Kinh te & Chinh sdch
THU HUT V 6 N DAU TU" VAO PHAT TRIEN NONG NGHIEP, N 6 N G T H 6 N 6 VIET NAM HIEN NAY
Doan Thi Han", Nguygn Thi Mai Hirffng^
• Trudng Bai hoc Ldm nghiep TOM TAT
Trong qui trinh thuc hien cong nghiep hoa hiSn dai hoa ddt nuac, khong thi khong noi d6n vai tro ciia ng^nh nong nghiep, sir phat trien cua khu vuc nong thon. Viet Nam co tren 70% ngucri dan sinh song a cac viing nong th6n va hoat dong trong linh vuc nong nghiep, tiem nang phat trien nong nghiep tuong doi Ion nhung ket qua nganh nong nghiep mang lai con chua tuong ximg. Thong qua viec nghien cuu thuc trang phat tnen nganh nong nghiep trong then gian qua, ket qua huy dpng von da thuc hien tu 5 ngu6n huy dpng chinh: ngan sach nha nu6c (NSNN), nguon ODA, nguon FDI, tir tai chinh vi mo, ttr nguon tin dung cua cac ngan hang thucmg mai va nguon tir cac doanh nghiep tu nhan, nguoi dan. Trong c^c ngu6n nay, quy mo ngu6n tir NSNN dan dan thu hep lai va cac nguon khac co xu huong tang trong nhirng nam gan day. Trong qua trinh nghien ciru, chiing toi de xuat mpt so giai phap de co the tao dieu kien thuan Icri cho huy dpng cdc nguSn l\rc vao phat trien nong nghiep nhim phat huy duac cac ti6m nang, thS manh.
Tu- khda: FDI, huy d^ng von dau tv, ngin sach nha nu&c (NSNN), nong nghiep, nong thon.
1. DAT VAN DE
Phat trien nong nghiep Viet Nam la mpt chu de dugc nhieu nha khoa hoc va cac co quan quan ly nha mrac quan tam. Nong nghiep a day la nong nghiep mof rgng, bao gom tat ca cac hoat dgng ve nong, lam nghiep va thuy san.
Viet Nam la nuac nong nghiep dang tren da phat trien nen de thuc hien thanh cong qua trinh cong nghiep hoa - hien dai hoa thi viec phat trien nong nghiep la nhiem vu quan trgng.
Hien nay, theo so lieu thong ke khu virc nong thon ca nuac co 8.978 xa, giam 93 xa so vai 01/7/2011. Trong giai doan 2011 - 2016, cac cap, cac nganh da trien khai co hieu qua nhieu chu truang, chinh sach, giai phap phat trien kinh te - xa hgi nong thon. Ket cau ha tang nong thon c6 su bien doi sau sac, hau het cac CO so ha tang quan trpng nhu he thong dien, giao thong, truang hpc, tram y te, thiet che van hoa, he thong bao ve moi truang cua xa, thon da dirge tang cuong.
Theo so lieu thong ke nam 2016, khu vuc nong thon co 8,58 trieu hg nong, lam nghiep va thuy san, chilm 53,7% tong so hp; 6,4 trieu hp phi nong, lam nghiep va thuy san, chiem 40,0% t6ng s6 hp va 1,01 trieu hp khac, chiem 6,3%, tang 1,9 diem phan tram. Trong thai gian vua qua da co sir chuyen dich ty trgng hg
tir nong, lam nghiep va thiiy san sang phi nong, lam nghiep va thuy san. Tren dia ban nong th6n CO 15,94 triSu nguoi trong dp tuoi lao dpng CO kha nang lao dpng hoat dpng chinh la san xuat nong, lam nghiep va thuy san, chiem 51,4% tong so lao dpng nong thon, giam 8,2%
so vai nam 2011.
Tuy nhien, trong thai gian vira qua khu vuc nong thon ciing c6 nhiing han che trong qua trinh phat trien. Theo nien giam thong ke nam 2017, ca cau kinh te ca nuac chuyen dich cham, so hg lao dpng trong ITnh vuc nong, lam nghiep va thuy san con cao, cu the: vung Trung du va mien niii phia Bac con 75,4%. hg nong, lam nghiep va thiiy san, 74% so nguoi trong do tuoi lao dgng hoat dgng chinh la san xuat.
Mpt trong nhirng ly do ca ban ciia han chS la von dau tu vao phat trien nong nghiep, nong thon con nho. Vi vay, tir nghien cuu thuc trang von dau tir vao nong nghiep nong thon tren ca nuac trong thai gian qua, xac dinh dugc nhirng nhan to anh huang de c6 the dua ra nhiing giai phap huy dpng nguon von phat triin nong nghiep, nong thon nuoc ta trong thai gian tai la rat can thiet.
2. PHU'ONG PHAP NGHIEN CUtJ 2.1. Noi dung nghien cihi
Thuc trang phat trien nong nghiep, nong thon Viet Nam thai gian qua;
TAP CHI KHOA HOC VA CONG NGHE L A M NGHIEP SO 1 - 2019 113
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- Thuc trang huy dgng von dau tu vao phat trien nong nghiep Viet Nam;
- Ggi y mgt so giai phap huy dgng von dau tu vao phat trien nong nghiep Viet Nam.
2.2. Phirgng phap nghien cihi
- Phuang phap thu thap so lieu, tai lieu: Su dung so lieu thii cap dugc thu thap qua cac bao cao ve cac ngi dung lien quan cua cac ca quan chuyen mon, niem giam thong ke;
- Phuang phap xu ly, phan tich tai lieu, so lieu: Sir dung cac phuang phap thong ke mo ta, thong ke so sanh.
3. K £ T QUA VA T H A O LUAN
3.1. Thye trang phat trien nong nghiep, nong thon Viet Nam trong thM gian vira qua
Viet Nam la nuac nong nghiep dang phat trien. Trong nhihig nam gan day a khu vuc nong thon da nhan dirge nhieu cac chinh sach thiic day su phat trien khu vuc nay. Co cau tang tnrong kinh te dang chuyen dich theo hucmg tich cue, phii hgp vai xu huang cong nghiep hoa hien dai hoa dat nuoc.
Trong thai gian qua, thuc hien Nghi quyet s6 26-NQ/TW ngay 5/8/2008 ciia Ban ch4p hanh Trung uong Dang Khoa X ve nong nghiep, nong dan, nong thon, ngay 16/4/2009, d-ong tong so 8.978 xa nong thon co 8.911 xa thugc danh sach thuc hien Chuang trinh. Theo ket qua dieu tra nam 2016, ca nuac co 2.060 xa dugc cong nhan dat chuan nong thon moi, chiem 23,1% tong so xa thuc hien Chuang trinh xay dung nong thon mai va chilm 22,9%
tong so xa khu vuc nong thon.
Trong san xuat nong, lam nghiep va thuy san, so doanh nghiep va so hgp tac xa tang nhanh, so hp ngay cang giam manh. Theo nien giam thong ke, nam 2016, ca nuoc co 3,846 doanh nghiep nong, lam nghiep va thuy san, tang 51,7% so vai nam 2011, 6.946 hop tac xa.
So hp san xuat nong, lam nghiep va thiiy san giam con 9,28 trieu hg.
Theo Tong cue Th6ng ke, ca c4u lai hinh thuc to chiic san xuat thi hien a ca nganh nong nghiep, nganh lam nghiep va nganh thuy san.
Nganh nong nghiep co 1.740 doanh nghiep, tang 82,2% so vai nam 2011; 6.646 hgp tac xa,
tang 9,5%; 8,45 trieu hp, giam 11,9%. Nganh lam nghiep co 645 doanh nghiep, tang 48,6%;
44 hgp tac xa, tang 33,3%©; 115,4 nghin hp, gSp 2,04 lan. Nganh thuy san co 1.461 doanh nghiep, tang 27,4%; 256 hgp tac xa, tang 30,0%; 711,4 nghin ho, giam 1,2%. Ngoai ra, quy mo cua cac doanh nghiep, hgp tac xa dupe gia tang. Trong tong so 3.846 doanh nghiep hoat dpng trong khu vuc nong, lam nghiep va thuy san, co 1.205 doanh nghiep co von san xu4t kinh doanh hi 10 ty dong tro len, chilm 31,3% t6ng so doanh nghiep, tang 76,2% so vai nam 2010.
Xuat phat tu yeu cau tich tu rupng dat trong san xuat nong nghiep da trien khai manh me chil truang don dien doi thira nham tao digu kien thuan lai ung dung cong nghe 4.0 vao san xuat, day manh tham canh, nang cao hieu qua san xuat va tao ra ngay cang nhieu viing san xuat nong san hang hoa quy mo lan, chk lugng cao. Den nam 2016, ca nuac co 2.294 xa tien hanh don dien doi thua dat san xuat nong nghiep, chiem 25,6% tong so xa, vai dien tieh la 693,7 nghin ha, chiem 6,0% tong dien tich dat san xuat nong nghiep.
LTng dung khoa hpc cong nghe trong san xuat nong, lam nghiep va thuy san ngay cang dupe quan tam, bieu hien truoc het a viec ap dung Quy trinh thuc hanh san xuat nong nghiep t6t (VietGAP). Din nam 2016, ca nucrc CO 1.495 dan vi dugc cap chiing nhan VietGAP va tuong duang; trong do, 540 dcm vi la hg ca the, chiem 36,1% tong so don vi dugc cap chiing nhan; 551 nhom Hen ket, chilm 36,9%; 199 hgp tac xa, chilm 13,3%;
200 doanh nghiep, chilm 13,4% va 5 don vi thupc loai hinh khac, chiem 0,3%.
Chia theo ITnh vuc san xuat thi trong trot co 1.200 dan vi, chilm 80,2% tdng s6 don vi VietGAP; chan nuoi 101 dan vi, chiem 6,8%; j thiiy san 194 dan vi, chilm 13,0%. Hinh thiic , sir dung nha luai, nha kinh, nha mang trong san xuat nong, lam nghiep va thiiy san da duoc j img dung a mpt so dia phuang nhu: L;
D6ng, Hul, Da Nfing, Ha Ngi va Thanh p H6 Chi Minh.
114 TAP CHI KHOA HOC VA C 6 N G NGHE L A M NGHIEP SO 1 - 2019
Kinh te & Chinh sdch Trong giai doan 2011 - 2016, kinh t l trang
trai phat triin vai t i c dp nhanh. Tai thai diem nam 2016, co 33.500 trang trai nong, lam nghiep va thuy san, tang 67,2% so vai nam 2011. Bao gIm, 9.276 trang trai trdng trgt, tang 7,1%), binh quan m6i nam tang 1,4%; 21.060 trang trai chan nuoi, gkp 3,3 ikn, tang 27,1%/nam; 113 trang frai lam nghiep, g4p 2,3 lan, tang 17,7%/nam; 626 trang trai tong hgp, gap 1,4 lan, tang 7,2%/nam. So trang trai neu h-en da sir dung 175,8 nghin ha dat san xu4t nong nghiep, lam nghiep va thiiy san, tang 13,5% so voi nam 2011; trong do, ddt trdng cay hang nam 59,2 nghin ha; d4t trdng cay lau nam 72,9 nghin ha; dat lam nghiep 18,0 nghin ha; dat nudi trdng thuy san 25,6 nghin ha. Cac hang trai da tao them chd lam viec, thu hiit ngay cang nhieu lao dpng.
Tuy nhien, san xuat ndng nghiep ciing gap phai nhung han che. Mac du san xuat dugc ca cau lai theo hudng md rdng quy md, nhung san xuat nhd van phd bien. So doanh nghiep va hgp tac xa tang va so hp lien tuc giam, nhung den nay hd van la dan vi san xuat ca ban, chiem ty trgng Idn. Dau tu va irng dung khoa hpc cdng nghe, ca gidi hoa san xuat c6 tang nhung con han che. Hieu qua cua hau het cac loai hmh td chirc san xuat, cac nganh, cac ITnh vuc san xuat ndng, lam nghiep va thiiy san Bang 1. Ty le von ds
nhin chung van thap. DSu tu cho ndng thdn, ndng nghiep han che. Luc lugng lao dgng ddng dao nhimg trinh dp chuyen mdn, tay nghe thap.
Ddi sdng mpt bp phan dan cu, nhat la dong bao viing nui, reo cao, viing sau, viing xa cdn khd khan, thieu thdn.
Nhimg han che neu tren dang la thach thiic lan ddi vdi qua trinh phat trien kinh te xa hpi ndng thdn va san xuat ndng, lam nghiep, thuy san. Vi vay, viec tim ra giai phap de huy dpng cac ngudn lyc, dac biet la cac ngudn vdn dau tu vao ITnh vyc nong nghiep la dieu can thiet hien nay.
3.2. T h y e trang huy dgng von dau tir vao phat trien nong nghiep V i | t Nam
Trong thdi gian vira qua, xem xet von dau tu toan xa hdi ndi chung va cho ndng nghiep noi rieng theo thanh phan kinh te co su dich chuyen vdn dau tu tu khu vuc kinh te Nha nuac sang cac khu vyc khac. Hien tai Viet Nam c6 cac ngudn von dau tu cho ITnh vyc ndng nghiep, ndng thdn gdm: Vdn dau tu tir ngan sach, hd trg phat trien chinh thiic (ODA), vdn dau tu tryc tiep nude ngoai (FDI), tai chinh vi md, tin dung ngan hang va vdn dau tu tir cac doanh nghiep, hd gia dinh. Ty le ngudn vdn dau tu cho ITnh vuc ndng nghiep trong tdng ngudn vdn dau tu vao cac nganh kinh te a Viet Nam the hien qua bang 1.
I tir vao nganh nong nghiep
Ty le "/o so voi tong nguon von dau tir kinh ke, xa hoi Nguon von dau tu"
Ngan sach nha nuoc V6n ODA V6n FDI Tai chinh vi mo Tin dung ngan hang
6%
7%
1,5%
4% (GDP) 17%
Doi vai nguon tir ngdn sdch nhd nuac, theo Bao cao viec thye hien Nghi quyet sd 26/2012/QHl 3 cua Qudc hdi, giai doan 2011 - 2015, tdng vdn dau Ur hi NSNN ddu tu cho linh VUG ndng nghiep, ndng thdn tren 610.959 ty ddng, tang 1,83 lan so vai giai doan trudc.
Tir nam 2 0 1 2 - 2 0 1 5 chilm tdi hon 509.500 ty ddng (chilm 52,9%) tdng vdn d i u tu tii ngan sach nha nude va Trai phieu Chinh phu ca
Nguon: Tdc gid tong hap nude). Tuy nhien, ngudn vdn dau tu cho ndng nghiep tii ngan sach cdn it, chi chiem khoang 6%.
trong tdng vdn dau tu kinh te, xa hdi.
Trong thdi gian vira qua, nhieu the chi, chinh sach tai chinh da dugc ban hanh de hd trp cho phat trien nong nghiep, ndng thdn. D 4 U tu tir ngan sach Nha nude cho nong nghiep, ndng thdn lien tuc dugc md rdng, nam sau cao hon nam trudc. Nha nude tang cuang d4u tu tir T A P C H I K H O A H O C VA C O N G N G H E L A M N G H I E P SO 1 - 2019 115
Kinh te & Chinh sdch
NSNN cho ndng nghiep, ndng thdn va lien tuc dugc md rdng. Ty le chi cho nong nghiep, ndng thdn trong tdng chi NSNN da tang tir 32,8% nam 2008 len 41,3% nam 2013. Trong giai doan 2009 - 2013, tong sd vdn dau tu cho ndng nghiep, ndng thdn dat 520.441 ty ddng, bang 51,67% tdng vdn dau tu phat trien ngudn NSNN va ttai philu chinh phii (TPCP), tang 2,62 lan so vdi 5 nam trudc.
Cung vdi vdn dgu tu hj NSNN va TPCP, vdn tin dung cho khu vuc nong nghiep, ndng thon ciing ludn duy tri dugc tang vdd tdc do tang trudng cao han tdc dp tang chung cho nen kinh te, binh quan dat 21%/nam. Tdng du ng nam 2014 dat gan 760 nghin ty ddng... Theo De an tdng the tai ca cau kinh te, vdn dau tu ngan sach nha nude cho ndng nghiep, nong thdn dugc chinh phu phe duyet giai doan 2016 - 2020 la 480.000 ty ddng, gap ddi so vdi giai doan 5 nam truac, dap iing dugc khoang 66%
so vdi nhu cau dau tu. Viec dau tu ciing se dugc dieu chinh theo huang giam dan ty trpng dau tu thdng qua Bd va tang phan cap ve cho cac dia phucrng.
Nguyen nhan: Qua cac nam, tdng ngudn tii NSNN dau tu cho khu vuc ndng nghiep, ndng thdn ndi chung la tuang ddi Ion so vdi cac nganh kinh te khac. Tuy nhien, a khu vuc ndng nghiep, ndng thdn cac hoat ddng diu cin phai cai thien, can phai dau tu. Tir dau tu ca sd ha tang, hd trg vdn san xuat, kien thuc san xuit, tieu thu san pham...
Von ODA, luy kl din nay la 5,5 ty USD, chilm 7% hrong tdng vdn ODA vao Viet Nam.
Nhin chung, dau tu cua cac doanh nghiep ndi chung vao ITnh vyc ndng nghiep nong thdn la it, nhung vdn ODA danh cho ndng nghiep so vdi cac nganh khac la tuang ddi nhiiu. Ddi vdi vdn ODA cd ngudn hoan lai va ngudn khdng hoan lai. Ty trgng vdn khdng hoan lai trong ITnh vyc nay tuang ddi cao trong tong ngudn vdn ODA, trung binh khoang 350 - 400 trieu USD/nam. Tuy nhien, do ITnh vuc ndng nghiep, ndng thdn thudng xuyen ddi mat vdi khd khan, rui ro do thien tai, dich hga, thi trudng bap benh nen hieu qua cua viec diu tu
mang lai cdn thip. Viet Nam da sii dung nguon vdn ODA uu dai, ODA khdng hoan lai dl thuc hien xda ddi giam ngheo. Nguyen nhan niia la Viet nam thudc nhdm cac nude cd thu nhap trung binh thip, thu nhap binh quan dau nguoi thoat khdi nguang ngheo cua the gidi nen cae nha tai trg se giam din cac khoan cho vay ODA uu dai, ODA khdng hoan lai. Viet Nam can sir dung ODA cho phat trien nong nghiep phai phu hgp voi vdi chien luge va cac kk hoach phat triSn kinh te - xa hgi dat nude va CO ban la dap iing tdt nhat, mang lai hieu qua nhat ddi vdi nang cao ddi sdng cua nguoi ndng dan.
Theo Vu Hgp tac qudc tl (Bd NN&PTNT), trong giai doan 1996 - 2015, tdng lugng v6n ODA huy dpng trong nganh ndng nghiep vao khoang hon 6 ty USD, chiem khoang 7% tdng ODA ca nude, gdp phan dang ke thiic d5y, thay ddi bp mat ciia nganh ndng nghiep. Trong dd, thuy lgi chiem ty le ODA cao nhat voi 45%, tiep theo la ndng nghiep (21%), phat trien ndng thdn (15%), lam nghiep (15%) va it nhat la thuy san chi vai 4%.
Nguon von tiep theo Id von FDI dau tu vao ndng nghiep, tich liiy den het nam 2017 la gan 3,4 ty USD, chi chilm 1,5% tdng vdn FDI vao Viet Nam; Cu the neu nhu nam 2001, vdn FDI vao ndng nghiep con chiem tdi 8% tdng von FDI cua ca nuac, thi den nam 2015 vdn dau tu vao nganh ndng nghiep chi cdn khoang 1,46%
tdng vdn FDI vao Viet Nam, din nam 2017 la 1,5% (theo bao cao ciia Cue diu tu nuoc ngoai). Ngudn vdn FDI vao nganh ndng nghi?p tang trucmg khdng dn dinh. Nam 2009, so lupng 29 dy an, nam 2010 giam cdn 12 du an, den nam 2014 tang len 28 du an. Diiu nay cho thay viec nganh ndng nghiep chua cd site hap dan vdi ngudn vdn FDI. Nam 2015 sd lupng dy an mai dang ky giam xudng nhung quy mo vdn dang ky tang len dang ke. Tdng ngudn FDl dau tu vao nganh ndng, lam nghiep va thiiy san, liiy ke cac dy an cdn hieu lyc den het nam 2017 la 508 dy an vai mirc vdn diu W la 3.399,58 trieu USD. Din thang 2/2018, ting vdn diu tu true tiep nuac ngoai (FDI) vao
116 TAP CHI KHOA HOC vA C 6 N G N G H ? L A M NGHIEP SO 1 - 2019
Kinh te & Chinh sdch nong nghiep la 3,5 trieu USD vdi 514 du an va
so vdi tdng von dau tu luy ke vao nganh ndng nghiep thi sd vdn nay chi chilm khoang 1%
tong dau tu. Hinh thuc dau tu ciia cac dy an FDI den het nam 2017 the hien qua hinh 1.
• 100% v6n nu'oc ngoai - Lien doanh • Hgip d&ng ht^p tic KD Hinh 1. Co* ciu hinh thirc d i u tir FDI vao nong, lam nghi€p va thuy san Vi^t Nam Trong cac hiiih thiic d i u tu, hinh thuc d i u
tu 10% vdn tir nude ngoai chilm 80,52%, hinh thitc hgp ddng hgp tac kinh doanh chi chilm 0,15%. Trong cac ddi tac dau tu tryc tiep vao
ndng, lam nghiep va thuy san nude ta, den het nam 2017 la tu 34 qudc gia. Ddi tac nude ngoai dau tu tryc tiep vao Viet Nam the hien qua bang 2.
Bang 2. Doi tac niro'c ngoai dSu tir true tiep vao nganh nong, lam nghiep va thiiy san Viet Nam
Doi tac S6 dir ^n
155 42 40 35 33 30 24 24 24 20 17 15 10 5 34
T6ng v6n d^u t u (trieu USD)
599,47 239,15 114,39 543,10 381,83 280,44 259,31 123,58 67,38 149,08 44,99 161,82 74,65 22,86 337,53 1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Dai Loan Nhat Ban Han Quoc BritishVirginlslands Singapore Thai Lan Hong Kong Australia Phap Malaysia Trung Quoc HoaKy Ha Lan An Do Khac
T6ng 3.399,58
Qua bang 2 cho thay, Dai Loan la qudc gia cd ngudn FDI dau tu vao Viet Nam Ion nhat trong sd 34 qudc gia dau tu vao Viet Nam vdi 155/508 dy an, tuong iing vdi sd vdn dau tu la 599,47 trieu USD; Tiep theo, thii hai la Nhat Ban, 42 dy an vdi tdng vdn dau tu 239,15 trieu
Ngudn' Cue Bdu tu nude ngodi.
USD; Han Qudc 40 dy an vai 114,39 trieu USD. Ddng vdn dau tu FDI va nhung du an dau tu FDI nhd le hen nhieu so vdi cac ITnh vuc khac, tap trung vao che bien thuy san, hoa qua tai mpt sd dja phuang. Chua cd nha d i u tu nude ngoai nao bd vdn vao cac dy an d i u tu T A P C H I K H O A H Q C VA C O N G N G H E L A M N G H I E P SO 1 - 2019 117
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NSNN cho ndng nghiep, nong thdn va lien tuc dugc md rdng. Ty le chi cho ndng nghiep, ndng thdn trong tdng chi NSNN da tang tir 32,8% nam 2008 len 41,3% nam 2013. Trong giai doan 2009 - 2013, tdng sd vdn dau tu cho ndng nghiep, ndng thdn dat 520.441 ty ddng, bang 51,67% tdng vdn dau tu phat trien ngudn NSNN va d-ai philu chinh phii (TPCP), tang 2,62 lan so vdi 5 nam trudc.
Ciing vdi vdn diu tu tir NSNN va TPCP, vdn tin dung cho khu vuc ndng nghiep, ndng thdn cung ludn duy tri dupe tang voi tdc do tang trucmg cao hon tdc dp tang chung cho nen kmh te, bmh quan dat 21%/nam. Tdng du ng nam 2014 dat gan 760 nghin ty ddng... Theo De an tdng the tai co cau kinh te, vdn dau tu ngan sach nha nude cho ndng nghiep, ndng thdn dugc chinh phu phe duyet giai doan 2016 - 2020 la 480.000 ty ddng, gap doi so vdi giai doan 5 nam trudc, dap img dugc khoang 66%
so vdi nhu cau dau tu. Viec dau tu ciing se dugc dieu chinh theo hudng giam dan ty trgng dau tu thdng qua Bd va tang phan cap ve cho cac dia phuang.
Nguyen nhan: Qua cac nam, tdng ngudn tir NSNN dau tu cho khu vuc ndng nghiep, ndng thdn ndi chung la tuang ddi Idn so vdi cac nganh kinh te khac. Tuy nhien, d khu vyc ndng nghiep, ndng thdn cac hoat ddng deu can phai cai thien, can phai dau tu. Tic diu hr ca sd ha tang, hd trg von san xuat, kien thiic san xuit, tieu thu san pham...
Von ODA. liiy kl den nay la 5,5 ty USD, chiem 7% trong tdng vdn ODA vao Viet Nam.
Nhin chung, dau tu ciia cac doanh nghiep ndi chung vao ITnh vyc ndng nghiep ndng thdn la it, nhimg von ODA danh cho ndng nghiep so vdi cac nganh khac la tuong ddi nhiiu. Ddi vdi vdn ODA cd ngudn hoan lai va ngudn khdng hoan lai. Ty trgng vdn khdng hoan lai trong ITnh vyc nay tuong ddi cao trong tdng ngudn von ODA, trung binh khoang 350 - 400 trieu USD/nam. Tuy nhien, do ITnh vuc ndng nghiep, ndng thdn thudng xuyen ddi mat vdi khd khan, rui ro do thien tai, dich hga, thi truang bap benh nen hieu qua ciia viec diu tu
mang lai cdn thip. Viet Nam da sii dung ngudn vdn ODA im dai, ODA khdng hoan lai de thuc hien xda ddi giam ngheo. Nguyen nhan niia la Viet nam thupc nhdm cac nude cd thu nhap frung binh thip, thu nhap binh quan dau ngudi thoat khdi nguong ngheo ciia the gidi nen cac nha tai trg se giam dan cac khoan cho vay ODA uu dai, ODA khdng hoan lai. Viet Nam can sii dung ODA cho phat trien ndng nghiep phai phu hgp vdi vdi chien luge va cac ke hoach phat trien kinh te - xa hdi dat nude va CO ban la dap iing tdt nhat, mang lai hieu qua nhat ddi vdi nang cao ddi sdng cua nguoi nong dan.
Theo Vu Hgp tac qudc tl (Bg NN&PTNT), trong giai doan 1996 - 2015, tdng lugng von ODA huy ddng trong nganh ndng nghiep vao khoang hon 6 ty USD, chiem khoang 7% tdng ODA ca nude, gdp phan dang ke thuc d§y, thay ddi bd mat ciia nganh ndng nghiep. Trong dd, thiiy lpi chiem ty 18 ODA cao nhit voi 45%, tiip theo la ndng nghiep (21%), phat trien ndng thdn (15%), lam nghiep (15%) va it nhat la thuy san chi vdi 4%.
Nguon von tiep theo Id von FDI dau tu vao ndng nghiep, tich liiy den het nam 2017 la gan 3,4 ty USD, chi chilm 1,5%) tdng vdn FDI vao Viet Nam; Cu the nlu nhu nam 2001, vdn FDI vao ndng nghiep cdn chilm tdi %% tdng von FDI cua ca nude, thi den nam 2015 vdn diu hi vao nganh ndng nghiep chi cdn khoang 1,46%
tdng vdn FDI vao Viet Nam, din nam 2017 la 1,5% (theo bao cao cua Cue diu tu nuac ngoai). Ngudn vdn FDI vao nganh ndng nghiep tang hirdng khdng dn dinh. Nam 2009, s6 lugng 29 dy an, nam 2010 giam cdn 12 du an, din nam 2014 tang len 28 du an. Didu nay cho thay viec nganh ndng nghiep chua cd siic hap din vdi ngudn vdn FDI. Nam 2015 sd lugng du an mai dang ky giam xudng nhung quy mo vdn dang ky tang len dang kl. Tdng ngudn FDI dau tu vao nganh ndng, lam nghiep va thuy san, liiy ke cac dy an cdn hieu lyc din hit nam 2017 la 508 dy an vdi miic vdn diu tu la 3.399,58 trieu USD. Din thang 2/2018, tdng vdn dau tu tryc tiep nude ngoai (FDI) vao
116 TAP CHI KHOA HOC vA CONG NGHE L A M NGHIEP SO 1 - 2019
Kinh te & Chinh sdch ndng nghiep la 3,5 trieu USD vdi 514 du an va
so vai tdng vdn d i u tu luy k l vao nganh ndng nghiep thi sd vdn nay chi chiem khoang 1%
tdng dau tu. Hinh thiic dau tu ciia cac dy an FDI den het nam 2017 the hien qua hinh 1.
• 100% von nuoc ngoai - Lien doanh • H<?p dong hpp t^c KD Hinh 1. Ca ciu hinh thirc d i u tir FDI vao ndng, lam nghiep va thuy san Vi|t Nam Trong cac hinh thuc dau tu, hinh thirc d i u
tu 10% vdn tu nude ngoai chilm 80,52%, hinh thiic hgp ddng hgp tac kinh doanh chi chiem 0,15%. Trong cac ddi tac d i u tu tryc tiip vao
ndng, lam nghiep va thuy san nude ta, den het nam 2017 la tir 34 qudc gia. Ddi tac nude ngoai dau tu true tiep vao Viet Nam the hien qua bang 2.
Bang 2. Dot tac nirtrc ngoai dau tir true tiep vao ngiinh nong, lam nghiep va thuy san Viet Nam
STT Doi tac S6 dir an
155 42 40 35 33 30 24 24 24 20 17 15 10 5 34
T6ng v6n d4u tu- (trieu USD)
599,47 239,15 114,39 543,10 381,83 280,44 259,31 123,58 67,38 149,08 44,99 161,82 74,65 22,86 337,53 1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Dai Loan Nhat Ban Han Quoc BritishVirginlslands Singapore Thai Lan Hong Kong Australia Phap IVIalaysia Trung Quoc HoaKy Ha Lan An Do Khac
Tong 3.399,58
Qua bang 2 cho thay, Ddi Loan la qudc gia cd ngudn FDI d i u tu vao Viet Nam Idn nhit trong sd 34 qudc gia dau tu vao Viet Nam vdi 155/508 dy an, tuong iing vdi sd vdn dau tu la 599,47 trieu USD; Tiip theo, thii hai la Nhat Ban, 42 dy an vdi tdng vdn d i u tu 239,15 trieu
Ngudn. Cue Bdu tu nu&c ngodi.
USD; Han Qudc 40 du an vdi 114,39 trieu USD. Ddng vdn dau tu FDI va nhung du an dau tu FDI nhd le han nhieu so vdi cac ITnh vuc khac, tap trung vao che bien thuy san, hoa qua tai mdt sd dia phuang. Chua cd nha dau tu nude ngoai nao bd vdn vao cac du an d i u tu T A P C H I K H O A H O C VA C 6 N G N G H E L A M N G H I E P SO 1 - 2019 117
Kinh te & Chinh sdch
cdng nghe cao, hiiu c a quy md Ion tai Viet Nam. Cac du an FDI vao ndng nghiep chi tap trung chil yeu vao cac dy an thu hdi vdn nhanh nhu che bien ndng san thuc pham; che bien lam san, chan nudi va che bien thitc an gia sue.
Theo thdng ke Cue Dau tu nude ngoai, ddng vdn FDI vao khu vyc ndng nghiep da it, CO cau du an va ngudn vdn nay lai phan bd mat can ddi trong cac dia phuang ciia ca nude. Cac dy an FDI trong khu vuc ndng nghiep deu tap trung vao nhiing dia phuong cd lgi the ve ca sd
ha ting, ngudn nhan luc, vimg nguyen lieu va didu kien v l thd nhudng, khi hau thuan Igi.
Hien nay, nhiing dja phuong thudc khu vuc Ddng Nam Bd va viing kinh t l trgng diim phia Nam cd ngudn vdn d i u tu FDI 1cm nhat so vdi cac khu vyc khac h-ong ca nude nhu: Binh Duong, Ddng Nai, Lam Ddng, TP. Hd Chi Minh... Trong khi dd, nhiing dia phuong va khu vuc khac lai thu hiit FDI rat kho khan. Kit qua cu the the hien tai bang 3.
Bang 3. Dong von FDI vao khu vu'c ndng nghi€p theo dia phirong (Tin h a l n hit nam 2017)
Dia Phirong Tong von dau tir (trieu
USD) Ty le (%)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 i l 12 13 14 15 16 17
Binh Duong Lam Dong Dong Nai TP. Ho Chi Minh Ha Noi Binh Phuoc Binh Thuan Da Nang Khanh Hoa Nmh Thuan Tay Ninh Quang Ninh Binh Dinh Ba Ria - VGng Tau Phil Yen Long An Khac
85 61 38 29 21 21 20 17 15 14 11 5 9 9 9 9 131
573,57 249,07 511,31 69,79 108,28 55,35 45,98 71,67 90,41 85,15 63,88 126,87 89,55 61,07 45,68 15,34 97,72
16,87 7,33 15,04 2,05 3,18 1,63 1,35 2,11 2,66 2,50 1,88 3,73 2,63 1,80 1,34 0,45 2,87
Tong 3.399,58 100,00
Qua bang 3 ta thay, trong s6 16 dia phirong CO ngu6n FDI Ion nhat ca nu-oc chu ygu tap tmng 6 cac dia phuong viing Dong Nam Bo va vung kinh te trong digm phia Nam, day lai la cac du an dau tu vao Unh vuc nong nghiep.
Nhung, doi vai vung Trung du mign nui phia Bac la vimg kinh tg kho khan trong phat triSn moi ITnh vuc nhimg so dtt an dju tir vao cac tinh viing nay rit nho. Son La la tinh trong vimg CO s5 dir an diiu tu Icm nhjt la 7 du an vai
Nguon: Cue Bdu tie nuac ngoai.
von dau tu 10,88 trieu USD, cac tinh con lai chi 1 dgn 4 du an va von d i u tu nho. Qua do cho thay, hoat dong thu hut FDI a cac dja phuang CO sir chenh lech lan, cac dia phucmg dang gap kho khan trong qua trinh phat tiiSn thi cang kho khan trong viec huy dong v6n nay.
Ngu6n FDI d i u tu vao lmh virc nong nghiep, nong thon con chua cao so vol cac nganh khac la do hoat dong nay nhigu riii ro, th6i tigt khi hau a Viet Nam thit thuang, giao TAP C H i KHOA H O C VA C 6 N G N G H E L A M N G H I E P SO 1 - 2019
Kinh te & Chinh sdch thdng den cac khu vyc ndng thdn chua hoan
thien nen khd khan trong hoat ddng kinh doanh... Hien nay, nhiiu md hinh dau tu phat trien ndng nghiep 4.0 dl giam bot nhiing yeu td riii ro da dugc dau tu nhung cdn han che do thieu vdn.
Nguon tu cdc to chuc tdi chinh vi mo: bao gdm nguon tu cac quy, cac hiep hdi... dau tu vao ndng nghiep, ndng thdn mdi chiem khoang 4% GDP (Nguydn Thi Thu HuyIn, 2017). Cac td chiic tai chinh vi md cung cap cac khoan vay nhd va cac dich vu, san pham tai chinh cho cac hd gia dinh ndng thdn cd vdn san xuat - kinh doanh thoat ngheo, dn dinh cupc sdng.
Cac dich vu ma cac td chirc tai chinh vi md mang lai cho ngudi dan la de khac phyc rat nhieu rao can khi tiep can vdn vay ciia cac ngan hang thuong mai. Cho den nay, hoat dgng tai chinh vi md d Viet Nam cdn phat trien rat cham, sd lugng td chirc tai chinh vi md cd khoang han 50 don vi, trong dd cd 3 don vi dugc cap phep chinh thiic. Cac td chirc nay nhd ca ve quy mo va pham vi hoat ddng. Mac dii cdn nhieu han che trong hoat ddng nhung cd the ndi dich vy tai chinh vi md dugc khach hang sir dung danh gia rat tich cyc. O day, ngoai y nghTa kinh te thi dich vy tai chinh vi md cd y nghTa xa hpi het siic quan trpng, la cdng cu xda ddi giam ngheo phat huy dugc nhieu tac dung.
V&i nguon vdn tin dung ngdn hdng, theo Vu Tin dyng cac nganh kinh te (Ngan hang Nha nude), den cudi thang 7/2016, du ng cho vay phuc vy phat trien ndng nghiep, ndng thdn ciia cac td chuc tin dung danh cho ndng nghiep, ndng thdn cd khoang hon 1 trieu ty ddng. Day cung la ty le vdn kha cao, chiem khoang 17%
tdng du ng ciia nen kinh te. Dii ITnh vuc ndng nghiep dang tiep nhan ngudn vdn dau tu da dang, nhung tren thye te nhu cau vdn dau tu ndng nghiep van chua dugc dap iing diy du, nhiiu ddi tugng vin cin vdn vay. Nganh ndng nghiep chi ddng gdp khoang 18% GDP ca nude, nhung cd vai trd hit sue quan h-gng vi day la khu vyc tap trung gin 70% dan sd nude ta va thu hut gin 50% lyc lugng lao ddng ca nude.
Nhan thiic dugc vai tro cua ndng nghiep, ndng thdn, ndng dan. Dang va Nha nude da ban hanh nhiiu ca che, chinh sach nham thuc day nong nghiep phat trien, nang cao ddi sdng ndng dan va xay dung ndng thdn mdi, trong dd cd chinh sach tin dung ngan hang. Dac biet Nghi dinh sd 55/2015/ND-CP ngay 9/6/2015 cua Chinh phu vl chinh sach tin dung phuc vu phat triin ndng nghiep, ndng thdn va Thdng tu 10/2015/TT-NHNN ngay 22/7/2015 hudng din thye hien Nghi dinh 55/2015 la nhiing chinh sach mang tinh dot pha de hudng ddng vdn tin dung vao ITnh vuc ndng nghiep ndng thdn, thdng qua nhieu chinh sach mang tinh dac thu ddi vdi ITnh vyc nay.
Theo thdng ke ciia Cue Kinh te hgp tac va Phat triin ndng thdn, tinh den thang 3/2016 ca nude cd 29.933 trang trai, gia tri san xuat hang hda binh quan khoang 2 ty ddng/trang trai, nhimg vdn dau tu phan Idn tir vdn tu cd va vdn vay ciia cdng ddng, ty trpng vdn tin dung chiem rat nhd.
V&i cdc doanh nghiep: Theo Bd Ke hoach va Dau tu, ca nuac hien chi cd hon 49.600 doanh nghiep dau tu vao ndng nghiep, chiem 8% tdng sd doanh nghiep dang hoat dpng, chu yeu la vira va nhd, tham chi rat nhd, vdi miic vdn dau tu thap. Chinh vi the sire canh tranh ciia cac doanh nghiep nay cdn yeu. Chinh vi vay, cac doanh nghiep nay dang thieu vdn nghiem trpng. Vi thieu vdn nen viec dau tu cho cdng nghe cdn rat it, nen san pham lam ra khd cd the canh tranh tren thi truong. Cimg vdi dd, chat lugng nguon lao ddng trong ITnh vyc ndng nghiep cdn thap. Da sd cac lao dpng lam thdi vu. Vi vay, hg khdng the dau tu' de nang cao trinh do, khdng cd y thiic phan dau de tang nang suat va hieu qua san xuat.
Ngoai nhiing ngudn vdn dau tu' da neu tren, mpt ngudn ciing vd ciing quan trpng do la vdn ddu tu ctia bdn thdn nhirng nguai nong ddn.
Nhiing ngudi ndng dan hg ty bd vdn dl tiin hanh cac hoat ddng san xuit kinh doanh lao ra cua cai phuc vu cho ddi sdng sinh hoat hang ngay. Day cung la ngudn vdn lan va tnic tiep nhat, ngudn vdn nay khd thdng ke dl cd mdt con sd chinh xac.
TAP CHI KHOA HOC VA CONG NGHE L A M NGHIEP SO 1 - 2019 I 19
Kinh te & Chinh sdch
Nhin chung, tdng ngudn vdn dau tu cho lmh vuc ndng nghiep rat phong phu nhimg khd huy ddng do ITnh vuc ndng nghiep chiia dung nhieu rui ro, phu thudc nhieu vao dieu kien ty nhien, dia hinh. Vi vay ngoai sy hd trg true tiep tir NSNN, Chinh phu can cd cac chinh sach de thu hiit cac ngudn vdn khac vao dau tu cho lmh vyc ndng nghiep, phat huy dugc vai trd cua cac ngah ndng nghiep trong phat trien kinh te dat nude.
3.4. Mdt sd giai phap huy dong von dau tir vao phat trien nong nghiep, nong thdn WH Nam
Thir nhdt, cdc chinh sdch: Can cd chinh sach diu tu hgp ly cho ca trdng trgt, chan nudi, thuy san va lara nghiep. Nhiing dia phuong cd tiem nang, the manh ve linh vyc nao thi chii trgng dau tu phat dien the manh dd truac. Dinh hudng dau tu cho cac hoat ddng hd trg cho san xuat ndng nghiep (thiiy lgi...) va cho che bien.
Ddng thai, can tang dau tu xay dung co so ha tang ndng thdn, dac biet la he thdng giao thdng, thiiy Igi...
Ngan sach nha nude nen tap trung dau tu vao cac ITnh vuc ma kha nang thu hdi vdn khdng cao hoac khd huy ddng dau tu tu nhan nhu cac dy an ve co sd ha tang va dich vu xa hdi tai cac viing chua phat trien, viing dac biet khd khan nhu Trung du, mien nui phia Bac, Tay Nguyen... Tuy nhien, khi lua chgn cac dy an dau tu can dugc dya tren Igi ich tren tat ca cac ITnh vyc kinh te, xa hdi va mdi trudng.
Chinh phu va cac dia phuang can chii trgng trong cdng tac quy hoach, dac biet quy hoach de phdt trien trong ITnh vyc nong nghiep d cac khu vuc ndng thon, han chi lam thay ddi cupc sdng thudng ngay cua ngudi dan, phu hop vdi viec ap dung khoa hgc cdng nghe cao vao san xuat quy md Idn, de dl dang huy ddng diu tu vao cac viing chuyen canh. Cin xay dung cac td hgp lien kit ndng nghiep tir san xuit - chi bien - tieu thu. Dac biet la ddi vdi cac du an tir vdn dau tu nuoc ngoai. Tap trung rupng dit dl dang cho viec ung dung cdng nghe cao vao san xuat, ban che san xuat nhd le, manh miin.
Thif hai, Chinh quyen cac dia phuang cin xay dyng cac phuang an va dl xuit vdi Chinh
Phu dl cd cac chinh sach hd trg vl thue, dat dai va vdn, tao diiu kien cac doanh nghiep FDI dl dang quyit dinh diu tu vao nganh ndng nghiep hon. Day la nhiing ly do gay trd ngai trong viec huy ddng FDI hien nay.
Thu ba, Nha nude cin xay dyng va ban hanh cac chinh sach khuyen khich va tao dieu kien cho cac td chiic tai chinh vi mo hoat ddng rgng rai vi hien tai, chua cd he thdng phap ly day du dam bao cho hoat ddng ciia cac td chiic.
Nhijng Igi ich ma dich vu ciia cac td chuc tai chinh vi md mang lai cho ngudi dan da dugc khang dinh, giup duy fri va dn dinh ddi sdng ciia nguai dan, dac biet d cac vung frinh dp ngudi dan cdn khd khan, giam bdi: tin dung den d nhirng khu vuc nay.
Thir tu, Xay dyng mdi quan he phdi hgp chat che giiia cac cong ty bao hiem vdi cac to chuc tin dung va cac td chiic cua ndng dan (hgi ndng dan, hgp tac xa, to nhom ndng dan) vi hien tai da sd td chirc tin dung va ngan hang cdn han che trong viec cho ngudi dan, cac to hgp tac, hgp tac xa vay tien de kinh doanh vi sg riii ro.
Thu ndm, Hoan thien he thdng ca sd ha tang d cac vimg ndng thdn. Day la mpt trong nhiing nguyen nhan gay khd khan trong thu hut von dau tu vao phat trien san xuat ndng nghiep.
Dac biet can sdm hoan thien he thdng giao thdng ve cac vung ndng thdn.
4. KET LUAN
Trong npi dung bai nghien cuu nay, tac gia da trinh bay nhiing van de co ban ve tinh huih kinh te - xa hpi ndng thdn nude ta hien nay, ve thuc trang san xuat ndng, ISm nghiep va thuy san Viet Nam. Sau khi trinh bay thye trang huy dgng vdn dau tu vao phat tri§n ndng nghiep tir 5 ngudn ngudn huy ddng chinh: NSNN, nguon ODA, ngudn FDI, tii tai chinh vi md va tir ngudn tin dung cua cac ngan hang thuong mai, tii doanh nghiep va nguai dan trong thdi gian vira qua, tac gia ciing dua ra mgt s6 giai phap thilt thye nham huy ddng vdn diu tu vao phat triin ndng nghiep Viet Nam trong thdi gian tdi cd nhieu thuan Ipi va hieu qua hem.
120 TAP CHI KHOA HOC vA CONG NGHE LAM NGHIEP SO I - 2019
Kinh ti & Chinh sdch T A I LIEU THAM K H A O 3. T6ng cyc Th6ng ke (2018). Nien gidm thdng ki
1. Doan Thi Han (2018). Huy dong vd su dung cdc "^f ^^^^ Nxb. Thong ke.
ngudn luc tdi chinh thuc Men chuang trinh XDNTM 4. Do Thien Anh Tuan (2018). Nong nghiip Viit viing TDMNphia Bac Viet Nam. htmn an Titn SI Imimg ^ ' " " ^<^1S' ^^ Idiong mot nong ddn ndo bt bo lgi, Dai hpc Lam nghiep. http://nongthonviet.com.vn/nong-nghiep/cau-chuven--
2. Khanh Toan (2016). Dau tu cho nong nghiep, nong-nghiep/201802/nong-nghiep-viet-nam-2018-de-
nong thon con it, khong-mot-nong-dan-nao-bi-bo-lai-719911/
http://www.hoinQngdan.ors.vn/sitepaees/news/68/48 876/dau-tu-cho-Dong-nghiep-nong-thon-con-it
COLLECTION OF INVESTMENT CAPITAL IN AGRICULTURAL AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN VIETNAM
Doan Thi H a n \ Nguyen Thi Mai Huong^
''^Vietnam National University of Forestry
SUMMARY
In the process of national industrialization and modernization, the role of agriculture in rural areas development is not deniable. Vietnam has more than 70% of people living in rural areas and operating in the agncultural sector, the potential for agricultural development is relatively large, but the results of the agncultural sector are not adequate. By studying the status of agricultural development in recent years, the research shows that the investment capital mobilization was from 5 main sources: State budget, ODA, FDI, microfinance, commercial banks and sources from private businesses, people. Of all these sources, the state budget has gradually decreased while the other sources have showed an upward trend in recent years. The research proposes measures to facilitate resources mobilization for agricultural development, to promote potentials and strengths.
Keywords: Agriculture, FDI, investment capital mobilization, rural areas, state budget.
Ngay nhan bai Ngay phan bi^n Ngay quyet dinh dang
16/8/2018 29/01/2019 11/02/2019
TAP CHI KHOA HQC vA C 6 N G NGHE L A M NGHIEP SO 1 - 2019
