'Qi'NGHItNailU-TRAOBtfl
NANG CAO KHA NANG THU HUT FDI
VAO KHU VI/C NONG NGHIEP, NONG THON VIET NAM
TS. PHAM HliNG MANH, KGUYEK ANH TUAN
Viet Nam li quae gia ci lgi thi Idn dipbdt tiien ndng agbl^ nhung viic tiiu but von ddu tu tiue tiip nUdc ngodi (FDI) vao khu vuc ndy lai rat ban ebi. Bdi vi& daab gid thuc tigng tinh hinb tbu but FDI vio kbu vUc ning nghiip, ning tbia Kit Nam, tildd dexudt mit sdgiii phip ahim ning cao biiu qui thu hut ngudn von FDI vdo Idiu vtic ndy tiong thdi giaa tdi.
Thtfc trang thu hut FDI v i o khu vtfc ndng nghidp, ndng thdn
Trong giai dogn 2006 - 2011, hen kinh te" thd gidi va Vipt Nam ed nhieu bien dpng khien hogt dpng san xuat trong nude ggp nhieu khd khan, Igm phat tang cao... Tuy nhidn, nganh ndng nghipp van ddng gdp binh quan trdn 17% GDP (dil nam 2010 v i 2011 ty Ip n i y cd g i i m xuong cdn 16,43% va 16,13%). Cd miie ddng gdp n h u vgy nhung tong vdn dau tu cho ndng nghiep chi chiem khoing 13,8% GDP trong nam 2000, giim cdn 7,5% vao nam 2005, cdn 6,45% vao n i m 2008, 6,15% vao nam 2010 v i ehi d miie 5,98% trong nam 2011. Trong nam 2011, tdng von dau t u cho nganh ndng nghiep eiing ehi d a p iing duge 40%
nhu cau a i a t o i n nganh v i nam 2012, vdn dau t u cho ndng nghiep ed t i n g nhung eung ehi d i p iing 50 - 60% nhu eau eiia khu vye ndng nghiep.
Trong khi do, tinh lunh thu hiit FDI v i o khu
vvc ndng nghiep ciing khdng may thu^n lgi.
Trong giai dogn 2000 - 2011, d^u t u FDI vao ndng nghipp chi chiem k h o i n g 2,3% FDI c i nudc. Day la miie qua thap so vdi mgt nen kinh td" ed didn tieh dat dai, mgt nudc... v i Ivc lugng lao dpng tgp trung Idn. Trong giai dogn 1998 - 2009, e i khu vyc ndng - lam nghidp va thdy s i n chi cd 738 dy an so vdi 12.575 d v i n eiia e i nude. Sd von dang k]^
dau tu cung chi dgt 4.379,10 tripu USD, ehiem ty Ip 2,25% so vdi td'ng von FDI dang ky a i a c i nudc.
Trong giai dogn 1988 - 2008, binh quan mdi nam n g i n h ndng nghidp thu hiit k h o i n g 48 d v an vdi tdng vdn k h o i n g 235 tripu USD. Den nam 2009, chi ed 16 d v i n FDI d a u t u vao linh vye ndng nghipp vdi tong von d i n g ky 62,4 tri^u USD; nim 2010 giam xuong edn 12 d v i n vdi von d i n g ky 11,3 tripu USD.
Neu tinh tdng so cac d v i n d u g c cap giay phep cdn hipu Ivc tinh hdt nam 2011 thi toan bp khu vyc nong nghiep cua Viet N a m cdn 495 d y i n vdi vdn
Nam Tong vfinflautu toan xa hdi (Tj dong) n trong von tfau ttfvioldtuvirc n6ngnghi£p(%) Trong id:
-N&ng nghiep vk \im nghidp -ThOysin
BANG 1 . DAU T U T O A N X A H d i CHO NdNG NGHIEP GIAI DOAN 3
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 170.496 200.145 239.246 290.927 343.135 404.712 532.093 616.735 708.826 830.278 877350
7,99
1,47 7,30
1,47 7,14
1,31 6,23
1,67 5,85
1,65 5,52
1,92 4,77
1,61 4,85
1,60 4,73
1,53 3,67
2,48 3,58
2,40
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3h
lliiait>IH-Ilmg04/2l)1li
BANG 2: FDI VAO VIET NAM GIAt DOAN 1998 - 2011 Giai doan 1998-2009
Sodden Von dang l[y (Trieu USD) Toan bo Ichu vac nong nghifp,
lam nghi£pva thiiy sin Cac nganh Ithac TJngso
11.837 12.575
190.050,4 194.4293
dang ky dau tu d miic 3.264,5 trieu USD. Miie von nay chi chie'm 1,64% tong vdn dang ky dau t u vao Viet Nam.
Ben cgnh do, cd tdi trdn mpt niia so d v i n FDI day t u vao n g i n h edng nghidp ehe bien va che tgo, chidm 56,88% tdng so d v i n dang ky dau tu.
Rd ring, eo cau nganh nghe dau t u hipn nay eiia Viet Nam dang edn thien lech nhieu ve nhiing nganh nghe cd k h i nang sinh lpi cao, nhung ITnh vyc v i khu vyc khd khan van td ra bat Ivc trong viec thu biit cac nha dau tu nudc ngoai.
So dv an va ddng vdn FDI vao khu vvc ndng nghiep da it, ca cau d v i n va ngudn vdn nay lgi phin bd mat can doi trong cac dja phuong eua e i nude. Phan Idn eic d v an FDI trong khu vyc ndng
Nginh ndng nghidp ddng gdp binh quSn tren 17% GDP nhtfng tdng vdn diu ttf cho ndng nghidp chi chidm khoing 13,8% GDP trong nam 2000, giim cdn 7,5% vio nam 2005, cdn 6,45% vio nam 2008,6,15% vio nam 2010 v i chl d mtfc 5,98% trong nam 2011.Trong khi dd, tinh hinh thu Mt FDI vao khu vtfc ndng nghiep cung khdng may thuin Itfi.
nghidp deu tgp trung v i o nhung dia phuang cd lpi the" ve eo sd hg tang, nguon nhan lue, vimg nguyen lipu va di^u kien ve tho nhudng, khi hgu thugn lgi. Bdn egnh dd, ehinh sieh thu hut nguon von nay hipn nay da tgo ra mdi trudng cgnh tranh kha quydt liet giiia cac dia p h u a n g vdi nhau trong vi§c mdi ggi dau t u vao linh vyc nay. Cd the thay r^ng, nhirng dia p h u a n g thupe khu vye Ddng Nam Bp v i viing kinh te trpng diem phia Nam nhu: Binh Duong, Dong Nai, TP. Ho Chi Minh, Tay Ninh... Ia tinh cd nguon von dau tu FDI Idn nhat so vdi eie khu vuc khic trong ea nudc. Trong khi dd, nhiing dja phuang va khu vvc khae lgi thu hut FDI rat khd khin.
Nguydn nhin vd nhdng han chd
Thyc trgng thu hiit FDI khu vvc ndng nghipp.
LQy 1(1 den cu£i nam 2011 Tjtrong(%) S£diJan Von dang ley (Trieu USD) Tytrong(%)
97,75 100
12.945 13.440
195.814 199.078,9
Ngim.lwiga/cJhSnglii
ndng thdn cho thay edn nhieu hgn ehe va yeu kem trong vipe xay dyng chien luge thu hiit dau tu, chie'n luge xay dirng ca sd hg tang phye vy p h i t tridn nong nghiep. Mpt each khai quit, nhiing bat e | p nay li;
Thu nhSi, ehua ed nhiing ehinh sieh u u d i i cy the ddi vdi cae nha dau tu nudc ngoii vao ITnh vuc ndng nghiep. Chinh sach thu hiit dau t u hipn nay dang dupe eao bang da lam cho ddng von FDI khdng chay nhieu vao Knh vvc ndng nghipp.
Thie hai, nganh ndng nghiep la linh vvc ehiia dung nhieu yeu to nii ro, kha n i n g thu hoi von dau t u va sinh lgi thap, nhat dang phai doi phd vdi nhiing khd khan eiia van de bien ddi khi h i u toan cau. Trong khi dd, thj trudng b i o hiem ndng nghiep dang trong giai doan thyc hien thi diem ddi vdi ndng dan ma chua ed chinh sach cy the' doi vdi cae DN dau tu nudc ngoai vao khu vyc ndng nghiep-
Thu ba, khu vuc ndng nghiep, ndng thdn hien nay d Viet Nam van dang thieu nhiing lao dpng ed tay ngh^ eao va quan ly tdt trong khi lgi thira lao dpng phd thdng. Chinh phu da ed de an v i dang trien khai ve dao tgo nghe cho lao dpng ndng thon, tuy nhien, qua mpt so nam thye hipn, hogt dgng dao tao nghe eho nong thon van ehua hieu qua va van bpc nhirng yeu kem va bat cgp trong q u i trinh trien khai thvc hipn nhu: thieii quy hogch nginh nghe ndng thdn tdi cap co sd, thieu quy hogch cu thd nhiing lao dgng lam ndng nghiep v i nhung lao dpng cd k h i nang chuyen ddi sang lam eic nganh nghe khic, dgy ngh'd eho lao dpng ndng thdn edn ehua diing doi tugng...
va dgc bipt la chua ehii trpng dao tao nguon n h i n lye dil dieu kien nham dap iing yeu cau cua eac DN FDI tgi khu vvc ndng nghiep.
Thu tu, tinh trgng san xuat manh miin, nhd Id ciia nganh ndng nghiep Viet Nam da ton tgi nhieu nam nay ehgm duge khac phyc. Vipt Nam dugc d i n h gii la mgt nude cd lgi the d i e biet de p h i t trid'n ndng nghiep, song vipe dieu chinh ehinh sach dat dai eho s i n xuat quy md Idn ehua dupe quan tam diing miic. Trong khi dd, eo sd hg tang, djch
H
^ N G H l E N C t i f U - T R A O edi
vy phyc vy cho Imh vvc s i n xuat nay cdn ye'u kem.
Thie ndm, cae n g i n h s i n xuat phy trp phye vy eho ndng nghipp, ndng thdn van edn thie'u sv quan tam a i a ehinh quyen eic dia phuang. Dieu n i y gay nhieu khd khan cho eie nha s i n xuat, rihat la nhimg DN FDI muon dau t u vao khu vvc ndng nghidp, ndng thdn.
Mdt sd khuyen nghj
Thie nhd't, can ed ehinh sach q u i n g ba, mdi gpi cic DN, dac biet la thu hiit eae nguon vdn FDI cho khu vyc ndng nghidp, ndng thon. Ciing vdi dd, can thiet phai xay d u n g mpt eo ehe phoi h g p giiia cae bp, n g i n h va dia p h u a n g de Iva chgn, de xuat cac linh vvc, dja b i n u u tien d a u t u ngay tir khau mdi ggi v i xiic tien dau tu. Co eau n g i n h nghe trong khu vyc ndng nghipp, ndng thdn ciing can dupe xem xet de dam b i o sv p h i t trid'n chuydn mdn hda eic n g i n h . Ciing can xay d v n g h^ thdng ca sd hg tang ndng nghiep, ndng thdn eho nhimg khu vue khd khan n h u T i y Bic, Tay Nguydn va viing mii Mien Trung... Cd rihu vgy, Chinh phii mdi dieu tid^t dugc cac nguon von FDI v i o cac dia ban, Imh vvc mong muon va eie n h i dau tu eiing phat huy duge the' mgnh eiia minh trong tirng linh vvc, dja b i n de cd cae p h u a n g an dau tu hieu q u i .
Thie hai, can sdm hoan ehinh quy hogch v i n i n g eao hieu qua dao tgo ngh^ eho lye lugng lao dgng trong khu vvc ndng nghidp, trong dd can quan t i m dap ling duge ydu eau eua cac DN FDI. Dao tgo nghe eho lao dgng ndng thdn phai xuat phat tir nhu cau sir dyng lao ddng thvc te a i a cac DN trdn dia ban va nhu eau thvc td eua ngudi dan. Vi vgy, ngay timg dja phucmg can ed nhung nghidn Cliu danh gii de nam b i t eie nhu eau ey the eua timg nghe, nhdm nghe, vi tri edng viee... eua eie DN, trong dd quan t i m diing miie tdi nhu eau eiia eic nha dau tu nudc ngoii.
Thie ba, ddi mdi ve the che trong Iinh vvc ndng nghiep, dac bipt la chinh sieh dat dai, phat trid'n eo sd hg tang... Doi vdi chinh sach ve dat dai, can nghien ciiu thvc hipn de thdi gian thud dat eiia cae DN dugc keo d i i hon, tien thud dat nen ed nhiing u u d i i khdng ehi cac DN trong nuoc ma edn doi vdi cae DN FDI. Nhung dia b i n khd khin ve dieu kien co sd hg tang, thi trucmg can cd ehiiih sieh uu dai thoi dang nhu khu vvc mien mii phia Bac, khu vyc Tiy Nguyen... Ben egnh do, nhirng chinh sach khae nhu chinh sach thud', hd trg xuat khi'u doi vdi nhiing s i n phi'm ndng nghiep ciia cae DN FDI eiing can dugc quan t i m .
Ngoai ra, can ed nhiing bipn p h i p dd' giii quyet tdt vab de nang Ivgng tai khu vuc ndng thdn hi^n nay. Cd the thay rang, h a u het eic khu vvc ndng d Viet Nam hipn nay deu trong tinh trgng thieu dien hoge n g u o n dien khong on djnh. Bdn eanh do, chi phi sir d u n g dien tgi eac khu vxfc a ndng thdn dang p h i i chju cao hon so vdi khu vycc thanh thi. Vdi dia b i n ndng thdn rgng Idn, ehi phi dau hr eho hg tang n g i n h didn t i n g da l i m cho gii dien ting. Day cung la van de Iam eho khu vye nong nghiep, ndng thdn mat lgi the hem trong viec thu hiit cac nguon vdn dau tu n u d c ngoai.
ThU^ tu, can cd eie ehinh sach va chien luge phat trien thi trudng b i o hiein riii ro eho eie san pham ndng nghi$p. Dieu nay se tgo dgng Ivc quan trpng de cie ngudn von eiia cie DN, n h i dau tu mgnh dan bd von, ydn tam dau tu, ehuyen giao ky thugt, thvc hien hogt dgng san xuat kinh doanh trong khu vvc ndng nghiep, ndng thdn.
Thit ndm, khu vuc ndng thdn hipn nay v i n con thieu quy hogch chi tiet eho eae khu vvc p h i t trien nong nghiep ciia eic dia p h u a n g . Hau het eac san pham ndng nghidp tir cac dia p h u o n g tren e i nudc phan Idn cdn p h i t trien t v p h i t . Dieu nay giy liing tung eho cac nha dau t u khi muon thvc hipn cac hogt dgng d^u t u vao khu vyc n i y . Do vgy, cic CO quan q u i n Iy v i cic dia p h u o n g ein sdm co quy hogch viing nguydn lieu, quy hogch ddi tupng trdng trpt, chan nudi, nganh nghe truyen thdng...
mgt cieh ed hp thong va duge edng khai, minh bgeh de lam eo sd eho eie nha dau t u lya chgn thyc hien dau t u dugc de dang.
TTiu' sdu, can tang cudng cdng tie truydn thdng de cac nha dau t u n u d e ngoai n a m bat day du eie thdng tin v i nhiing dinh h u d n g v^ ehinh sach u u dai cua Nha n u d c doi vdi hogt dpng dau tu tgi khu vyc ndng nghiep, nong thon. Dieu n i y se gdp phan quan trpng khang dinh chinh sieh nhat quan a i a Nha n u d c trong vipe d i m b i o tinh phap Iy ve quyen lgi eiia cic DN, cic nha dau tu nude
ngoii trong khu vvc n i y . "P"
Tai lieu tham khio:
1. Nghi dmh 61/2010/ND-CP ve Chlnh sdch khuyen khich DN ddu tUvdo ndng nghiep, ndng thdn;
2. long cue Thdng ke (2011), Tmh hinh kmh te-xd hdi Viit Nam 2001 -2010:
3. Breu, M., Dobbs. It., Hemes, J., Skilllng, D, Kim, J. (2012), 'Glffnhip tdng trudng bin vO^g tgi Viet Nam: Thdch thdic vi ndng sudt^ Vi&n Nghien cdu Todn cdu McKinsey, Ha Ndi;
4. Hanson, J.R. (1996), Human Capital and Direct Investment in Poor Countries. Explorations In Economic History 33, pp. 86-106.
