TAP CHi CONG THIItfNG
PHAN TICH L 0 I THE CANH TRANH CUA DOANH NGHIEP THUY SAN VIET NAM
• DO THI HlidNG
TOM TAT:
Nam 2020, Tdng cue Thuy san dat muc tidu tdng san lu'dng thuy san dat khoang 8,2 trieu tS'n - tang 0,6% so vdi nam 2019; sin luong ca tra 1,42 tri^u tan - tifdng difdng so vdi nam 2019; san lu'dng torn cac loai dat 850.000 tifn - tang 3,7%; kim ngach xuat khau thuy san dat khoang 10 ty USD - tang 6,3% so vdi ciing ky nSm ngodi. Dieu nky chi cd the thi/c hien thanh cong khi cac doanh nghi6p thuy san trong nu'dc tan dung di/dc ldi the canh tranh nganh cua minh.
Bai vie't tap trung phan tich ve ldi the' canh tranh cua doanh nghiep thuy san Viet Nam hien nay.
Tuf khoa: Doanh nghiep thuy san, xuS't nhap khau, thue suat, FTA the he mdi.
1. Tinh hinh cac doanh nghidp thuy san Nam 2019 la nam kho khan cua nganh Thuy san ndi ehung va doanh nghigp thuy san ndi rieng khi mot sd' nganh hang phai do'i mat vdi nhieu thach thiJc nhif cuoc chie'n thifdng mai My -Trung va cac rao can ky thuat cua ni6t so'nifdc nhap khau.
Nam 2019, to'c do tang gia tri san xua't thuy san dat 6,25% so vdi nam 2018, tdng san li/dng dat khoang 8,15 trieu tan - tang 4,9%, trong dd san lu'dng khai thac dat 3,77 trieu tan - tang 4,59c.
nuoi trdng dat 4,38 trieu ta'n - tang 5,2%. Kim ngach xua't khau thuy san ifdc dat 8,6 ty USD. Tiif dau thang 3 de'n thang 9/2019, gia tom giam manh do canh tranh tiif xuat khau cua An Dd va Ecuador cung nhif san lifdng tdn kho tit nam 2018, trong khi Trung Qud'c bat dau siet chat kiem soat chat lifdng, truy sua't ngudn go'c tai bien gidi va diln bie'n khd Iifdng cua cuoc chien tranh thifdng mai Trung- My.
Tru'dc tinh hinh dd, Tong cue Thuy san da danh gia sau diln bien thi trifdng, san xua't. lieu
thu torn, difa ra khuye'n cao ngifdi nuoi tom tuan thu ky thuSt, mua vu, tang cu'dng cac bien phap cham soc, quan ly, kiem soat moi tru'dng nudi, dn dinh san xuat va thifc hien hdp tac, lien ket theo chudi de gan san xuat vdi thi tru'dng giup nang cao hieu qua san xuat, giam thieu nii ro doi vdi san pham xua't khau. Cung vdi viec nhu cau thi trifdng nhich len, san lu'dng tdm cQng nhif gia torn trong mfdc va the gidi difdc cai thi6n, tao da cho xuat khau tom nhiTng thang cuo'i nam 2019 va dau nam 2020.
Khong chi torn, nam 2019 cung la nam ghi nhan khd khan do'i vdi nganh hang ca tra Theo do, viec xua't kh^u di mot so' thi trifdn- Idn nhU Hoa Ky,^ Trung Quo'c ba't d^u g.am'tif thang 3/2019. A rap - Xe ui v l . ddng ciJa do'i vdi san pham thuy san Viet Nam. Trong khi do mot s6' quoc gia lan can da phat tri^n nuoi ca tra NhiJne nguyen nhan tren da dan de'n viec gia ca tra nguyen lieu giam tif cudi thang 3/2019 de'n nav sau 2 nam tang tru'dng lien tuc
T6ng cue Thu> sdn da chi fe„ cac «„h ,rie'n
102 So 1 7 - T h a n g 7/2020
KINH TE
khai mdt s6' giai phap dd duy tri muc tieu lang trifcfng nam 2019. Nhieu doanh nghiep, cd sd nudi da chu dgng dieu chinh giam mat do tha nudi, giam lifdng Ihilc an. Vdi cac bien phap dd, san lifdng thu hoach ca thu'dng pham cd xu hu'dng duy tri d miJc nhu"nam 2018, trong khi dien tich tang.
Ben canh do, viec cd quan thanh tra An toan thifc pham thuoc B6 Ndng nghiep Hoa Ky chinh thiJc cong nhan he thd'ng quan ty an loan thi/c pham va kiem soat san pham ca va ca Silunformes cua Viet Nam la lu'dng difdng vdi he thd'ng quan ly, kiem soat an loan thifc pham cua Hoa Ky da tao dieu kien cho viec xua't khau ca tra nhiJng thang cuo'i nam 2019 va tao tien de thuan ldi cho nam 2020. Tdng dien tich nuoi ca tra nam 2019 dd kien dat 6,6 nghm ha (tang 22,2% so vdi nam 2018), san lu'dng dat 1,42 tridu tan, lu'dng difdng vdi nam 2018, Kim ngach xua'l khau dif kie'n dat 1,9 ty USD - giam khoang 12% so vdi cung ky 2018.
2. Ltfi thd'c^nh tranh cua doanh nghidp thuy san trong nifdc
- Ldi thd ve dia ly: Viet Nam cd vi tri va dieu kien tu' nhien phii hdp cho hoat dong thiiy san.
Chung ta cd bd bien dai hdn 3.260 km, ciing he tho'ng sdng ngoi, kenh rach chang chit va khi hau nhiet ddi vdi sU da dang sinh hpc cao, cd nhieu dac san quy. Nhd do, nifdc ta hau nhif dap u'ng kha tdt dieu kien danh bat, nuoi trdng va cung iJng cho nhieu loai thiiy hai san tren loan quo'c cilng nhif quo'c te.
- Ldi thd ve lao dpng: Life lu'dng lao dpng Viet Nam du'dc danh gia la cd kinh nghiem kem ddc linh cham chi, can cil. Nhd do, giam ty le hao hut, giam chi phi dau vao, tang san lu'dng danh bSt.
Tuy nhien, lu'c lu'dng nay cdn chu'a du'dc dao tao chuyen sau.
- Sif quan tam va hd trd tif Chinh phii. Vdi Quye't djnh so' 332/QD-TTg dat muc lieu phat tridn dai han cho nganh Thuy san Viet Nam va Nghi dinh so 36/2014/ND-CP ve nudi, che bien va xuat khau san pham ca tra. Theo dd, mot sd tieu chuan ve cha't lu'dng ca tra se difdc kiem soat d mifc cao hdn thi trifdng dang tieu thu vdi mong mud'n n3ng hinh anh san pham ca tra tren the gidi.
ddng thdi quy hoach tdt hdn ve nudi trdng ca ve so
lifdng lan chat lifdng. Nha nifdc Viet Nam da ban hanh ra cac van ban, chi thi ciia Bp, Nganh va cac doanh nghiep hd trd ve vd'n, phifdng ti6n ky thuat trong viec xiSc lien, phat tridn cde thong tin tie'p thi, ddi mdi cong nghe, dao tao can bp, khuyd'n khich cac loai hinh kinh te, phat tridn nuoi trdng, khai thac, che'bien, xua'tkhau thiiy san. Ngoai ra, cac td chu'c ea nhan thugc cae thanh phan kinh te tham gia thtfc hien chifdng trinh xuat khau thuy san difdc hifdng cac ifu dai ve thue theo quy dinh ciia luat khuyen khich, dau tif trong nu'dc va cac nu'dc quy dmh hien hanh. Vi du, Bg Nong nghiep va Phat trien ndng thon thdng qua mot di/ an lam cho nganh Thuy san canh tranh hdn, vdi sif hd trd tai chinh gia hdn 100 ty ddng tiJf Chinh phii va doanh nghiep nu'dc ngoai. Trong dd, ngan sich nha nifdc se cung cap 40 ty ddng, phan cdn lai hdn 60 ty ddng se difdc hd trd bdi cac doanh nghiep qudc te.
Cung vdi ngudn tai trd, dif an sii'a ddi cac quy dinh dd'i vdi hang hda xua't khau, giS'y chijug nhan ngudn go'c, phifdng phap bao quan vii chinh sach hai quan theo tieu chuan qud'c ti. Ngoai ra, cae quy dinh va kiem tra ve nudi trdng thiiy san, thdc an, che bien va ddng gdi xua't khau cung se tang len. Viec sii'a ddi cac quy dinh se lam tang vo'n dau tif nifdc ngoai cho phat trien nganh nuoi trdng thiiy san trong nifdc.
-Ldi the've thue xua't nhap khau va cdhpi md rpng thi tru'dng xua't khau thiiy san khi Viet Nam tham gia ky ke't cac hiep dinh thifdng mai td do the he mdi:
+ Tliue xud't nhdp khdu:
Diem noi bat eua cac FTA the he mdi la viee xda bo thue'quan do'i vdi hau he't mat hang thiiy san xuat khau vdi miJc dp ngay cang gia tang.
Cac Hiep dinh Thu'dng mai song phifdng vdi Han Qud'c (KVFTA) hoac Hiep dinh Doi tac kinh te loan dien Viet Nam vdi Nhat Ban (JVFTA) mdi difng d viec difa thiiy san ciia Viet Nam nhap khau vao cac mfdc thuoc nhO'ng Hiep dinh nay, trong bd'i canh ehi vai phan tram thue'tnfdc dd ve bang 0%.
Tuy nhien. vdi EVFTA da tao mdt bifdc ngoai Idn. Khi Hiep dinh cd hieu life, gan 50% so dong thue dang ed thue sua't cd sd 0 - 22%. trong dd
So 17-Thang 7/2020 103
TAP CHi CONG THIfdNG
phan Idn thue cao tiif 6 - 22%, se difdc giam ve 0% (khoang 840 dong thue). Khoang 50% so' dong thue'cdn lai cd thue suat cd sd 5,5 - 26% se du'dc ve 0% sau tit 3 de'n 7 nam. Vi du, dd'i vdi san pham torn, tdm su dong Ianh difdc giam thue tif miJc cd ban 20% xud'ng 0% ngay khi Hiep dinh cd hieu lu'c. Cac san pham tdm khac theo 16 trinh 3 - 5 nam, rieng torn che' bie'n 16 trinh giam thue^
7 nam. Do'i vdi san pham ea tra 16 trinh giam thue 3 nam, rieng ca hun khdi Ip trinh 7 nam. San phim ca nguf ddng Ianh difde giam thue ve 0%
ngay, triif than ca ngit dong Ianh can 16 trinh 7 nam va san pham ca ngijf hop ed han ngach hifdng thue 0% la 11.500 tan.
+ Ca hdi md rong thi trUdng vd gia tdng thi phdn:
Viet Nam cd the tidp cSn mdt thi trifdng lieu thu thiiy san khong id, vdi dan so' tren 500 trieu ngifdi. Hien, mat hang thiiy san cua Viet Nam xua't khau vao EU phai chiu miJc thue len de'n 10,8%. Ne'u EVFTA cd hieu life, miJc cat giam thue ve 0% - tifdng iJng vdi 90% so' mat hang xua't khau sang thi trifdng ntiy, se giiip chie'm ITnh nhBng vung Ihi phan Idn. Vi du, nganh Tom ciia Viet Nam vdi 2 dd'i thii canh tranh Idn la Thai Lan va Indonesia. Dae thu nganh Tom che' bie'n cd thue'sua't ra't eao (10 - 20%) nen khi Viet Nam difdc giam thue sua't khien cho cae dd'i thii cang khd canh tranh vi chech lech gia thanh nhap khau qua eao. Ben canh do, doanh nghiep thiiy san Viet Nam cd the %d dung ehi phi vao gia tang trinh dp che bie'n tdm ciia cac doanh nghiep trong nifdc. Nhd dd, doanh nghiep tan dung cd hpi nay de chie'm linh phan khiic thi phan cao cap.
Ngoai nhtJng ldi ich cd ban la thue XNK, tham gia cae FTA thi h6 mdi nhu' EVFTA, thiiy san Viel Nam se ed cd hgi md rdng thi tru'dng xuat khau, tang kha nang canh tranh so vdi do'i Ihii chu'a cd FTA vdi cac dd'i tac (An Dp, Thai Lan);
thu hiit dau tif nu'dc ngoai, nang cao eong nghe san xua't va chS't lu'dng san pham: tao ra dong li/c md cu'a thi trifdng, thu hut sif quan tam eua doanh nghiep hai ben; ed dieu kien tham gia chudi cung iJng khu vife nhd si/ dich chuyen dau tU cua cac tap doan da quo'c gia; du'dc dam bao moi tnfdng kinh doanh va the che on dinh. minh bach hdn
(nhd cai thien quy dinh, chinh sach phu hdp theo cac dieu khoan FTA).
3. Giai phap t5n dung 10 the can^ t. anh cua doanh nghidp thuy san
Mot Id, Viet Nam can phai tiep tuc tang cifdng cong tac chi dao, didu hanh vdi nd life, quye't tam hdn nffa de khac phuc cac khuye'n nghj cua Uy ban chau Au (EC), dac biet la tang cifdng phdi hdp, dieu tra, xif phat tau ca vi pham khai thae hai san bat hdp phap. khong khai bao, khong theo quy dinh (lUU), ngan chan, cham diJt tau ca va ngif dan Viet Nam vi pham viing bien nu'dc ngoai;
id chu'c trien khai cd hieu qua Luat Thuy san nam 2017 va cac van ban hu'dng din thi hanh Luat nhu' dam bao 16 trinh lap dat thiet bi VMS, danh dau lau ca.
Nam 2020, viee Viet Nam nd life hoan thien he tho'ng van ban quy pham phap luat lien quan de'n nganh Thiiy san, dac biet la thifc thi LuSt Thijy san mot each ddng bo se la didu ki$n quan trong.
Hai la, cac doanh nghiep Vidt Nam se phdi tap trung nang cao va cai thien cae ydu to' vd xu3't xff, tieu ehuan ve lao dpng va moi trffdng, ve sinh an loan de dap ffng cac quy dinh khat khe.
Ba la, de tan dung dffdc ldi the tif EVFTA eung nhff cae hiep dinh FTA khac nhff thue' XNK va eae cd hpi khac, cung nhff tranh nhffng nil ro, han che ba't ldi do nhieu thach thu'c mang lai, cae nha chuyen mdn khuye'n nghi, trffdc het doanh nghiep thiiy san can nam chae va ap dung linh hoat, trung thife quy tic xua't xff cua cac Hiep dinh FTA. Dong Ihdi. doanh nghiep chii dong tim kiem va phat trien ngudn nguyen lieu trong nffdc cQng nhff tai cac do'i tac FTA.
Doanh nghiep can dac biet chii trpng thffc hien va dap ffng cac quy dinh, tieu chuan vi lao dpng va moi trffdng, cae va'n dd lien quan de'n ph^t trien ben vffng - do la nhffng yeu cau ed trong FTA thd he mdi nhff EVFTA. Tang cffdng hdp lac, chu trpng lien ke't chudi dd nang cao nang suat, chat lifdng. kidm soat to'i an loan ve sinh thffc pham. Ben canh dd. cIn chu dong tim hffdng h0p tac vdi cac doanh nghiep nffdc ngoai, tif do doi mdi cdng nghe, tham gia vao d^v chuydn eung ffng toan cau •
104 So 17-Thang 7/2020
KINHTE
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO:
1. VASE? (2020), Bdo cdo ddnh gid trien vong ngdnh Thdy .sdn 2020.
2. VASEP (2019), Bdo cdo xudt khdu thuy sdn Viet Nam ndm 2019.
Ngay nh$n bai: 10/6/2020
Ngay phan bi^n danh gia va suTa chifa: 20/6/2020 Ngay cha'p nh§n dang bai: 29/6/2020
Thdng tin tdc gid:
ThS. D 5 THJ HUCfNG Khoa Quan tri kinh doanh
TrtfoTng Dai hoc Kinh te - Ky thuat eflng nghidp
ANALYZING THE COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGES OF VIETNAMESE SEAFOOD ENTERPRISES
• Master, DO THI HUONG Faculty of Business Management University of Economics - Technology for industries
ABSTRACT:
In 2020, the General Department of Fisheries sets the target of total seafood production at about 8.2 million tons, representing an increase of 0.6% compared to the of total seafood production in 2019. In v/hich, the target of Pangasius production in 2020 is set at 1.42 miUion tons, unchanged from the production in 2019. The goal of all shrimp production in 2020 is targeted at 850,000 tons, 3.7% higher than the goal in 2019, Meanwhile, the seafood export turnover is expected to reach about US$ 10 billion, representing an increase of 6.3% over the same period last year. These goals could be achieved when domestic seafood enterprises take advantage of their industry competitive advantages. This paper analyzes the competitive advantages of Vietnamese seafood enterprises.
Keywords: seafood enterprises, import-export, tax, new generation FT As.
So 17-Thang 7/2020 105
