD+, forest policy.
Ngu-di phan bien • TS. Pham Van H^i Ngay nhan bai : 22/12/2014
Ngay phan bien 13/01/2015 Ngay quyet dinh dang 15/3/2015
T4J» CHI KHOA HQC VA CONG NGH|: L.AM NGHIEP SO 1-2015 115
