4 4 I Nguyin Trong Hoai | 44 - 62
Phat trien nong nghiep theo hircmg tang trirdng xanh:
Tiep can hanh vi sir dung thuoc bao ve thyc vat tai Dong bang song Ciru Long
Nguyen Trgng Hoai
Trudng Dai hpc Kinh te TP HCM - [email protected],vn
Ngay nhan:
07/04/2014 Ngaynhan lai.
28/05/2014 Ngay duyet dang*
10/06/2014 Ma so:
04-14-0-17
Tir khoa:
D6ng bang song Cuu Long, san xual nong nghiep, lang truong xanh, ihuoc bao ve lh^^c vat
Keywords' Mekong Delia, agricultural production, green growth, pesticide,
T6m tat
Nghien cuu nay tim hieu hanh vi cua nong dan tai hai tinh thugc Dong bang song Cuu Long (DBSCL) bang khung phan tich dinh hucmg tang Iruong xanh tiong nong nghiep thong qua khao sat viec nhan thirc moi truong va su dung thuoc bao ve thuc vat. Co b6n khia canh de danh gia bao gom: (i) Tinh trang kinh ta-xa hgi; (ii) Tinh trang moi truong; (lii) Tinh trang va nhan thuc cua ca nhan; va (iv)
^ Chinh sach xanh trong nong nghiep. Ket qua nghien ciiu cho thay qua trinh huong den tang trucmg xanh cua nong nghiep khu vuc nay g | p nhieu kho khan va thach thiic. Tang truong nhanh nhung chu yeu dya vao khai thac cac nguon luc ty nhien thong qua hoat dong cac nganh khai thac va ch6 bien thuy san da anh huong den moi truong ty nhien. Chinh sach h6 trg tang truong xanh dugc d^ nghi nen dat sy can bang giua cac bien phap truydn thong giao due va cac bien phap ho trg true tiep nham thuc day, di€u chinh hanh vi nong dan trong qua* trinh san xuat va ch£ bi^n huong dSn tang truong xanh.
Abstract
This research explores behavior of farmers in two Mekong Delta provinces in an analysis framework of green growth for agricultural production by surveying their environmental perceptions and use of pesticides. The research estimates four aspects, (i) Socioeconomic situation; (ii) Environmental situation; (iii) Personal perceptions and sihiation; and (iv) Green agricultural policies. The results show that the effort to achieve green growth for agricultural production m the Mekong Delta faces many difficulties and challenges. The fast development based on exploitation of natural resources for sea- farming produces bad effects on the environment. The research suggests that policies on the green growth should achieve some balance between education-communication programs and campaigns to adjust farmers' behavior in their businesses in order to orient them toward the green growth.
Phat trien Kinh ti 284 (06/2014) j 45
1. GIOI THIEU
Nen kinh te the giai da va dang doi mat voi nhftng kho khan va thach thuc rat Ion, do la van de bat on kinh te vT mo, nhiJng nguy co tir cuoc khiing hoang kinh te - tai chinh cr quy mo toan cau, ap lyc that nghiep va tinh trang tham hut ngan sach tai hau het cac quoc gia. Ben canh do, VN ciing dang chiu anh huong boi bien doi khi hau va thien tai do moi truong bi xuong cap. Cac ap Iuc tir tang truang a binh dien vT mo va san xuat ciia con nguM d khia canh vi mo. Nhiing xu huang tren tren cho thay mo hinh tang truang kinh te hien tai dl t6n thuang va khong ben viing. Do do, yeu cau thuc ti^n can phai co m6t mo hinh tang truang kmh t6 moi khac phuc dugc nhiJng nhugc diem cua mo hinh hien tai, dam bao phat trien kinh te ben viing, on dinh va thanh qua cua phat triSn kinh t^ dugc phan phdi tdi moi nguai dan. Mo hinh tang tru'ong xanh (Green Growth) vdi dac tinh phat triln kinh t^ di doi vdi bao ve moi trucmg va su dung hieu qua cac nguon tai nguyen thi8n nhien, do do dugc ki vong se tra thanh xu the moi cho phat trien kinh te toan c^u noi chung va VN noi rieng.
Nghien cuu nay nhim phan tich hanh vi san xudt nong nghiep (SXNN) ciia nong dan tai khu vuc DBSCL theo djnh huong tang trudng xanh. Tai VN, tang trucmg xanh la mgt khai niem con mdi va it dugc nghien cuu pho biln rgng rai. DBSCL la viing vira CO thi manh nong nghiep, vira co nguy ca ve su phat trien thieu ben viing, lai vira cd tilm nang phat triln theo dinh hudng "xanh" neu cd cac chinh sach hd trg hgp Ii tir Chinh phii. Nghien cihi nay gdp phSn cung ckp them b^ng chung vi tinh hinh SXNN ciia nong dan tai DBSCL theo djnh hudng xanh hda trong khu vuc nong nghiep dua tren khung phan tich tang trudng xanh trong nong nghiep.
2. TANG TRUONG XANH VA KHUNG PHAN TICH AP DUNG CHO NONG NGHIEP 2.1. Li thuyet tang truomg xanh
Kinh t l hgc xanh la mpt trao luu mdi ikx c3n thiet van dung cho Imh vuc nong nghiep vi nd tap trung nghien cuu kha nang tdi da phiic Igi kinh le trong gidi ban cua sinh thai (Wall, 2006) va tdn trgng cac trat tu phat triln ciia tu nhien (Cato, 2012), ddng thdi khuyin khich cac chii thi lien quan tham gia quyet dinh cac vin de xa hdi va mdi tnidng (Kennet & Heinemann, 2006). Khung phan tich Ii thuylt nay dat boi canh nin kinh t l va cac hoat dgng san xuSt trong pham vi bao quat va Hen he chat che vdi bdi canh xa hgi va mdi trudng sinh thai trong viec sii dung cac ngudn lire (Hellstrand
& cdng su, 2009). Quan dilm mdi cua Ii thuyet nay dugc van dung xay dung khung li thuylt tang trudng xanh cho ITnh virc ndng nghiep muc dich de cac hoat dgng kinh te
4 6 I Nguyen Trong Hoai [ 4 4 - 6 2
trong ITnh vuc ndng nghiep ttr dau vao den dau ra deu phai dat trong viec can nhac cac ngoai tac vdi xa hoi; dac biet la cac chti the lien quan true tiep hoat ddng trong ndng nghiep. Cac boat dgng kinh t l va cac chii the tham gia hoat dgng nay phai chii trgng den viec sii dung ngudn tai nguyen tu nhien ma ndng nghiep phai sii dung; day vira la nhan td diiu vao (dat, nudc, khdng khi) va ddng thdi Iai la noi hap thu cac chat thai tir cac hoat ddng kinh te trong ITnh vuc ndng nghiep.
Tang trudng xanh dudi goc do ham san xuat (Y) cd dien thdng qua bd sung yeu td mdi tru'dng (E) va nd Iuc cho cac chinh sach tac dgng den mdi trudng (P(E)) ben canh cac yeu td truyen thdng cdng nghe (A), vdn vat chat (K), va Iao ddng (L) tir thap nien 70 (Dasgupta & Heal, 1974; Nordhaus,1974; Solow, 1974) (phuang trinh (1)).
Y = v (PE) f [A (PE), K (PE), L (PE), E (PE)] (1)
Cac no Iuc chinh sach tac dgng den mdi trudng theo hudng tang trudng xanh dugc nghien cuu van dung trong ITnh vuc ndng nghiep vi: (i) N I U chinh sach tac dgng dilu chinh hanh vi cac chii the hen quan trong nong nghiep se tao ra tac dgng dau vao tich cue (Input Effect) thdng qua cai thien vdn nhan lire va vdn vat chat (Hanna, 2011;
Hallegatte & cong su, 2007) vi mdi trudng san xuSt ndng nghiep tdt han se cai thien sue khde nong dan, va cai thien vdn vat chat do bao ve dugc tinh da dang sinh thai; va (ii) Neu chinh sach tac ddng hd trg ddi mdi cdng nghe xanh trong boat dgng san xuat ndng nghiep se tao ra tac ddng ddi mdi (Innovation Effect) Iam tang nang suSt theo hudng tang trudng xanh cho ca nen kinh te (Acemoglu & cgng su, 2012; Fishcher &
Newell, 2008; Gerlagh, 2006; Otto & Reilly, 2008).
2.2. Tang trudng xanh trong nong nghiep theo tiep can thuc tien
UNEP (201 la) dinh nghia tang tnrdng xanh trong ndng nghiep la viec tang cudng Sli dung cac bien phap va cdng nghe trong canh tac ndng nghiep mpt each ddng thdi nham: (1) Tang nang suat va loi nhuan ndng nghiep, trong khi van dam bao cung cap luong thuc tren ca sd ben virng; (2) Giam ngoai tac tieu cue va hudng din nhung ngoai tac tich cue; va (3) Sir dung va phat trien hgp Ii cac ngudn tai nguyen sinh thai biing each giam d nhiem va sir dung tai nguyen hieu qua hon. Theo FAO (2012), tang trudng xanh ddi vdi ndng nghiep dugc xem xet trong khudn khd cua xanh hda nin kinh t l vdi ndng nghiep (Greening the Economy with Agriculture - GEA). Theo dd, xanh hda nen kinh te vdi ndng nghiep bao gdm cac ngi dung: Dam bao an ninh luang thuc va dinh dudng thdng qua sir can bing thich hgp giua san xuSt va thuang mai; dam bao sinh kl d khu vuc ndng thdn; va su dung kiln thii'c truyin thong va khoa hgc d l duy tri bin
Phat triln Kmh te 284 (06/2014) | 47
virng cac he sinh thai, giiip dat dugc muc tieu san xuSt luang thuc ddng thdi tdn trgng cac rang bugc ve mdi trudng va tai nguyen thien nhien.
2.3. Moi quan he giira tang trudng xanh va nong nghiep
SXNN va tang trudng xanh cd quan he rat chat che thdng qua ba kenh tac dgng la kinh te, xa hgi va mdi tnrdn. Mdi quan he nay vii'a mang tinh phdi hgp (+) va viia mang tinh danh ddi (-) (Bang 1),
Bang 1. Nong nghiep va tang trudng xanh: Phoi hop (-i-) va danh doi (-)
Dong gdp ve kinh te cua tang tru'dng xanh vao ndng nghiep
flong gop ve moi trirong cua tang trudng xanh vao nong nghiep
Ddng gdp ve xa hoi cua tang tru'dng xanh vao ndng nghiep
Dong gop ve kinh te ctia ndng nghiep vao tang trird'ng xanh Ndng nghiep la co sd cua phat irien kinh te trong khi tang tmdng xanh co the cai thien hieu suat nong nghiep (+) Bien phap moi trudng CO the lam cham tang trudng nong nghiep trong ngan han (-)
Tang tru'OTig xanh co the lam giam nhung nd luc de cai thien an ninh luong thuc trong thai gian ngan (-)
Ddng gop ve mdi tru-dng eiia ndng nghiep vao tang trudng xanh Nhan xanh (Green Labels) va djch vu mdi trudng (Ecoservices) co the ddng gdp vao Igi ich kmh te trong ndng nghiep (+) Tang trudng xanh se mang lai Igi ich ve mdi trudng trong ndng nghiep thdng qua bao ton tai nguyen va hap thu carbon (+) Tang trudng xanh se doi hdi cac bien phap dieu chinh CO cau trong giai doan chuyen ddi (-)
Ddng gop ve xa hdi ciia ndng nghiep vao tang trirdng xanh Viec lam va cac hoat ddng san xuat xanh cd the da dang hoa va gdp phan phat trien ndng thon (+) Cai each cac ngudn hd tra de giam bdt ap luc mdi imdng cd the thiic day thu nhap nong nghiep cong bang hon (+) An ninh luong thuc.
xda doi giam ngheo va phat tnen ndng thdn se dugc tang cu^dng thong qua tang truang xanh (+) Nguon Stevens(2011)
Ve phuang dien kinh te, ndng nghiep cung cap luang thuc thuc pham, dap iing cho nhu cau ca ban vl an ninh luong thuc cho tang trudng xanh. Trong khi dd, tang trudng xanh gitip tang Igi nhuan cho ndng nghiep thdng qua viec su dung yeu td dau vao hieu qua va tang cudng quan li tai nguyen tdt han vi duy tri san xuat ndng nghiep trong gidi han cho phep ciia sinh thai. V l phucmg dien mdi trudng, ndng nghiep cung cSp mdt loat cac dich vu mdi tru'dng va he sinh thai cSn thiet cho tang tru'dng xanh, dac biet la giam thilu khi thai nha kinh thdng qua hkp thu carbon. Ngugc Iai, tang trudng xanh se
48 I Nguyen Trong Hoai | 44 - 62
thiic diy quan li ngudn nudc, dat, ki thuat quan li djch hai tdng hgp tdt han, duy tri da dang sinh hgc trong ndng nghiep se cd kha nang lam cham tang trudng ndng nghiep trong ngSn han nhung v l lau dai gdp phan duy tri ben viing nang suat va san lugng ndng nghiep va tir do cd kha nang nang cao hieu suat khu vuc ndng nghiep. Ve phucmg dien xa hgi, tang trudng xanh trong ngdn han cd the Iam giam nd Iuc cai thien an ninh luong thuc va ddi hdi cac bien phap dilu chinh ca cau san xuat ndng nghiep vi phai phat triln ndng nghiep theo hudng giiJ gin gidi han sinh thai va dam bao cac yeu td tac dgng din mdi trudng. Xet ve dai han, viec quan li tdt cac ngudn tai nguyen trong ndng nghiep dua tren tang trudng xanh se cai thien kinh te ndng thdn va nang cao phiic Igi xa hdi cho cac gia dinh ndng dan.
Hoat dgng SXNN cd mdi quan he chat che vdi tang trudng xanh, tang trudng xanh trong ndng nghiep, do vay ddi dien vdi nhii'ng ca hdi Ian thach thii'c. Thach thuc dau tien la van de an ninh lucmg thuc, Dudi ap Iuc ciia gia tang dan sd, ndng nghiep phai tang san lugng de dam bao nudi sdng dan sd toan cau. OECD (2005), Bruinsma (2009) va OECD (2012b) deu nhan manh rang an ninh luong thuc lam gia tang ap Iuc Ien viec Sli' dung qua miic tai nguyen thien nhien va Iam mSt dan tinh da dang sinh hgc. Su pho bien cua nhien lieu sinh hpc gay trd ngai cho tang trudng xanh trong ndng nghiep. San xuat nhien lieu sinh hgc Iam tang nhu cau tinh bdt, dudng va cay cd dau se tao ap Iuc canh tranh sii' dung ngudn tai nguyen dat trdng, nudc va ehat dinh dudng vdi cac cay luang thuc khac. Ngoai ra, van de dao due khi sir dung cay trong d l san xuat nhien lieu ciing dugc quan tam khi van cdn mpt bd phan khdng nhd dan sd cdn chiu canh thieu an. Thach thuc ciia sir gidi ban dat va nguon nudc ciing nhu biln ddi khi hau ciing la nhung vkn dl dang Io ngai. Trong boi canh dien tich dkt canh tac hku nhu khdng thi md rgng them va cdn giam di do tac ddng qua trinh dd thi hda, md rdng dien tich khdng cdn la bien phap de tang san lugng ndng nghiep ma phai ap dung cdng nghe SXNN tien tiln nhiim tang nang sudt. Ben canh dd, hien tugng trai ddt ndng Ien da Iam giam dang ke ngudn nudc la ngudn song ciia SXNN ciing cac dilu kien khi hau khde nghiet nhu ban ban, Iu lut, tang nguy ca chay rirng va dich benh cho cay trong. Hien tugng nay keo theo su bdt dn ciia SXNN tren quy md toan cau (OECD, 2012b). Ben canh nhii'ng thach thuc, cOng cd nhilu co hgi cho viec xanh hda SXNN nhd vao: (i) Nhan thuc ngay cang nang cao cua cac chinh phii, nha tai trg trong viec hd trg phat trien ndng nghiep xanh va ben viing tren pham vi toan cau; (ii) Su quan tam cua cac nha tai trg trong viec hd trg phat triln ndng nghiep d cac nudc dang phat triln; (iii) Su quan tam ngay cang tang cua cac nha dau tu tu' nhan vao ndng nghiep xanh; va (iv)
Phat triln Kinh te 284 (06/2014) | 4 9
Nhu cau tieu dung ngiy cang cao ve cac san pham ndng nghiep sach, than thien radi trudng (UNEP, 2011a).
2.4. Cac chinh sach thuc day tang trirdng xanh trong nong nghiep
De thuc day tang trudng xanh trong ndng nghiep, chinh sach ciia chinh phu ddng vai trd dac biet quan trgng, bao gdm tap hop da dang cac cdng cu chinh sach nhu quy dinh va tieu chuan, cdng cu kinh te, bien phap thuang mai, nghien cuu va phat trien, ciing nhu su hd trg phat tnen tii cac qudc gia va td chiic qudc te. Quy dinh va tieu chuan cd the thuc day tang trudng xanh trong ndng nghiep vi ed the quan li tai nguyen dat, nudc va kiem soat cac Ioai hda chat la dau vao cua SXNN; day la cdng cu chinh sach phd biln nhdt dugc ap dung trong SXNN (Stevens, 2011). Cac cdng cu kinh te bao gdm thue va cac loai phi, it phat huy dugc hieu qua do khd khan trong viec xac dinh ngudn d nhilm va tinh toan ngoai tac tieu cue tu SXNN (Stevens, 2011). Theo Stevens (2011), rao can doi vdi thuong mai hang hoa va dich vu mdi trudng vin la nhiing trd ngai quan trgng ddi vdi su phd bien cua cdng nghe sach trong SXNN. Bien ph^p thucmg mai, do bd hang rao mau dich cd the cai thien hoat ddng ciia thi trudng ndng san, do dd tao dieu kien chia se cdng nghe thuc day tang trudng xanh trong ndng nghiep. Bien phap thiic ddy nghien ciru phat trien ciing gdp phan phat trien ndng nghiep theo hudng tang trudng xanh thdng qua ddi mdi cdng nghe. Cdng nghe mdi cd thi giam lugng hda chdt phat sinh trong SXNN, bao ve ngudn nudc ngam va nudc be mat, bao ton mdi trudng song tu nhien, bao tdn chat dinh dudng trong dat, giam nhu cdu nang lugng sir dung trong trdng trpt, gdp phan thay ddi tap quan ndng nghiep hien tai, nang cao nang suat sir dung cac yeu td dau vao va hieu qua sinh thai (Stevens, 2011).
50 I Nguyen Trgng Hoai | 44 - 62
2.5. Khung phan tich tang tru'dng xanh cho SXNN
Moi trirclfng
H C a c chi tieu v6 Icinh te ^ C a c clii tieu vS tinh trang va nhan thic ca nhan g C a c chi tieu vS moi trucmg g C a c chinh sach xanh trong nong nghiep
Hinh 1. Khung phan dch tang trirong xanh trong nong nghiep Nguin: Bl xuit bm nhom nghien ciiu dm theo luoc khao h thuySt va cac nghien ciiu truoc
Khung phan tich o Hinh 1 trinh bay m6i quan he giua moi tnrcmg va hoat dpng Icinh te Ciia qua trinh san xuat nong nghiep. Hoat dong nong nghiep gSn bo rSt mat thiSt vai moi trudng thong qua sii dung tai nguyen nhu dfa, nuijc va moi truang ttr nhien. Phan bon va thuoc bao ve thuc vat mac dii co tac dung duy tri va lam tang nang sufa qua trinh san xuat nong nghiep nhung chiing iai tac dpng tieu cue dSn moi trucmg thong qua qua trinh hap thu cac loai chfa thai tit phan bon va thudc bao ve thirc vat ma nguoi nong dan sir dung. Di6u nay cang tra nen nghiem trpng khi ma nhan thiic cua nong dan ve viec sir dung thu6c bao ve thuc vat chua hutjng dSn tinh bSn viing ciia moi truang va chua thuc sir quan tam d8n tinh trang siic khoe ciia hp.
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Khung phan tich nay cung neu len bdn ylu td cdn quan tSm khi phan tich djnh hudng tang trudng xanh trong ndng nghiep. Ddu tien, cac chi tieu kinh t l se bao gdm cac ddng gdp cu the ciia khu vuc ndng nghiep vao nin kinh t l ndi chung hay viing ndi rieng, cac chi tieu n^y phan anh kit qua ddu ra ciia khu vuc ndng nghiep va chiing phu thudc kha nhiSu vao hieu qua sir dung cac ngudn Iuc tu nhien va nhan thuc ciia ndng dan trong qua trinh san xuat khi su dung cac yeu td dau vao cd ngudn gdc hda chdt, Ke den, tinh trang va nhan thuc ciia ndng d5n trong qua trinh hoat ddng san xudt thi hien trinh do nhan thiic ciia hg ddi vdi y thuc bao ve mdi trudng va bao ve sue khde ciia chinh hg khi sii dung cac ydu to dau vao lien quan din phan bdn va thudc bao ve thuc vat. Hem niia, qua trinh nhan thuc cua ndng dan sg anh hudng den hanh vi ciia hg trong qua trinh san xuat va nhu vay se tac ddng din tinh trang mdi tru'dng d hai khia canh la chat lugng cac ngudn Iuc tu nhien nhu dat, nudc, khdng khi va tinh da dang sinh hpc.
Cudi cung la cae ehi'nh sach dinh hudng tang trudng xanh den ndng nghiep dugc the hien d cap do vi md la hd trg hay cung cap thdng tin mang tinh tuyen truyen giao due ndng dan nang cao y thuc bao ve mdi trudng trong qua trinh hoat ddng kinh te; dieu nay hieu la cac quy dinh kT thuat hoac cac chinh sach kinh te thudng khd ap dung trong giai doan dau dinh hudng tang trudng xanh ndi chung va dac biet la trong Imh vuc ndng nghiep vi nhan thiic ngudi ndng dan kha han che trong bdi eanh cac qudc gia dang phat trien.
2.6. Do lirdng tang tru'dng xanh qua tiep can hanh vi sv dung thuoc bao ve thyc vat
Dya theo khung phan tich ndi tren, va dua vao cac chi tieu do ludng tang trudng xanh trong ndng nghiep de xuat bdi Stevens (2011) cho cac nudc OECD va cac nghien ciiu v l tac dpng cua thudc bao ve thuc vat (BVTV) ddi vdi mdi trudng va con ngudi trong nghien ciiu cua Ngan hang The gidi tai VN va Bangladesh (World Bank, 2003a, 2003b), nhdm nghien cii'u xay dyng cac chi tieu dinh lugng va djnh tinh de do ludng thuc trang va budc tiln hudng den tang trudng xanh trong viec sit dung thudc BVTV de san xuat ndng nghiep d khu vuc DBSCL.
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Bang 2. Chi tieu do lirdng tang trudng xanh trong nong nghiep diic ket cho DBSCL Chi tieu
Tinh trang mdi tmdng
Tinh trang ve nhan thiic ciia ndng dan
Chinh sach xanh trong nong
Noi d u n g
Chat lu-gng dat.
nudc, khong khi
Da dang
nhan thuc
Sire khoe
Hd trg tich cue Truyen thong/
giao due
ChJ tieu do lird'ng Hanh vi lira chon mua, thay ddi thuoc BVTV Tinh hinh sii dung thuoc BVTV so vdi cac vu tnrdc Su dung bien phap quan li dich hai tong hop (IPM) de giam nhu cau su dung thuoc BVTV
Hinh thiic xir H bao bi thuoc BVTV Cach ve sinh binh phun thuoc BVTV
Tai nan Ii6n quan den su dung thuoc BVTV (6 nhiem niroc, khong khi)
Tai nan lien quan den sir dung thuoc BVTV (ca, tom,.. chet) Danh gia ve da dang cac Ioai dpng vat (so luong ca, Sch, chim, ...)hien nay so voi 5 nam trudc
Trinh do hoc van ciia Iao dong chinh a khu vyc nong thon Cam nhan ve moi nguy hiem trong viec sii dung thufic BVTV doi vdi moi trucmg
Tap huan ve phucmg phap san xuat liia ben vung (IPM, 3 giam 3 tang, 1 phai 5 giam. Global GAP)
Ho trg kien Ihuc v l su dung t h u l c BVTV
Tam quan trpng ciia cac tieu chi ve gia ca, tac dung, tinh than thien moi trucmg, tinh hpp phap trong quyet djnh mua thuoc BVTV
Dung cu bao hp lao dpng trang bi khi sii dung thulc BVTV Hanh vi hiit thudc khi dang phun diudc BVTV Cach pha c h i thudc BVTV
Tam ngay sau khi phun thudc BVTV Cach bao quan thudc BVTV
Benh tat lien quan din sir dung thudc BVTV Thu gom bao bi thudc BVTV de xu li
Cac hinh thiic truyen thdng/giao due v l sii dung thudc BVTV diing dja phuong da thyc hien
Nguon- De xuat ciia nhdm nghien cuu dya theo Stevens (2011), World Bank (2003a, 2003b)
Phattrien Kinhte 284 (06/2014)1 53
Cac chi tieu h-ong Bang 2 dugc xay dung phu hgp vdi boi canh DBSCL; tuy nhien, van bao gdm cac nhdm van de cdt Idi vl tinh trang mdi trudng, tinh trang va nhan thiic ciia ca nhan, cac chinh sach xanh de cd the dam bao viec so sanh vdi cac khu vyc, cac qudc gia khac. Cac chi tieu ve mdi trudng la trpng tam danh gia ciia nghien ciiu, tap trung vao cac khia canh chat lugng mdi trudng dat, nudc, khdng khi va da dang sinh hpc dudi tac dgng ciia hanh vi sii' dung thuoc BVTV. Cac chi tieu ve tinh trang va nhan thirc cua ca nhan tap trung danh gia miic do dao tao va nhan thirc/hanh vi cua ca nhan trong viec sO' dung thudc BVTV. Cac chi tieu vl chinh sach xanh trong ndng nghiep tap trung danh gia nhung hd trg ciia chinh quyen dja phuong cho viec thu gom bao bi thudc BVTV, cac hinh thii'c truyin thdng/giao due vl each sir dung thudc BVTV diing each.
3. DU' LIEU VA PHUONG PHAP NGHIEN ClTU
Dir lieu nghien ciiu la dii lieu thd cdp va so cdp lien quan din DBSCL, DQ- lieu thu cap chii yeu dua vao Nien giam thdng ke ciia Tdng cue Thdng ke ve cac chi tieu kinh te-xa hdi-tu nhien-van hda cua DBSCL. Dii lieu so cap dua vao ket qua dieu tra khao sat hai tinh thudc DBSCL vao thang 12/2013 vdi tdng quan sat la 329 trong dd An Giang la 171 va Ben Tre la 158, day la diJ lieu khao sat theo yeu cau ciia de tai cap Bd.
Nhu'ng ngudi dugc phdng van la chii hd vdi tudi trung binh khoang 48 va cd hgc van trung binh 7,5 nam di hgc, kinh nghiem trung binh hon 24 nam trong SXNN. Binh quan, moi hd gia dinh cd khoang 5 thanh vien, trong dd da phan trong do tudi lao ddng.
Thu nhap tmng binh ciia cac hg la khoang 81 trieu ddng/nam. Cac ngi dung ciia bang cau hdi tir dir lieu so cap dua tren khung phan tich tang trudng xanh trong ndng nghiep trinh bay d Hinh 1 va Bang 2. Phuang phap nghien ciiu chii yeu la thdng ke md ta dya tren cac dir lieu thii cap va so cap da thu thap dugc.
4. HIEN TRANG TANG TRU'OTVG XANH TRONG NONG NGHIEP DBSCL 4.1. Hien trang kinh te-xa hoi
DBSCL cd tdc do tang trudng trung binh 11,7% trong giai doan 2000-2012 cao hem miic tang trudng trung binh ca nudc la 6,45% cho cung ki. Chuyen djch ca cau DBSCL theo hudng tang ti trgng nganh khai thac va che bien thiiy san, mac dii day la xu hudng tdt vi Iam gia tang kha nang ddng gdp vao GDP ciia vimg nhung Iai cd kha nang gay ra khai thac can kidt ngudn thiiy san va gay d nhilm mdi trudng tir cac hoat ddng chi bien. DBSCL la nai xuat sieu cac ndng san quan trgng (gao va cac loai thiiy san), qua trinh san xuat va che bien cac mat hang nay cd kha nang gay d nhiem do sit
54 I Nguyen Trpng Hoai 144 - 62
dung hda chat va xa thai ra mdi trudng ty nhien, do vay tdt y l u dat ra la can nghien ciiu nhu cdu san xudt theo quy trinh sach hon theo cac tieu chuan mdi trudng va theo cac thdng Ie quoc te la mdi quan tam hien nay. Dan sd trong do tudi lao dpng chiem da sd trong tdng dan so DBSCL, do do nhu cdu v l giao due y thiic va hanh vi tieu dung va san xudt xanh se la mdt chii dl quan trgng nhdm duy tri tang trudng xanh vung. Mat d6 dan sd viing cao hon mat dp dan sd ca nudc, do vay cang neu bat tinh can thiet trong viec tuyen truyin giao due y thii'c va hanh vi tieu dung va san xu^t xanh nham phat triln bin vimg vimg DBSCL. Trinh dp hgc vdn DBSCL thap hon trinh do ca nudc cang lam tang tinh cap thiet phai nang cao trinh do va nhan thiic ngudi dan ve tieu dung va san xuat xanh nham dam bao qua trinh phat trien ben vQng. Nang suat Iao dgng khu vyc ndng nghiep DBSCL cdn thap so vdi khu vyc khac ddi hdi nhu cau cap thiet cai thifin nang suat nay trong tuong Iai, va theo tiep can tang trudng xanh thi viec ap dung cac bien phap bao vt mdi trudng va cdng nghd sinh hpc theo hudng san xuat sach cho vung la hudng nghien ciiu va dau tu can thiSt trong tuong Iai.
4.2. Hien trang moi trvdng
De theo dudi muc tieu tang trudng xanh, chat lugng mdi trudng ludn la yeu td duoc quan tam hang dau. Do do, nghien ciiu lay chat lugng mdi tru'dng lam trpng tam phan tich. Thdng qua phan tich cac hanh vi lien quan din viec sir dung thudc BVTV, phdn nay tap trung danh gia cac chi tieu chat lugng mdi trudng dat, nudc, khdng khi va da dang sinh hpc.
Ddu tien, vdn de cdn luu y la sy thay ddi lilu lugng thudc BVTV, dugc thi hien trong Hinh 2. Chi cd 9% sd ndng dan dugc khao sat cho bilt lilu lugng thudc BVTV da giam so vdi vu trudc, ngugc Iai ti Ie tang lilu lugng thudc BVTV trong vu lua hien tai len din 43%, Theo Bang 3, da sd ndng dan tang lilu lugng thudc BVTV vi hai If do chi'nh la sau benh khang thudc va cd nhieu sau benh ban, ngoai ra gdn mdt mia ndng dan ki vgng sir dung thudc BVTV se lam tang hieu qua san xuat cua hp. Vdi nhimg Ii Ie nay, tinh trang su dung qua lilu hoac lam dung thudc BVTV ciia khu vyc ndng nghiep DBSCL se cd kha nang gay anh hudng din mdi trudng tu nhi8n trong qua trinh xa thai va tir do viec dinh hudng tang trudng xanh se la mdt thach thirc ldn cho khu vyc DBSCL.
Phattrien Kinhtl 284 (06/2014)1 55
Hinh 2. Thay a6i lieu lugng thuoc BVTV Bang 3. Li do thay dbi lilu lu-p-ng thu6c BVTV Li do tang lieu lirong thuoc BVTV Tile Mpi ngudi khac deu tang lieu dung
Cdn tning khang thudc Nha san xuat khuyen cao Dam bao hieu qua san xuat Cd nhieu sau benh hon Li do khac
7,2 % 67,6 % 5,0 % 48,2 % 70,5 % 1,4 % Nguon. Tinh toan tir khao sat cua nghien cuu tai An Giang va Ben Tre
Ngoai viec phai tang lieu lugng thudc BVTV, ndng dan vdn cdn gap nhieu khd khan trong su dung thudc BVTV, tinh trang thay ddi nhan hieu thudc BVTV va mua phai thudc gia hoac kem chat lugng. Trong hoan canh do, van cd mdt diem tich cue la ndng dan da ap dung bien phap quan Ii dich hai tdng hgp (Intergrated Pest Management - IPM) nhu la phuang thiic giam lieu lugng thudc BVTV mdt each da dang. Tuy nhien, ti Id ndng dan ap dung IPM chua thuc su cao khi chi diing d miic 64% (Hinh 3). Hai bien phap ndng dan chu yeu sii dyng la gidng Iiia chiu sau benh va bien phap sinh hpc. Viec ap dung IPM thdng qua cac bien phap thay doi cdng nghe gidng va cdng nghe sinh hpc la cac dieu kien can de khu vuc ndng nghiep hudng din tang trudng xanh; tuy vay, viec ap dung cac bien phap nay cdn le thugc vao cac giai phap thugc ve khuyen ndng va nhan thirc cua ndng dan trong qua trinh san xudt.
56 I Nguyen Trong Hoai | 44 - 62
Hinh 3. Ti le ap dung IPM va cac bien pliap duffc ap dung
Bo ohung Rira .sach
Hinh 4, Cach ve sinh binh phun xjt thu6c va xu- If bao bi thuoc BVTV Ti ie nong dan ve sinh binh phun thu6c ngay tai Icenh muong la kha cao, chiSm Ichoang 38% tong so nong dan trong cuoc khao sat (Hinh 4). Trong khi do, van con mpt bp phan nong dan chiSm 33% da xii li bao bi thu6c BVTV khong an toan, tiic bo
Phat trien K i n h t l 284(06/2014)1 57
bao bi thudc ngay tai noi sii dung ma khdng xii li hay thu gom hoac xir li bang each chdn lap. Viec ve sinh binh phun thudc ngay tai kenh muang se gay phat tan cac hda chat ddc hai theo ngudn nudc, gay d nhiem. Ben canh do, hanh vi xii Ii bao bi kem ve sinh cung gay nguy hai cho mdi trudng. Nhimg hanh vi nay gay trd ngai rat Idn cho tang Uxrdng xanh trong ndng nghiep va gay d nhilm din ngudn nudc, khdng khi va tinh da dang sinh hpc. Do xa thai tu viec sir dung thudc BVTV va cac hanh vi cd lien quan tim thay tu dii lieu khao sat, mdi trudng d DBSCL dugc nhan thiic la dang trong tinh trang xau di (Hinh 5). Theo ket qua khao sat, tai nan Hen quan den thudc BVTV da thuc su dang quan tam, trong dd tai nan thudng gap nhat la chet ca, ech, chim do nhirng loai nay tiep xuc true tiep vdi thudc BVTV. Ddng thdi, mdt van de dang lo ngai nua la suy giam da dang sinh hgc cho thay mdt ti le rat cao ndng dan (khoang 89%) danh gia sd lugng cac Ioai ddng vat da giam so vdi 5 nam trudc. Bang chiing nay chi ra tinh trang nguy cap ciia hien trang mdi trudng d DBSCL va cang khang dinh tinh cap thiet cho djnh hudng tang trudng xanh.
24.4%
• I
I
6.8%
-•-
0 nhiem ngudn nudc6.1%
6 nhiem
•
khdng khi
Chit ca ech chim
Giam -J 89%
• Tang • Khdng doi
^ ^ Tang
H ^ H Khdng
^^S ddi
^m 6%
• Giam Hinh 5. Tai nan lien quan den sir dung thuoc BVTV (trai)
va da dang sinh hoc (phai) 4.3. Tinh trang va nhan thiic cua ca nhan
Theo kit qua nghien ciru, cd gan 85% ndng dan trong khao sat cd trinh do hgc vdn khdng qua trung hgc ca sd va hon 96% ngudi tra Idi cd trinh dp khdng qua trung hpc pho thdng. Trinh dp hgc van tuong ddi thap trd thanh rao can Idn ddi vdi cdng tac dao tao, tap huan v l each thirc su dung thudc BVTV hieu qua cho ndng dan thugc ddi tugng nghien ciiu. Tuy nhien, khdng vi vay ma ndng dan khdng cam nhan dugc mdi
58 I Nguyen Trpng Hoai | 44 - 62
nguy hilm ciia viec sii dung thudc BVTV. Du lieu thu thap cho thay chi cd ban 13%
ndng dan cho rdng viec sii dung thudc BVTV la khdng nguy hilm hoac it nguy hilm din mdi trudng. Trong khi dd, ti le ndng dan nhan thdy thudc BVTV la nguy hiem cao hoac cue ki nguy hilm Ien din 60%. Nhu vay, cd the thay vdn d l khdng nam d cho ndng dan khdng y thiic dugc su nguy hiem ciia thudc BVTV ma cdt loi la ndng dan vin su dung, tham chi tang lilu lugng thuoc BVTV, bat chap su nguy hiem, vdi kl vgng bao ve thanh qua san xuat ciia hg trong dieu kien san xuat dugc danh gia la con triing khang thudc va cd nhieu sau benh hon.
Bang 4. Tdm quan trong viec quyet dinh mua thu6c BVTV ( %)
Gia thuoc Tac dung Tinh than thien vol moi tmong Tinh hop phap
Khong quan trgng 17,85 %
0 3,98 4,89
Tiro'ng doi quan trong 2 0 % 7,98 21,1 22,32
Quan trgng 36,62 %
25,15 44,95 35,47
Rat q u a n trgng 25,54 %
66,26 19,57
23,85
Khong biet/
khdng y kiin 0 % 0,61 10,4
13,46 Nguon Tinh loan tir khao sat ciia nghien ciru tai An Giang va Ben Tre
Bang 4 cho thay yeu to quan tam dgn moi frudng khi Sli dung thu6c BVTV khong dugc danh gia cao so voi cac yeu to khac. Y8u t6 tac dung khang sau benh cua thu6c dupc nong dan dat len hang dau khi quyit djnh mua thu6c BVTV vi co dSn 66,3%
nong dan cho ring yeu t6 nay la rdt quan trpng va 25,2% la quan trpng. Dua theo Bang 4, CO the nhan dinh rang nong dan can nhac nhieu tieu chi, trong do co tieu chi tinh than thien voi moi miong khi quy6t djnh mua thudc BVTV dS sil dung. Ngoai ra, yeu t6 va tinh hpp phap cua thu6c BVTV dupc danh gia thap nhdt so vdi cac yiu t6 khac.
Nhu vay, vice nong dan chua xem h-png tieu chi tinh than thien voi moi truong va tinh hpp phap khi su: dung thuoc BVTV so vdi cac yeu t6 khac nhu tac dung cua thu6c tro thanh mpt thach thiic nira cho qua trinh tang trudng xanh trong nong nghiep DBSCL.
o e danh gia nhan thirc cua nong dan vt each phdng tranh tac hai ciia thuoc BVTV doi vdi sire khde, diu tien cdn xem xet dSn hanh vi trang bj dung cu bao hp lao dpng khi phun xit thuoc BVTV. Ket qua chi tiSt cua khao siSt vS hanh vi trang bj dung cu lao dpng dupc nghien ciiu nay thuc hien. T6ng quat, da phdn nong dan cd trang bi cac dung cu bao hp lao dong khi sir dung thudc BVTV. Ti le trung binh ndng dan trang bi
Phat triln Kinh te 284 {06/2014)| 5 9
dung cu bao hd lao ddng la 63% va hau het cac dung cu dugc trang bi deu trong tinh trang tdt. Viec trang bi bao hd khi thuc hien hoat ddng thudc BVTV thi tai DBSCL mac du da cd chu trpng nhung chua thuc su hoan hao do nhung trang bi co ban ve bao hd chua dugc ndng dan quan tam dung miic, hp lay tieu chi thoai mai trong qua trinh tac nghiep la can cii quan trgng nhdt de trang bi hoac khdng trang bi cac dung cu bao hg, chua lay tieu chi bao ve siic khde hay bao ve mdi trudng la uu tien.
4.4. Chinh sach xanh trong nong nghiep
Nghien ciiu nay danh gia chinh sach xanh trong ndng nghiep qua nhan dinh nhiing can thiep ciia chinh quyen dia phuang thdng qua viec hd trg ndng dan thuc hien hanh vi san xuat xanh bang chi tieu td chiic cac diem thu gom bao bi dung thudc BVTV sau khi sir dung va cac hinh thiic cung cap thdng tin mang tinh tuyen truyen giao due ve viec sir dung thudc BVTV diing each, va dd la mot trong cac nd Iuc quan trpng nam trong dinh hudng tang trudng xanh trong ndng nghiep. Theo ket qua khao sat, cd den 81% ndng dan cho biet dia phuong sd tai khdng td chiic diem thu gom bao bi dung thudc BVTV. Thieu sir hd trg ttr dia phuong, ndng dan se gap khd khan trong viec xu li bao bi dung thudc bao ve thuc vat diing each. Viec nay cd the dan den nhiing anh hudng tieu cue ddi vdi mdi trudng tu nhien.
Khong cd hinh Td roi Can bo kliuyen Lop hgc tap ngan Hinh thiic khac thiic nao nong han
• Sd ngudi tiep can • Ty Ie (%)
Hinh 6. Cac hinh thirc truyin thong ve each su dung thudc BVTV hieu qua Hinh 6 cho thay da sd ndng dan diu da timg tiep can it nhat mpt hinh thuc tuyen truyin, giao due v l sii dung thudc BVTV dung each. Chi cd khoang 8% ndng dan cho
60 I Nguyen Trong Hoai | 44 - 62
bilt hp chua timg tiep can truyen thdng, giao due ve each sir dung thudc bao ve thirc vat dudi bSt ki hinh thiic nao. Cling theo dii lieu thu thap, cac Idp hgc tap ngan han v6 Sli dung thudc bao ve thirc vat mdt each hieu qua la hinh thiic dugc ndng dan tham gia nhilu nhat. Ben canh do, ndng dan ciing da dang hoa each tiep can va kT nang sii dung thuoc bao ve thuc vat dung each, Bieu hien la chenh lech khdng qua cao giiJa tiep can thdng qua cac Idp hgc ngan ban so vdi hai phuong phap cdn Iai la td rai va hudng dan can bd khuyen ndng. Hon nua, ndng dan ciing cd dieu kien tiep can vdi nhiing kiln thiic trong ITnh vuc tren thdng qua cae phuong tien truyen thdng dai chiing nhu truyin hinh, truyen thanh, va bao chi,
5. GOI Y CHINH SACH VA HAN CHE NGHIEN CIJU
Trudc bet, can khang dinh chinh sach djnh hudng tang trudng xanh cho DBSCL la rat cap bach vi nghien ciru da chi ra day la vimg cd tdc do tang trudng nhanh nhung tham dung cac ngudn Iuc tu nhien thdng qua boat dgng che bien va khai thac; dilu nay se gay ra thach thiic ldn cho phat trien bin vii'ng cho toan viing.
Ke den, d cap dp vi md, de dieu chinh hanh vi ndng dan hudng den tang trirdng xanh, cac cdng cu chinh sach hd trg va cac cdng cu truyen thdng nhdm nang cdp chat lugng mdi tru'dng, va nham giai quyet cac tdn tai xudt phat tir qua trinh san xuat nong nghiep, dac biet la cai thien hanh vi su dung thudc BVTV theo hudng than thien voi mdi trudng va quan tam den an tdan ciia ndng dan.
Ket qua nghieng ve hanh vi san xudt cua ndng dan cho thdy vin chua cd ddu hieu cua su sut giam lilu lugng thuoc BVTV sii dung trong SXNN. Da sd ndng dan co xu hudng tang lugng thudc BVTV trong san xudt. Ben canh do, quan li dich hai tdng hgp - IPM la mdt dieu kien can ciia dinh hudng tang trudng xanh nhung van chua thuc sir phd bien. Hon nua, ndng dan vin dang loay hoay vdi "bai toan thudc BVTV", bilu hien bdi viec thay ddi nhan hieu thudc BVTV sir dung va gap phai thuoc gia, kem chdt lugng va khdng rd nguon gdc. Ngoai ra, vin tdn tai cac hinh thirc ve sinh binh phun xjl thudc va xu li bao bi thudc BVTV va khdng dam bao an toan cho mdi trudng. Do do, van de tai nan cd lien quan din thudc BVTV, gay chit dgng vat hang loat, dien ra phi bien tai DBSCL. Vdi thue trang tren, tinh hinh suy giam chdt lugng mdi trudng tai DBSCL dang cd chieu hudng tang va tinh da dang cac Ioai dgng vat suy giam. Trinh dp hgc van Urcmg ddi thdp la trd ngai rdt Idn ciia ndng dan tai DBSCL trong viec hudng den sii dung thudc BVTV an toan cho sire khde. Do vay, dii da tham gia hdu nhu day du cac dgt tap hudn vl phuong phap san xudt lua bin virng, ndng dan van con
Phattrien Kinhtl 284 (06/2014)1 61
nhiing hanh vi dang quan tSm khi sii dung thudc BVTV nhu xem nhe ylu td than thien vdi mdi trudng khi chpn mua thudc.
Cdng cu ho trg can dugc dau tu nhieu hem va ddng bp hon cho khu vuc san xudt ndng nghiep. Cae dia phuong DBSCL nen chii trpng ho trg ndng dan thu gom va xu Ii bao bi thudc BVTV. Ngoai ra chinh sach ho trg tang trudng xanh trong ndng nghiep nen bao gdm nhiing hanh dgng hd trg thilt thyc va cu thi khac nhu: Dja phuong cdn thudng xuyen td ehiic khda huan luyen ve phuong phap san xuat theo hudng quan Ii dich hai tdng hgp, tu vdn true tiep cho ndng dan va ho trg ndng dan thu gom, xir li bao bi, nang cao kien thiic va kt nang su dung thudc BVTV an toan cho mdi trudng va siic khde.
Cdng cu giao due va truyen thdng cd y nghTa dae biet quan trgng d DBSCL khi djnh hudng tang tru'dng xanh vi nghien ciiu chi ra rang ndng dan tai vimg nay cd trinh do giao due thdp hem muc trung binh. Can cd cac chiln dich truyin thdng lam cho ndng dan hieu dugc tac hai ciia thudc BVTV ddi vdi siic khde va mdi trudng tu nhien, hilu dugc sy song hanh cua phat trien ndng nghiep va bao ve mdi trudng, va nang cao y thiic Sli dung cdng cu bao hd lao dgng trong qua trinh san xuat. De dat dugc hieu qua, cac chuang trinh tu van ciia dia phuong nen tap trung vao hinh thiic ngan ban vdi su tham gia tu van ciia mang ludi khuyen ndng dia phuang.
Han ehe ciia nghien cihi nay la viec danh gia hanh vi theo dinh hudng tang trudng xanh trong ndng nghiep mdi chi diing lai danh gia nhan thiic ciia cac hp gia dinh ndng dan vl qua trinh su dung thudc bao ve thuc vat trong san xuat ndng nghiep d miic dp thdng ke. Ngoai ra pham vi nghien ciru mdi chi dirng Iai d hai dja ban thudc DBSCL la Bin Tre va An Giang. Do vay, viee kiem dinh bang cac phuang phap nghien ciiu dinh lugng v l cac nhan td tac ddng den hanh vi eac hp san xuat xanh trong ndng nghiep se la dinh hudng nghien cuu tilp theo ciia ITnh vuc nghien ciiu nay tai DBSCL"
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