Trao doi hpc thugt & Thong tin Khoa hpc Cong nghe
CAU NHE - GIAI PHAP TO CHlTC GIAO THONG HIEU QUA TAI HA NOI
GS.TS. PHAM HUV KHANG ThS. NGUYEN VAN NHAM PGS.TS. BUI XUAN C ^ Y TS. NGUYEN T H I TUYET TRINH Trudng Dgi hgc Giao thdng Vim tdi ThS. PHAM HOANG TUAN Sd Giao thdng Van tdi Hd Ndi
Tdm tdt: Bdi bdo ddnh gid hieu qud gidi phdp giai quyit dch tdc giao thdng khi xdy dung cdc cdy cdu nh^, dgc biel Id 2 cdy cdu ddu lien (cdu Lang Hg - Huynh Thuc Khdng vd cdu Tdy San - Chiia Bdc) a Hd ndi Cdc gidi phdp ky thugt khi lua chgn vi tri cdu, cdc gidi phdp ihiit ke. td chiec thi cdng vd to chirc giao thong loai cdu nhe iren dia bdn Thu do.
Abstract; The article presents evaluation of effect of solution on traffic jam by construction of light flyover, especially in the case of the first two flyovers (Lang Ha - Huynh Thuc Khang Flyover and Tay Son - Chua Bgc Flyover), and to show technical solutions regarding to .^election of locations, design work, construction planning and traffic organizing in Hanoi.
l . M O i D A U
Thu dd Ha Ndi la trung tam vdn hod, chinh tri, kinh te ciia ca nude ddng thdi Id trung tam khoa hgc ky thugt vd du lich, la dSu mdi giao thdng quan trgng d khu vuc phia Bac.
Ngay 29/05/2008 Qudc hdi nude CHXHCN Viet Nam da ra Nghj quylt 15/2008 QH12 vl viec dieu chinh dia gidi hanh chinh thCi dd Ha Ndi tren ca sd sap nhap Thanh pho Hd Ngi cii vdi tinh Ha Tay cu, huyen Me Linh tinh VTnh Phiie vd 4 xa (Ddng Xuan, Tien XuSn, Yen Binh va Trung Yen) thudc huyen Luang San tinh Hda Binh. Dien tich tu nhien Ha Ngi sau md rpng la 3.344,6km^, gdm 10 quan, 1 thj xa va 18 huyen ngoai thanh.
Dan so Ha Ngi nam 2010 la 6.690.000 ngudi. Ti le tdng dan s6 binh quan ndm cua Ha Ndi mdi cho thdi ky 1999-2009 trung binh 2% (binh qudn 2,! %/nam giai dogn 2000 - 2008) trong dd thanh thj tdng 4.6 % (chii ylu tdng ca hgc) va 1,2%/ndm d khu vuc ndng thdn.
Tinh trang giao thdng d Ha ndi hien nay trong thanh phd cd khoang 600 phd vdi tdng chieu ddi khoang 350km. Mat do trung binh ciia dudng pho la 3,01km/km". Mat dd dudng dugc phSn bd khdng ddng deu. Dac diem cac tuyen phd nhu sau hep (80% cac phd cd chieu rgng dudi 1 lm), khoang each ngdn, khoang each trung binh gida cac nut giao khoang 380m. Trong 7 quan ndi thdnh cd 580 nut giao va hdu het deu la nut giao ddng muc. Hau het cdc niit giao chinh dugc thilt lap he thdng dieu khiln giao thdng bdng den tin hieu.
Ben canh do, tinh den thdi diem hien nay. lugng phuang tien giao thdng dang ky len tdi
Tap chi KHOA H O C GIAO THONG VAN TAI So 44 - 12/2013 105
Trao doi hpc thugt & Thong tin Khoa hpc Cong nghe
gSn 4 trieu xe may; 335.696 xe d td cac loai, trong dd, xe con 228.062 (gom 17.000 xe taxi), xe khdch 18.127, d td tai: 82.944 xe, d td chuyen dimg 3.706 chiec, cac phuang tien khdc 2.857;
khoSng; tren I trieu xe dap; 1.254 xe buyt vd chua ke hang nghin xe tdi cac loai, hdng chuc nghin phuang tien giao thdng vang lai thudng xuyen ra vao thanh pho moi ngay).
Hang chuc nam nay giao thdng Ha ngi da trd thdnh vdn nan vdi ngudi dan Thii do. Hien tucmg im tdc tgi cdc mit giao trong cac gid cao diem thudng xuyen xdy ra tgi cac nut giao. On tdc giao thdng da gay thiet hai nhieu ty ddng va hang nghin ngudi chet mdi nam, nhung quan trgng hon la tgo tam ly bSt an, cdng thdng cho ngudi tham gia giao thdng.
Trudc tinh hinh dd, UBND Thanh phd da ed gidi phdp lau dai va nhilu giai phap quylt liet trudc mat. Giai phap Idu ddi la quy hoach giao thdng Ha ngi den nam 2030, Thu do Ha ngi se co he thdng giao thdng tucmg ddi hodn chinh bao gdm: he thdng giao thdng tren mat dSt gdm cac tryc dudng chinh, cac dudng vanh dai, he thdng giao thdng tren cao vdi 5 tuyen dudng sat tren cao, he thdng giao thdng ngam... Tuy nhien de thyc hien dugc quy hoach tren cung can thdi gian hang chyc nam nira mdi thuc hien dugc vdi ngudn vdn dau tu rat Idn.
Giai phap trudc mdt de gidi quyet ach tac trudc mat la Thanh phd da quyet djnh 7 nhdm cac gidi phap chii yeu nham tung budc giam iin tac, tai nan giao thdng tren dia ban Thanh pho.
Nhieu gidi phdp mang tinh cap bach, trudc mat da dugc td chirc thuc hien song song vdi cdc giai phap lau dai va budc dau da dem Igi nhu'ng ket qua rat tich cue, gdp phan Idm gidm im tac giao thdng vd tai ngn giao thdng, dap ung ca ban nhu cdu di Igi cua Nhan Dan, cu the nhu ddng cac ngS ba nga tu, phdn Ian phSn ludng cac tuyen phd, ddi gid lam va gid hgc trong khu vyc ndi thanh va nghien ciiu thyc hien xay dung cac tuyen dudng vanh dai...
Trong cac giai phap tren, giai phap xSy dung cac cSu vugt nhe mang tinh thi diem da mang Igi hi?u qua dac biet tai 2 niit giao Lang - Huynh Thuc Khang, Tay son - Chiia Bgc. Tu thanh cdng nay da phat trien nhanh chdng, xay dung mdt loat cac cau tuang tu cho Ha npi va Thanh phd Ho Chi Minh.
2. CAU NHE VA GIAI PHAP KY THUAT 2.1. Khai niem cau nhe
CSu nhe dugc hieu la cdu thilt kl cho xe cd tai trgng nhe (dudi 3 tin) va xe may. Nhu vay cSc loai xe cd the luu hdnh gdm xe may, xe con, xe tai dudi 3T, xe chd khdch dudi 16 chd ngdi.
2.2. Yeu cau cua viec xay dung cau vugt nhe
- Gidi quyet cap bach tinh trgng iin tdc giao thdng tgi hai nitt tren bang bien phap thiet ke cdu vugt cho xe nhe va xe mdy (Pi^ < 3 tdn).
- Thdi gian thuc hien gap riit (khan cap).
- Khi thyc hien xSy dung phai anh hudng it nhdt din dam bao giao thdng hien hanh.
- Ddm bao canh quan, khdng phd vd cdnh quan chung ciia khu vuc va Thanh phd.
- Mang tinh hien dai tien tien.
- Giai quylt dl dang thao ldp tra lai mat bdng khi cdn thilt trong thdi gian nhanh nhSt.
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Trao doi hoc thugt & Thong tin Khoa hpc Cong nghe 23. TiSu chi lura chon vi tri cau virol nhe
- Nhung niit thudng xuyen dch tac.
- Mat bdng du rdng dl bo tri cdu. Idn dudi 2 ben (thdng thudng trac ngang phdi tir 20-25 m).
- Cdn he cho ngudi di bg.
- Cdng trinh ngSm ben dudi di chuyen thuan Igi.
- De phSn ludng khi td chirc xdy dung.
- Hudng cSu chgn tiiy dieu kien cu the nhung thudng chgn hudng cd luu lugng giao thdng Idn va chgn theo hudng xuyen tSm.
2.4. Nguyen tac eg ban cua giai phap ket can
- Gidi phap dimg ket cSu thep (nhu dSm thep, md BTCT, try thep, bSn mat cSu bdng BTCT lien hgp,...) cy the nhu sau:
Cgc khdng diing cgc be tdng ma diing cgc thep ep xudng (thugn tien cho thi cdng va thao dd).
Try dd bdng thep bat bu Idng vdi b | mdng.
Be try dd dam bang thep (tao dang cong tao sy mem mai cho cau trong thanh phd).
Ket cdu thiet ke thanh cdc md dun de cd the nhanh chdng lap ghep hoac thao rdi.
Cau kien chCi yeu che tgo trong xudng vd chd ra Idp ghep tgi hien trudng.
DSm dimg thep I thanh chieu cao nhd de dam bao my quan.
He dam diing cdng nghe mdi logi he dan gdm ddm gdi ten dam.
- Mat cau dimg ban be tdng lien hgp vdi dam thep cd tham be tdng nhua.
- Tdng ddc dgc ciia eau, trdc dgc cau dugc thiet ke dang cong cho mem mgi.
- Khd cSu 2 lan d td va 2 Idn xe mdy.
- Thi cdng trong thdi gian ngan nhat.
3. CAU vugnr N H E LANG H A - HUYNH THUC K H A N G VA TAY SON - CHUA BOC 3.1. Lua chon hudng cau, ket cau nhip, kho cau
- Qua phan tich luu lugng xe theo binh dd td chuc giao thdng niit giao Lang Ha - Thai Ha, kien nghi chgn hudng dgc theo dudng Lang Hg.
- Khd cdu 9 m (gdm 2 lan xe con 2x2.75 va 2 lan xe mdy, kit cau nhip 4x24+20+3x24(m).
Xen mgt phan via he xung quanh khu vuc niit de md rdng dam bao cac Idn dudng dii tir 9-13m.
3.2. Tai trgng thiet ke
- Cau ban vTnh cuu bdng ddm thep lien hgp bdn BTCT;
- Tai trgng theo mdi chieu xe chgy: Dodn xe eon 5kN/m + Doan xe may: 3kN/m^
Tgp chi KHOA HQC GIAO THONG VAN TAI So 44 - 12/2013 107
Trao doi hpc thuat & Thong tin Khoa hpc Cong nghe 3.3. Chieu dai cau
- Phan cSu chinh: Toan cSu cd 08 nhjp cdu dam thep lien hgp ban BTCT gian don.
- Bd tri theo sa do: 8x24+khe = 192,4 m - Chieu dai toan cau tinh den dudi mo: 249,675m.
3.4. Do ddc doc
Dp ddc dgc Idn nhat imax = 5,5%.
3.5. Trac ngang cau
- B I rdng toan cau: 9m (cho 2 tan xe d td va 2 tan xe may);
- Mat est ngang cSu: 0,25 + 1,25 + 2x3,00 + 1,25 + 0,25(m).
3.6. Ket cau phan tren
- Gdm 08 nhip cSu dam thep lien hgp ban BTCT gian don bd tri theo sa do:
4x24+18+3x24m;
- Mgt cdt ngang cSu gdm cd 8 dSm chii bang thep chif I djnh hinh hogc td hgp hdn. Khoang each giira cac ddm chii la 1250mm. Kich thudc dSm chii: chiiu cao ddm chu 600mm; be rgng ban canh dam 250mm; chiiu day ban canh dSm 25mm; chiiu ddy sudn dSm I4mm;
- Mdi nhip cd 03 dim ngang, 02 dam ngang tgi ddu ddm va 01 ddm ngang tai giCra nhjp.
DSm ngang la dSm djnh hinh H300, dugc lien ket vdi dSm chii thdng qua cac sudn dung bdng bu Idng cudng d^ cao M22;
- Toan bg ket cau thep phan tren dugc son 04 ldp bang son gdc Epoxy cd tudi thg Idn han 10 nam;
- Cac neo lien hgp la dgng neo dinh dugc han vdo canh tren ddm chii. Neo sir dung cd dudng kinh 16mm, dai 75mm;
- Ban mat c4u bSng BTCT C30 dugc thi cdng do tgi chd. Chieu ddy ban mat cSu thay ddi tir 12cm (tai mep ban) din 16cm (tgi tim cdu) de tgo do ddc ngang cau 1%;
- Ldp phii mat cau gdm hai ldp: Ldp tren: be tdng nhua hat mjn day 5cm; Ldp dudi: Ldp phdng nude dang dung djch phun true tiep ten be mdt be tdng;
- Lan can cdu: lan can thep mg kem nhiing ndng, gd chdn lan can bang BTCT C30;
- Thoat nude: he thdng thoat nude mat cdu diing cac dng nhya PVC bd tri doe cSu (2 dng mdi nhjp). Nude mat cSu se dugc he thdng dng dan bang nhya dua ve vj tri mo, try sau dd xa vao he thdng cdng thoSt nude ciia dudng;
- Khe CO gian dgng rang luge bdng thep;
- Gdi cSu: Dimg gdi con tiep tuyen bang thep.
3.7. Ket cau phan dudi 3.7.1. Kit cdu tru
- CSu cd 07 try, try cau dgng try thSn cdt gdm mgt cdt trdn dudng kinh 1200mm day 20mm bdng thep dugc chi tgo sdn trong nha may, lien kit cgt try vdi be mdng kilu mat bich bdng bu Idng M50 do ben cSp 6.6;
108 Tgp chi KHOA HOC GIAO THONG VAN TAI So 44 - 12/2013
Trao ddi hpc thugt & Thong tin Khoa hpc Cong nghe - Xa mu try bdng thep dgng giong chir I, ban canh tren cd kich thudc 400x5 0x9000(mm);
ban canh dudi ed kich thudc •1000x50x9000(mm); sudn dam gdm hai ban thep cd ki'eh thudc 630x30x9000(mm) dat each nhau 160mm. Canh dudi xa mu la vi tri ke dam dgc;
- Be mdng try kich thudc 3,4x3,4m bang BTCT C30 day lm; tren be mdng cd phSn chan cgt tru dudng kinh 2,0m cao 0,5m cd bd tri sdn cac bu long de lien ket vdi thSn try bang thep;
- Mdng try cd 09 cgc thep 2H300 han ghep chieu dSi dy kien Ldk=24m; Cac cgc dugc chi tao san vdi chieu dai cac doan cgc la 6m va 9m. Mdi ndi cac cgc tai cdng trudng la mdi ndi han.
3.7.2. Ket c&u mo
• Cdu cd 02 md, dang md chij U bang BTCT C30 dd tgi chd;
- B? mdng try kich thudc 3.4x3,4m bdng BTCT C30 day 1 m; tudng than md cd kich thudc 3,4x3,4x0,74m;
- Mdng md cd 09 cgc thep 2H300 han ghep chieu dai du kien Ldk=36m; Cdc cgc dugc che tao san vdi chieu dai cac doan cgc la 6m va 9m. Mdi ndi cac cgc tai cdng trudng la mdi ndi han;
- Sau md cd bd tri ban qua dg dai 3.0m day 20cm bang BTCT C30.
Htnh 3. Khdnh thdnh cdu Tdy San-Chiia Bdc "inA 4 Khanh thanh cau Lang Ha Thai Ha 4. DANH GIA HIEU QUA SAU KHI XAY DT/NG CAC CW VUOT
Qua du an xSy dyng cSu virat sir dung kit cau nhe, cd thi nhan thSy cdc hieu qua sau:
Tap chi KHOA HQC GIAO THONG VAN TAI S6 44 - 12/2013
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Trao doi hpc thugt & Thong tin Khoa hpc Cong nghe
- Viec lua chgn giai phap cau nhe da duge ly thuylt vd thyc tl danh gia cao hieu qua cua cSu sau khi xay dung. Da cdi thien ca ban dch tSc giao thdng d niit vd gdy anh hudng tich eye den giao thdng cua cac nut lien quan trgng khu vyc. Tgi nhifng nai ma quy ddt hgn hep, chi phi xSy dung ban che thi viec xSy dung cau vugt Id giai phap kha thi ca ban dk giai quylt vSn de im tdc giao thdng.
- Thi cdng nhanh chdng, cdng trinh da ddm bao eac tieu chi ca ban vd yeu cdu cua Thanh pho hoan thanh trong thdi gian ky lyc (2 cSu hoan thanh sau 6 thang). Do chiiu rgng cdng trinh khdng Idn, pham vi giai phdng mat bSng khdng rgng, cd the nhanh chdng thu xep dugc mgt bdng dl triln khai thi cdng xSy dyng.
- Giai phap thiet ke ket cau da td ra uu viet ve khd nang chju tai, ve che tgo va thi cdng, ve gia thanh. Tiet kiem chi phi vi?e thu nhd mat cat ciia cau hoac gidi han trgng tSi thiet ke ciia cau cd the giiip tidt kiem chi phi xSy dung (tiet kiem khoang 20~40%).
- Dieu dang ndi la viec thiet ke vd thi cdng hoan toan do ky su trong nude ty thuc hien vdi nhieu sang tgo, dua ra mgt y tudng thilt ke mdi vl ket cSu cSu nhe ddng thai md ra mdt thdi ky mdi cua ket cau thep trong xSy dyng.
5. KET L U ^
Thanh cdng cua 2 cau vugt nhe ddu tien da tgo tien de ca ban cho viec dimg cau thep trong thanh pho. Sau thanh cdng ciia 2 cay cau thep ndy, mgt logt cdc cdu khde da duge nhSn md hinh va thilt kl cho cac loai xe cd tdi trgng khac nhau d Ha Ngi (cau Le Van Luong-Nguyin Chr Thanh, cau niit Daewoo-Kim ma, cau Tran Khat ChSn).
Thanh pho Hd Chi Minh cung da cir doan ra hpc tap va trien khai thanh cdng mgt logt cau tgi cac nut giao quan trgng nhu Nga tu Thii Ddc, Nga tu Hang Xanh, nut giao Nguyen Tri Phuang - Dudng 3-2, Ly Thdi Td, Hodng Hoa Tham Cdng hda.
Tuy nhien cdn phai cd nhDng nghien cuu them ve loai ket cau cSu nay khi diing trong Thanh pho nhu cac vSn de ve kien triic, canh quan, mdi trudng, vat lieu va kit cdu eung nhu nen cd Tieu ehuSn thiet ke cho tiing loai tai trgng, ddc biet la logi tai trgng nhe.
Tdi li^u tham khao
[1]. Chuong trinh muc tieu giam thilu iin tdc giao thong 2012 - 2015 - Sd Giao thong van tai Hd Noi - Thdng 07/2012.
[tj. GS.TS. Pham Huy Khang. PGS.TS. BOi Xuan Cay. Th.S. Nguyin Vdn Nham, TS. Nguyin Thj Tuyet Trinh. Dy an xdy dyng cdu vugt lap ghdp kit cdu thep tgi 2 mit giao Ldng Ha - Thai Hd vd Chua BOc - Thdi Hd. Dudng vd giao thflng do thi - Nguyen Khai - Nha xudt ban Giao thong vdn tai.
[2]. Eg GTVT. Tieu chudn thilt kl cdu 22TCN-272-05.
[3]. Quy hogch giao thong vdn tai thu do Hd Ngi din 2030 tdm nhin din ndm 2050, bdo cdo culi kj'. Ha NOi 2012.
[4]. S6 li^u dim xe ciia Vi§n chiln luge phdt triln giao thong*
Phdn bifn: TS. D^o Duy LSm
110 Tgp chi KHOA H O C GIAO THONG VAN TAI So 44 - 12/2013
