Tai ca cau nguon von dau tu cong 6* Vi6t Nam
Th.S.LeTo^Thfeg
Tdm tdt: Ddu tu cdng gifl mdt vai hd quan hpng hong vide Uiuc day ndn kinh td phdi tridn, ddm bdo an sinh xa hdi. Tuy nhidn, bdn cgnh nhiing ddng gdp tich eye, ddu hr cdng lai nhidu qudc gia trdn Uid gidi ndi ehung vd tai ViOt Nam ndi ridng Igi cd lde dOng thudn chidu vdi ng cdng. Bdi vidt phan tich co cdu ddu tu cdng d Vdl Nam tiong thdi gian qua, qua dd dd xudt nhirng gidi phdp tai eo edu nguon vdn ddu tu cdng fii^u qud.
Tukhda: ddu tu cdng, von, tdi co cdu, Vidt Nam
V
iee xdc djnh co edu va tdi co cau ngudn vd'n ddu lu cdng Id long thd cde bien phap, edeh thflc dd thu hflt, huy dgng, phdn bd va su' dyng cdc ngudn vdn tidm nang cfla loan xa hdi eho ydu edu phdt trl^n kinh td - xa hdi ddt nude. Yeu eau tdi co cdu vdn cho ddu lu cdng cdn do ngan sach nhd nude hgn hep, vdn ddu tfl tfl ngdn sdch khdng du dd phdi tridn ket eau ha tdng. Ndn kinh td Vidt Nam vdn d giai doan phat tri^n thdp dd chdng nguy eo tyt hau, cdn phdi ddy nhanh tde dO phdt trien vd mOt trong nhflng ydfl td quan hgng cho phdt trien Id vdn ddu tu. Do dd, da dang hod cdc ngudn vdn ddu tu Id mOt chien lupc lau dai nhdm thu hut vdn, khai thdc mpi ngudn lyc trong va ngoai nudc cho sy phdt tridn kinh td cfla ddt nude Viec thye hi^n tdi eo edu ngudn vdn eho ddu tu cOng ehju dnh hudng cua nhieu yeu td nhu: hd thdng cae van bdn, quy dinh cua Nhd nudc ban hanh vd ehd do qudn ly vd sfl dyng vdn ddu tu; phan edp quan ly nha nudc vd ddu lu ddi vdi tung Ioai nguon vd'n eua cac ehu sd hiiu, timg nhdm du an dd cdc chfl sd hiiu chu dOng tiong cdc quydt djnh ddu tu, sfl dyng vdn ciJa minh; Xay dyng djnh mflc kinh td, ky thudt, cdc quy phgm ky thuat va quan ly don gidn, minh bach gdp phdn nang cao hidu qud vdn ddu tu, eflng la nhan Id tde ddng ddn tai co cdu ngudn vd'n eho dau tu cdng.1. Thuc trang ca cau dau tu cdng d Viet Nam Trong nhflng nam viia qua, tdng vdn ddu tu toan xd hdi thudng xuydn chidm tfl 30 - 40% GDP, Iheo dd mflc ddu tij cao ban so vdi ede nude hong khu vyc Ddng Nam A (mfle ddu tu ehidm khoang tfl 20 - 30% GDP) va thdp ban so vdi Tmng Quoc. Cu Uid, nam 2000 long vdn ddu tu phat tridn toan xa hgi nudc la tang tu khoang 29% GDP, ldn cao nhdt gdn 40% GDP nam 2007, sau dd ed xu hudng giam xudng dudi 30% GDP.
Trong giai doan 2000 - 2014, cung vdi muc tang cua tdng ddu tu todn xa hOi, ddu tu cOng lidn tyc tang vdi tde dg tmng binh khoang 14,5%/nam, thap hon so vdi miie tang eua tdng ddu tu toan xa hdi tmng binh
19%/nam (Hinh 1). Mae dfl, tde dp tang ddu tu cdng thdp hon so vdi tdng ddu tu todn xd hdi nhung ddu tu cdng van ddng vai trd din ddt, kich thich dau lu xa hdi, dam nhdn du dn hg tdng KT - XH khdng sinh Idi, it cd kha nang hoan vdn hay ede Iinh vyc ma khu vue tu nhan khdng thd dam nhiem.
ffinli 1. Tfe J5 ang Jin m map Ji h ^ vi J ju hr cong gui joia 20Gl-iOU
Ngu6a Toru ofc thong ke
Tuy ntiidn, giai dogn 2000-20f 4, tiong co cau dau tu toan xa hdi, ddu tu cdng tu chd chiem ty hpng ldn nhat khoang gdn 2/3 tdng ddu tu phdt tridn todn xa hpi, chidm gdn 20% GDP, ed xu hudng gidm trong nhflng nam hd lgi day. Trong khi dd, khu vye kinh te ngodi nhd nude mac du dung thfl 2 nhung da the fiien sy tang trudng kha mgnh me va khu vyc kinh td cd vdn ddu tu nudc ngodi ehidm tmng binh khoang 22%
nhung ed ty id eao nhdt vdo 2008 (ehidm tdi 30,9%
tdng ddu tu loan xa hOi). Nhu vay, dieu nay cho thdy da cd sy chfl dpng gidm ty le ddu tu cdng trong n6 lyc tai CO cdu ddu tu nhung su sut giam vd ty hpng ddu tu edng v^ CO bdn khdng bdt ngudn tu viee hgn che dau tu cdng md do tde dd tang Irudng dau tu hi hai khu vye kinh td ngodi nhd nudc va kinh td ed vdn ddu tu nude ngodi ludn d muc eao.
Co cau ddu tu edng giai doan 2000-2014 - Co eau dau tu edng theo ngudn vd'n Ve nguon vdn ddu tu cdng giai dogn 2000-2014 bao gdm ddu tu tfl ngan sdch ehidm khodng 51-52% tdng vdn dau tu cdng vd bdng khoang 23% tdng ngudn vdn ddu tu loan xa hdi. Tinh trdn GDP, vdn ddu tu tfl ngan sdch tmng binh ehidm khodng 8-9% GDP. Trong khi dd, ddu tu tfl nguon vdn vay gim doan nay udc ehidm khodng 25-26% tdng vdn dau tu edng, tuong duong khodng 4-5% GDP. Ty trong ddu tu eua cde doanh
81
NGHIEN c u u
RESEARCH
Cbitihi Kinhte Xahw Quanly NN
BiD| 1. PhSm ba din ID 2005
75,0 is,e 6,4
ZIHW 73,9 19 '.1
7«n 7.6 161 7.5
?00R 74 S 16^
e.7
Aco ko*t 46ne, 2005-2014 1009
75,7 16.8 7,5
7010 77,7 14 R 7.5
7011 78,3 14.3 7.i
lOU 79-5 13,2
'/^
2013 B03 15.2 4.5
2014 77,8 16,5 5,7
nghidp nfid nude hong tdng nguon vdn ddu tu edng hung binh kfiidn cdc nhu cdu vd van hda, xa hdi vd luy cd gidm trong nhflng ndm gdn ddy, tdng vd'n dau tu mdl trudng cfla ngudi dan can dupc phdi quan tdm cua cdc tdp dodn vd ldng edng ty nhd nudc ehidm nfiidu hon, hogt dpng ddu tu edng cdn ehuydn djch lu khodng 21-22% tdng vdn ddu hr cdng, tuong duong 3- linh vyc kinh td sang linh vyc xa bdi nham duy hi va 4% GDP. Tuy nhidn, ndu tinh cd khodn ddu tu dugc tai gia tang cac hogt dOng eai thidn dm sdng tinh than vd trp bang ngudn vdn hai phidu Cfiinh phu vdo ngan sue khde ngudi dan.
sdch tfu ddu tu cfla ngdn sdch cfuem hon 70% dau tu cdng, cd thd nhdn thdy phan ldn ddu tu cdng la tu ngudn ngdn sdch.
Cd thd thdy, co edu ddu tu edng van phu thudc qud
nhidu vdo vdn ngdn sdch, trong khi ngudn thu cd gidi NguSn-ioDg cue thong ke
hgn, vay n o dd thye hidn ddu t u cdng khien n o edng Ngoai ra, cflng e d nhflng k h d c bidt Idn trong phdn gia tdng vide khdng c d n g u d n trd n g dd ngdy cang ddy b d ddu t u cdng t h e o n g a n h . N g a n h c d ty trpng d a u tu CO cdu d d u lu cdng vdo Unh tigng m a t cdn ddi, thidu cdng c a o nhdt Id vdn tdi, k h o bai va thdng tin lidn lgc, b e n vflng, d d n g thdi, s y gia tang n p cdng k d m vdi rui trong khi n g d n h c d ty trpng d d u tu cdng t h a p nhdl Id ro ldi k h d a Id n g u d n gdc gdy bdt d n ddi vdi ngdn sdch n g d n h boat dOng dich vy h 6 trp va h d n h chinh. Trong trong tuong lai. Tuy nhidn, cdu true n g u d n vdn ddu t u kfii ty trpng d d u t u e d n g ddi d n dinh d n g d n h didn, khi, cdng c h o thdy s y dich ehuydn ddng k e ve c o c d u n u d e , giao thdng vdn tdi, k h o bai vd thdng Un tmydn n g u d n vdn, gidm s u t h a m gia t m e tidp vdn tfl NSNN thdng vd e d e linh v y c nghd thudt vd vui choi gidi trf thi n h d m h d n h nhiing nil ro c h o viec thuc hien ehinh ty h p n g c h o c d c n g a n h n d n g nghiep, l a m ngtiidp vd sdch ldi khda, gidm ddu t u efla DNNN c h o boat dOng thuy sdn, khai thde k h o d n g sdn va khai thdc dd, c h d ddu t u cdng c h o thdy s y khdng hidu q u d d d u tu cfla tde, y td va c d n g tde x a hOi lai g i a m d d n g kd. Nhiing n g u d n vdn ndy. ViOc c h u y e n dich sang c o cau n g u d n n g a n h khdc m a n g ti'nh x a hOi v a djeh vy cOng cOng vdn vdi vdn vay gia tang, tao lidn d e c h o vide s u d y n g n h u y Id, gido d y e cflng c h i e m ty trpng d d u t u khd fiidu q u d h o n d d n g v d n d d u t u cdng vi g a n tidch khidm tdn vd gdn n h u k h d n g thay ddi h o n g sudt thdi n h i d m vay n p vd khd nang hodn vdn ciia c d c d y dn gian qua.
ddu tu cdng.
- Co cdu vd'n ddu tu cdng theo phan edp ngdn sdch Phan cdp qudn ly ddu tu edng ndm trong cfiidn lupc tdng thd vd phan edp qudn ly nhdm tang eudng trach nhi$m eua cac cdp chinh quydn khi tham gia thye hien ehue nang qudn ly nha nude. Vide cdp ddu tu cdng lai Viet Nam thai gian qua dd dugc lidn hanh mgnh me tang eudng tinh ehu dOng cho edp ehinh quydn dja phuong. Chinh \i vdy, sd vdn ddu tu cdng tfl tiling uong gidm tii gdn 60% ddu tu cdng nam 2000 xud'ng chi cdn 44% nam 2014, phdn cdn lai dupe thyc hidn ddu tu tu dia phuong. Tuy nhien, hien nay khi tang cudng phdn cdp eho ehinh quydn dia phuong cflng ddn tdi hO lyy dd Id ddu tu ddn trdi, thidu cdn nhde ddn ydu td vung va lien vflng.
HtehZ: Co cja diu tircfiDgato phin cip DgiBiicb, 2000-2014
Nguon, TSog cue Thone ^^
Nhin ehung, ddu tu edng dupe phan bd cho ngdnh didn, vdn tdi vd kho bai, thdng Un va tmydn thdng.
Didu nay lam hgn chd khd nang ddu tu tu xd hOi, ddng thdi lam cho cdc ngdnh ndy khdng ed nang lye canh tranh, phy thuOc nhidu vdo dau lu nhd nudc.
2. Giai phap tai ca cau ngudn vd'n dau tu ciing d Viet Nam
- Tdi eo cdu ngudn vdn ddu tu cdn tang tinh ehu dOng vd Ueh cyc hOi nhdp kinh te qudc le, thuc fiien cd hieu qua cde cam kdt vdi cdc nudc, cde td chflc qudc td; hodn Uiidn, ddi mdi thd ehd kinh te, hodn efiinh h^
tbdng phdp ludt, bdo ddm Ic;ri ich qudc gia vd phfl hop vdi cdc quy djnh, thdng Ie qudc td, tfl do, edi tfudn mdi hudng ddu tu, chfl tipng cdi cdch fidnh efiinh, dao tao nguon nhan lyc, Igo ldp nhimg didu kien thuan lpi dd thu hflt mgnh vdn ddu tu qude te. La dieu kien tidn dd, ndn tang vat chdt giflp tang trudng vd phdt tridn kinh td ben viing, gdp phdn bdo dam an sinh xa hpi, nang cao chdt lupng ddi sdng cfla nhan ddn.
- Tang cudng ngudn vd'n Un dyng nha nude, vidn trp phdt tiidn chinh thuc. Ngudn vdn ODA ddng vai trd rat quan trpng nhung eo chd huy ddng va sfl dung edn bdt cdp, chua sfl dyng hdt Udm nang. Hinh thuchuy ddng cac ngudn tin dyng cdn chua da dgng. Co chd - Co cdu vdn ddu tu edng theo linh vyc hogt dOng
Hidn nay, phdn bd vd'n ddu tueOng dupe thue hidn cho phep dia phuang huy dOng vdn vay ddu tu phdt theo linh vyc hogt dOng KT-XH hay qudn ly nha nude, tridn co sd hg tdng hdn dja ban edn ehua Uiat cdi md.
nhdm phan anh nhung thay ddi ve muc sdng cfla Ddng thdi do cdng tac quy hogeh thu hflt cde ngudn ngudi ddn tmdc ydu cdu mdi eua nen kinh td. Trong vdn edn hgn chd nen ngudn lyc ndy van ehua duoe nhung ndm ldi, Vi^t Nam hd thdnh nudc cd thu nhgp khai thae tridt dd, mOt sd dy dn su dyng vdn ODA edn
O ^ K I N H Tt C H A U A - THAI B I N H DUUHE I T H A M E 4 / Z O I S)
kem fuOu qud, tde dO gidi ngdn edn chdm.Cfunh phu cdn tranh thu l6i da, ndng cao fudu qua su dyng cae nguon vdn ODA. Ddm bdo an toan tai cfiinh tiong kfii huy dOng cac ngudn vdn tin dyng ngoai nudc; tiep tuc hodn thidn co chd, efu'nh sdch thu hut va thfl tyc gidi ngdn vdn ODA, hodn efiinh co chd, ehinh sach vd'n ddi ling, CO che bdo lanh cua Chinh phfl, eo ehd eho vay ddi vdi cac chuong hinh dy an ODA
- Day mgnh thu hut cac nguon vdn tu khu vye tu nhan. Hpp tac cOng - tu (TPP) Id mOt tiong nhiing hudng di quan tipng nhdm thu hflt cac ngudn vdn cua khu vyc tu nhan, bang each chuyen giao cho khu vue tu nhan cae dy dn ddu tu md trude ddy thudng do khu vye cdng cdp vdn hodc thyc hien.Vdi md hinh TPP, Nha nudc se Uiidt ldp cde tidu chudn ve cung capdich vy va tu nhdn dupc khuydn khich cung edp bdng eo che' thanh todn Iheo ehdt lucmg dich vy. Day Id funh thflc hpp tde mang lai lpi ich cho ca nha nudc vd ngudi dan vi tdn dyng dupe ngudn lye tdi chinh va quan ly tfl tu nhan, trong khi vdn dam bdo cac lpi ich cho ngudi ddn
- Phan bd vd su dyng vdn ddu tu tu NSNN hcrp Iy.
Vdn ddu tu todn xa hdi dupc phan bd vd sfl dyng cd Weu qua, phyc vy thidt thyc eho cdc nfiidm vy efla cfiidn Iflpe phdt trien kinh le - xa hOt, gdp phdn tgo ra lang Irudng nhanh, bdn virng. Co che boat dOng cflaUii trudng tid thdnh ede cdng ey chinh hong vide dinh hudng pfian bdva su dyng vd'n ddu tu xa hOi. Sflc egnh tranh cua sdn phdm, efla doanh nghiep, vd cua ea nen kinh Id hen thj trudng la thude do chfl ydu hieu qud ddu tu, Trong didu kien mOt sd ngudn vdn ddu tu cfla Nhd nudc khdng tdng tfu ngudn von dau tu tu NSNN duoc can ddi trong NSNN hang nam cdvai tid va vj tri quan tipng dd phdt tiien ket edu hg tdng kinh te - xd hOi. Gidi phdp ddi vdi ngudn vdn ddu tu tu NSNN can dupe trien khai theo hudng gidm ddn ddu tu tfl NSNN, ddng thdi vdi viec ddy manh huy dOng cdc ngudn vdn khdc bdng ede hinh thue tfueh hpp. Uu tidn ddu tu cho linh vye ndng nghidp, ndng thdn, ha tang nudi hdng Uifly san; an runh qudc phdng; gido dye ddo tao, khoa hgc cdng ngh§, y td, van hda, xa hdi, bao ve mdi trudng; eae mye tidu vd an sinh xa hOi; dOt pha vd xdy dyng he thdng kdt cau ha tang ldp tmng eho cdc dy dn chuydn Udp edn day nhanh tidn do. Ddi vdi cac khu kinh td, khu edng nghidp, khu kinh td cfla khdu phai lya chgn de ddu tu cd hgng diem, sdm dua cdng trinh vao su dyng dd phat huy fudu qua.
- Tdp tmng ddu tu hoan thdnh dflng tidn dO cac dy dn, edng trinh quan tigng qude gia, cdc dy dn edng trinh cdp bach thude ngudn vdn dau tu tfl NSNN.
Khuydn khich ddu tu trong cac Unh vyc tgo ra nfiieu sdn phdm cd gia tri gia tang eao, ed gia hi xudt khdu ldn; ddu tu kinh doanh trong cac nganh, linh vyc gdp phdn tiiflc ddy chuydn djch co cdu kinh td, nang cao hiOu qua vd khd nang cgnh tranh eua nen kinh td.
Trong lung vflng, cdn tap tmng ddu tu d cae vung kmh
te hgng diem dd ndng cao fudu qua kinh td di ddi vdi khuydn kfuch ddu tu d cdc vung midn nfli,eac vung cd nfudu khd khan, kdt hpp vdi vide thye fuen ddng bd ede chinh sdch an sinh xa hdi d cac vung khd khan
- Cd CO chd quan ly vdn cho dau tu cdng rd rang.
Co ehdqudn ly vdn ddu tu da cd nhieu thay ddi tich cyc, thd fiien trinh dp, nang lue tu duy vd fiidu bidt ngdy cang cao cfla cdc nha hogch dinh cfunh sdch.
Qudn ly von ddu tu tfl NSNN fiidn nay chua dupc phdn djnh rd rdng cde ngudn vd'n ddu tu cfla Nhd nudc can cu vdo ngudn fiinh thdnh vd tinh chdt efla tCmg ngudn vdn, xdc dinh rd hudng su dyng ddi vdi tiing ngudn vdn de cd co ehd qudn Iy tfueh hpp. Vide xdc dinh danh myc cdc dy dn ddu tu gdn lien vdi ede linh vyc edn dau tu nhu hg tang gido dye, y td, giao thdng, ndng lupng, ndng nghidp, khoa hpc - cdng nghO, qudc phdng, an ninh... phdi thue hidn dong thai vdi vi^e xdy dyng mdt eo ehd tdng hop kd hogeh vdn ddu tu thuOc cac nguon vdn khdc nhau hong xa hdi tu 3 - 5 nam de Nha nudc sdp xdp bd hi bang nam, tap tmng vO'n ddu tu cfla Nha nudc vao cdc nganh then chdt, nhflng dja bdn tigng diem tgo ra sy thay doi tiong eo edu kinh te va ddy nhanh tde dO tdng trudng kinh te cua ddt nudc.
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Nguydn Thj Cdm Giang, Ld Thi Didu Huydn, "Anh hudng cfla ddu lu cdng ddn an todn ng edng vd mOt sd khuydn ngfu ddu tu edng lai Vi^t Nam"
2. Vu Dflc Thdng, "Dau tu cdng - nhiing bdt cap va giai phap thdo gd"
3. Le Xudn Bd, Trdn fQm Chung, Tdi co cau ddu tu trong tidn trinh tai co cau kinh td, Ky ydu hOi thdo
"Tridn vgng kinh td the gidi vd nhiing flng phd efla Vidt Nam"
4. Nguydn Dang Binh, "Chinh saeh ddu tu edng hong bdi canh chuydn ddi kinh te xa hOi Viet Nam", Bdo cdo tgi Didn dan kinh te Vidt Nam - Tmng Qud'c lan thu 8 va Ddi thogi chinh sdch kinh te giua cde nen kinh te ehuyen ddi chau A ngay 7 - 8/6/2011 tgi Ha NOI;
5. Bao eao tinh hinh kinh td - xa hdi nam 2014 va dy kien ke hogch phat tridn kinh te - xa hOi ddn nam 2020 eua BO Kd hoach va Ddu tu
6. Tdng cyc thdng kd, Nidn giam thd'ng kd cde nam
<INH Tt C H A U A - 83III
