NGHIEN c d u - TRAO DOI
Giai phap nao cho cac doanh nghiep dan doanh?
Theo sd' lieu cua VCCI va World Bank, trong nam 2011, ca nffdc cd 79.000 doanh nghidp (DN) lam &n thua Id, dSn dd'n pha san, giai the. Thd'nhffng, dd chllk "ph^n nd'i" cua "tangbang"! Lo ngai tinh trang nay se kho'c lidt hrfn, khi trong 3 thang d^u nam 2012, sd' doanh nghidp da hoan tS't thu tuc giai thd' tdng 57% so vdi ciing ky.
Bdi vay, vide tim "16'i thoat" cho doanh nghidp hipn nay la v6 ciing cdfp hach. Tap chi Kinh td' va Dff hao da cd cuOc trao ddi vrfi chuydn gia kinh td'cao cS'p Phaim Chi Lan xung quanh v§'n dd nay.
Doanh nghiep pha san: sff dao thai dau ddn cua thj trtfdng
PV: Sd luang DN gidi the, phd sdn tdng dot bie'n trong thdi gian gdn day, theo bd cd phdi Id mot diiu binh thudng, de xdy ra trong mot nen kinh td dang phdt trien? Cd ngudi cho rdng, dieu kiin hien nay chinh Id ca hdi de tdi ca cdu DN, khai td nhffng DN qud yi'u kem, de sdn sinh ra cd thi mdi khoe mgnh han. Bd cd binh ludn gi vi diiu ndy?
Ba Pham Chi Lan' Theo tdi, thong thffdng d nhffng nffdc phdt trien, DN cung vdn cd tinh trang giai the, pha sdn, nha't Id nhffng DN khdng chiu ndi sffc ep canh tranh, nhffng dd chi la mdt ty le nhd va vffa phdl. Cdn gan day 6 Viet Nam, so DN ngffng hoat ddng tang ddt bid'n, thi day thffc sff Id mdt dd'u hidu rd't bd't thffdng, va the hidn nhffng va'n de Idn Cfia nen kinh te' cung nhff ciia he thdng DN hien nay
Binh thffdng ngffdi ta van hay gpi pha sdn la mdt sif "tan phd sang tao", nhffng trong trffdng hdp ddng dao DN "che't" nhff hien nay, tham chi trong so' dd cd cd nhffng DN hoat ddng td't, ldnh manh, thl khdng the gpi la stf "pha hiiy sang tao" dtfdc, md phdi xem xet mdt cdch can trpng va phan loai. Nhffng DN yd'u kem td't yd'u ndn bi ddo thai, dd nhtfdng ngudn Itfc cho DN khdc sii^ dung td't hdn, hidu qua hdn. Dd'i vdi nhffng DN cd sffc canh tranh, thi trffdng cd kha ndng phdt triln dtfdc thl ndn hd trd dd hp vtfdt qua giai doan khd khan. Dd'i vdi so' DN mdi thanh Idp thl can cai thidn mdi trffdng ldnh manh cho ho kinh doanh.
Dieu kidn hien nay qud khd khdn, vl thd' khdng the coi la trong mdi trffdng ndy Iai la cd hdi de tai cd cau DN, khai tu' nhffng DN qud ye'u kem, de san sinh ra cd the mdi khoe manh hdn.
PV. Theo dff lieu tU Tong cue Thud, trong sd han 600.000 DN duge cdp phip ddng ky kinh doanh, nhung
CO ddn 200 000 DN ngdng hogt dgng. Bd cd noi den cdn trong vd phdn logi. Vdy sd 200.000 DN ngdng hoat dong thifc chdt bao gom nhdng DN ndo thUa bd (khong logi trd cd nhiiu DN "ma" dugc hinh ihdnh nhung khdng hogt dong. nay edng "phd sdn". )^
Ba Pham Chi Lan: DN ma theo tdi thl cung khdng phai nhieu, loai trif so do ra, thl DN phd san chii yeu la quy md nhd va vffa, chid'm dd'n 50%, thff hai la DN Idn va ttfdng dd'i Idn, hp ra khdi thi trtfdng bang cdch ban lai co phdn cho ddi tdc ntfdc ngodi, va rdi dan din cac do'i tdc nay cung chie'm ITnh va thau tdm hd't thi phan. Mpt so' DN, thdm chi cd cac DN Idn, thl cd gang cam ctf bang cdch thu hep hoat ddng vd giam cdng sua't de chd thdi.
PV; Theo bdo cdo ngdy 17/4 cua Chinh phu, trong tdng sdDN dd gidi the, cdc DN hogt dgng trong ITnh vUc bdn budn, bdn le ddng ky gidi the nhiiu nhdt (chii'm 26,!%). Bd cd binh ludn gi vi dieu ndy?
Ba Pham Chi Lan; Theo toi dieu ndy ttfdng ffng rdt rd vdi 3 khd khan Idn ciia DN ndi chung, dac bidt la DN bdn budn, bdn le the hidn sffc mua tren thi trtfdng Sffc mua kem, chi phi ddu vao cung nhtf gid cd cao ndn ban hdng cdng khd khan, cde DN ban budn, bdn le hoac khdng cd lai hoac Iai qud it de cd the bii chi phi, Khd khdn nffa Id vdi nhffng VI tri mat bang kinh doanh tdt, gid thud tang hdng ndm, thdm chi cd ndi Idn hang quy, nhff vdy ngffdi kinh doanh khdng thue noi cffa hdng ne'u khdng kinh doanh td't. Trong nhffng nam vffa qua, ed dd'n 50% DN mdi thdnh lap nam trong Iinh vffc kinh doanh thffdng mai, dieh vu, nhff vay, cd qud nhilu ngffdi ban, ma sffc mua Iai gidm. Hdn nffa, sffc ep canh tranh ngay cdng tang Idn, hd thd'ng phan phd'i nffdc ngodi tran vdo nffdc ta nhff Metro, BigC, cdc doanh nghiep cua Hdn Quoc, Nhat Ban,... tao ndn sffc ep canh tranh cho hd thd'ng ban budn, ban le ciia Viet Nam.
V jnd Fiiretjst Revi'
NGHIEN CCfU - TRAO DOI
"B^l b^nh" doanh nghidp pha s^n
PV: Phdi chdng chinh sdch liin ti thdt chdt trong ndm 2011 dang rdt ngan dg Ire vd ihe hi^n Idc dgng cda nd. vd nd cd plidi Id nguyin nhdn chd vi'u ddv cdc DN rai vdo tinh trgng khd khdn nhuhi^n nov?
Ba Phgm Chi Lan: Ne'u hdi cde DN, nguydn nhdn ndo day hp rdi vdo tinh trang khd khan nhtf hidn nay thi hau hd't ddu ndu Icn 3 ye'u id. Mnl Id, chi phi diu vdo qud cao (da'l dai; nguyen lipu; cdc loai phf: nhff bdo hiem y id, giao thong, thud', chi phi hdnh chfnh. chi phi boi trdn,..). Theo ffdc tinh cila mpl so'chuyen gia. ehi phi dau vdo nam 2011 tdng dd'n 22%. Hai Id. lai sud'l cao vd khd vay. Ba Id. thi trffdng diu ra tac nghC-n do sffc mua. thu nhdp gidm Slit manh. Sffc mua khdng chi d phia ngffdi ddn, md ciia ca DN va Nhd nffdc (do cdt gidm dau tffcdng), hdn nffa. cdc DN lai nd nan lan nhau.
Song, cd the ndi. chinh sdeh that chdt liln tc id nguyen nhdn chii yd'u, vi nd tdc dpng de'n td't ca cdc van de, vl thdt chat liln Id ndn chi phf vd'n cao, chi phf diu \ do tdng. kinh te' khd khan ndn sffc mua suy gidm..
Nhffng cung khdng nen ddn ta'tcd gdnh ndng vdo chinh sdch tien te, md chinh sdch tdi chinh, tdi khda eung ddng vai trd Idn. Trong ndm 2011, chinh sdch tai khda chffa cd ddng gdp Idn vdo vide kilm ehd' lam phdt. Vi du, cat gidm dau ttf cdng chtfa dffdc nhieu, chi tidu ngdn sdch vdn rd't cao. Dii da giam bdi chi ngdn sdch xud'ng 4,8% nhffng trong dilu kien kinh te' khd khdn md tdn thu ngdn sdch van rat cao nhff vdy, nen trong cam nhdn ciia DN thi Nha nffdc van chtfa cd sff ddng cam that sff vdi khd khan ciia DN vd ddn chiing.
PV- Nhieu DN dd phdl bieu: "Ldi sud't cao md chung tdi cdn chua tiip can dugc vdn, vdy ldi sud't ihd'p Id dieu khdng the!", hay "gidm ldi sud'l. tiing Id de cdu DN. nhung trong trUdng hgp ndy ngdn lidng Igi Id ddi lUgng duac cdu ddu tiin ". Theo bd. ddu Id nguyin nhdn cda tinh trgng ndy? Vd gidi phdp eua Chinh phu gan ddy nhdm ndi long tin dung dd hgp ly vd trdng dich hay chua?
Ba Pham Chi Lan: Cau ndi ndy ctia DN theo tdi, thtfc sff da phdn dnh dung finh trang ciia hp hipn nay, vi trong tinh hinh lai sud'l cao dd khdng vay ndi, thi lai sud't thd'p cung khdng the cffu ndi nffa, vi hp da "chd't" rdi. Hdn nffa, day thffc cha't ciing chi Id lai sua't danh nghTa. Thtfc te, DN van phai chiu lai sud'l cao. Thi trtfdng khdng thudn ldi ndn cd vay dffdc Idm an cung khdng tdt ndn hp khdng vay. Ne'u chi gd ridng mat tin dung khdng thdi thi chffa du, phai thdo gd mot each ddng bp. VI vay, khi DN khdng tid'p nhan vd'n vay, thdnh ra dieu ndy hidu ffng ngffdc, lai trd thdnh mot cdng cu de hd trd cho ngdn hang.
Nhff vay, giai phdp cua Chinh phii ndi long tin dung van id chtfa dii. Bdi tuy ha dtfdc tran lai sua't huy ddng, nhffng eho vay vln cao, vay van khd, chffa ed dtfdc nhffng cong cu that hffu hieu khi cho vay.
ndn nhilu khi lai sud't v3n htfdng vdo hai thi trtfdng bat ddng sdn vd chffng khodn. Bdi vdy, can phdi phdn loai khdch hdng, ddi tffpng vay nd, gidm lai sud'l cho vay dd, ddn thdi gian trd nd de cffu cd ngan hang vd DN. Thdm chi Nhd ntfdc nen tuyen bdho trd Idi sud'l vdi dieu kidn Id hdu ho trd DN vtfc d§y dtfpc, tdn tai dtfpc. Bdn canh dd, Nhd ntfdc can phdi cham drfl tinh trang cdc bp de xuat tang gid cdc loai phi, vd bd ndo, ngdnh ndo cung chi tinh ridng cho ldi ich ciia ngdnh mlnh, md khdng tfnh ddn ldi ich ciia cd ndn kinh td'vd cua ngtfdi ddn.
Thdo gd khd khdn cho khu vi/c doanh nghidp dan doanh
PV- Cd thi Ihd'y ^d lugng DN nhdng ndm gdn ddy dd dugc hinh Ihdnh qud di ddng. nhanh chdng vd sd lugng cung gud nhiiu. Vdy Iheo bd, Nhd nude cdn cd them nhdng hi^n phdp i^i de qudn ly, theo ddi hogt dgng ciia DN ddn doanh di vdo thifc chdt han? Hay chi dan gidn Id nhi^m vu cdp phep?
B^ Pham Chi Lan: Theo tdi. Nhd ntfdc khong nhat thie't phdi nam bdt hd'l dtfdc cac hoat ddng ciia DN ndi chung. Nhd ntfdc can nhat la tdp uung quan ly so doanh nghiep nhd ntfdc (DNNN) ciia minh, ma hp dang sff dung khd lang phi ngudn Itfc, hidu qua lai thd'p. Hdn nffa, DNNN cd stf tac ddng Idn tdi nen kinh te' vd ngdnh nhd't dinh. Dd'i vdi cdc DN nho va vffa, Nhd ntfdc ndn giao cho cdc cap ngdnh, dia phffdng quan ly, giam sdt va ho trd, sdt cdnh vdi cdc hidp hpi DN dd dffdc giiip dd trffc tie'p. Nhd nffdc cd the ndm bdt dffdc tinh hinh boat dpng chung ciia cdc DN de cd the dieu chinh bdng cdc cdng cu chfnh sdch cua minh nhtf thue, cdc che dp khuydn khich. nhifng cdngcu ho trd nhff thdng tin. hffdng dan. cdng nghd, ky thudL..
PV: Thua bd. hiiu qud cda khu vuc DN ddn doanh cung nhu vai trd cda nd Irong viec tgo ra sdn pham cho xd hgi, gidi quydt viec lam. thdc ddy nin kinh ti phdl trien vd vuai qua khd khdn... Id Idn vd khong the phu nhdn. Vdy cdn ihdo gd nhffng rdo cdn gi de khu vUc ddn doanh lidp cdn dugc vdn de ddu tU thdc day hogt dgng sdn xudl, kinh doanh cua minh?
BS Phgm Chi Lan: Cdc ngdn hang thffdng mai cung nhff cdc quy tin dung, deu cd thidn htfdng cho vay vdo hai kenh dau ttf Idn Id chiing khodn vd bat dpng sdn, cdn vdi DN thi Id cdc DNNN. Ban tiian edc DNNN cd tfu tiie Idn vl hp dffdc Nhd nffdc bdo trd, v j cd vi thd' chinh tri Idn. Mac du, cdc dff dn ciia DNNN nhieu khi khdng cd tinh kha thi cao, nhiftig hp van dffdc cdc ngdn hang xem xet cho vay, bdi hp cd sff ddm bdo cua Nhd nffdc. Trong khi DN nhd vd vffa gdp khd khan vdi vide tie'p can vd'n bdi: tinh khd thi ciia cde dff dn ludn cd dp vdnh ndn ddi khi khdng dffdc ngdn hdng xem xdt de'n; khodn vay ciia hp lai khdng Idn so vdi khodn vay gap hdng tram lln cua cde DNNN; dp riii ro trong kinh doanh cua cdc DN nhd vd vffa cung cao hdn, trong khi DNNN hoat dpng trong nhffng ITnb vffc dtfdc Nhd ntfdc bdo hd
va khdng phdi chiu dp life canh tranh; ve tdi sdn tiid chd'p thi DN nhd va vffa rat it cd kha ndng thd cha'p, nd'u cd thi tdi sdn cung bi ddnh gid thd'p hdn nhilu so vdi gid thi trffdng. Vi vdy, cde ngdn hdng cam thd'y e ngai khi cho DN nhd vd vffa vay Id mot thffc td'.
Theo eon so'tiidng kd, chi ed khodng 50% cdc DN nhd va vffa tid'p can dffdc vdi ngudn vd'n tin dung ngdn hdng, cdn lai ho iff tim ngudn vdn vay tff bdn ngodi, mac dCi Iai sud't cao nhffng dd ddng tie'p cdn hdn.
Ngan hdng Nhd nffdc (NHNN) da cd chi dao cde ngdn hang tiiffdng mai ha Idi sud't huy ddng vd ha bdt ldi suat dau ra nham gidm bdt khd khan ve lai sud't eao va tid'p can vd'n cho DN, nhu'ng bien phdp nay chffa di vao cudc sd'ng, bdi mac dii lai sua't hien nay Id 12%. nbutig thffc te thi da so' DN van phdi vay vdi mffc 20-21%.
Theo tdi, d l giam dtfdc lai sud't cho vay, gidp DN tiep can dtfdc vd'n can:
Thd nhd'l, NHNN can gidm sdt ve ty Id, mffc chi phf ldi nhudn hdp ly ciia edc ngdn hang, chi nen gidi han mffc ldi tff 1,5 - 2%, ngdn hang kdm hdn ed the d mffc 2 - 2.5%. chff khdng the d mffc 5% nhtf hien nay. NHNN ndn dtfa ra mffc tran ehi phi hoac ldi nhudn tdi da cua ngdn hang d l hp cd the boat ddng ldnh manh hdn.
Thd hai, phai lam rd lai sua't gidm xud'ng Id tao dilu kidn cho khu vtfc ndo, dd'i ttfdng cho vay tfu ddi Id ai vd quy dinh rd ty Id cho vay dd'i ttfdng ndy Id bao nhidu. Vdi chii trtfdng vffa rdi Id ndi long tin dung thl nhieu DN vay tie'ng Id de dau tff cdi nay cdi khdc, nhffng thffc chat lai di vao nhffng dtf an bd't ddng sdn, chffng khodn tid'p tuc tao nd xdu va thanh khoan kem cho ngan bdng vd DN.
Thd ba, nd'u nhtf cd the, Nhd nffdc nen cd sang kien dffa ra cam ke't khuyd'n khich I - 2% hd trd lai sua't (nhffng phai Id hd trd sau de dam bao ho lam an ed hidu qua) cbo nhffng DN kinh doanh trong nhffng ITnh vffc kinh te' thtfc, dang khd khan hien nay. Vdi khd'i Itfdng hang tdn kho eao, ne'u DN ndo cam ket tiep tuc dau ttf, dtfa san pham dd ra xa hdi, sau 3-6 thang kd't qua dtfdc kiem chffng thl Nhd nffde sd trd lai cho ho I - 2% Iai sud't de khuyen khich hp ydn tdm vay, vtfc ddy DN vd ndn kinh te ndi chung. Td't nhien, cung ndn cd stf lffa chpn cde ngdnh, cac DN de ho trd chff khdng ndn ho trd trdn lan.
PV: Cd ^ kidn cho rang, hiin trong xd hgi vdn con ngudn vdn Idn hdng trdm nghin tf dong chua duge hogt hda thdnh vd'n cho kinh doanh. Vdy theo bd, cdc DN cdn phdi khai thdc nguon vdn ndy nhu the ndo?
Ba Pham Chi Lan: Hidn nay, mdt sd khdng nhd DN dang hoat ddng dffa tren ngudn vd'n dd. Vi du, theo dilu tra eua VCCI vd hidp hdi DN nho va vffa, ehi khoang 50% nhdm cac DN nhd vd vffa tiep can vdn ngdn hdng. Sd' con Iai Id 4 trieu hp kinh doanh gia dinh (hay nhffng khu vtfc kinh doanh phi chinh quy) thi khd ndng tid'p cdn vdn ngan hdng cila hp hlu nhff khdng cd. Hp chi vay quanh cde quy tin dung hodc vay lln nhaa.. Vdn cd sff tdn tai ciia thi trffdng
tin dung phi chfnh thffc dang hoal ddng d niidc ta giiip cho nhdm kinh doanh ndy. Dien hinh, ndng dan vay ra't nhieu d nhffng chffdng trinh quy phu nff, ty Id thu hdi phan vd'n eho vay cua hp la tff 92-96%.
Nhffng chffdng trlnh nhff vdy nen dtfdc khuyd'n khfch vd tao dilu kidn bang edeh Nhd ntfdc nen cung cd'p them vdn cho ho. Nhd ntfdc khdng nen tap trung qud nhieu vide huy ddng vdo cdc kdnh chinh thffc, ma ndn dn dinh vT md dd tao nilm tin cho xa hpi vd blnh dn nen kinh td', tff dd cd the huy ddng dffdc ngudn vd'n tff ngffdi ddn.
PV: Lieu cd dnh hudng it nhiiu Igi ich nhdm khi dudng nhu Chinh phu dang diiu hdnh chinh sdch liin te iheo sg ddn ddi cua thi trudng, ihUa bd ?
Ba Pham Chi Lan: Theo idi, dffng iff gdc dp ciia DN va ngffdi di vay, nhdm ldi ich cua ngdn hang dang chi phdi trong stf dieu hdnh chinh sdch tien td ciia Nhd ntfdc bdi mdt thtfc td' Id, mac dii cd stf dieu chinh tin dung rat nhilu cudi nam nhffng cdc ngdn hang van cd lai Idn trong khi cdc DN thi thua 16, nhieu DN
"chd't". Hp cho rdng, DN Id de cho ngan hdng lai. Khi ngdn hdng han chd' dinh mffc tin dung, dang le trong dieu kidn tin dung bd hep nhff vdy thl nhilu ngdn hang phdi "lieu xieu", nhffng rdi hp vdn song khde, nhffng ngan bang ye'u thi dtfdc sdp nhdp, dtfdc Nbd ntfdc cffu, trong khi DN "chd't' thl ho phai ttf lo "bdn minh" cho ntfdc ngodi (dtfdi cae hinh thffc M&A).
Toi chi mong NHNN thay mat Chinh phii khi dffng ra xem xet edc vd'n de thl phai ed sff nhin nhan ca hai phfa, khdng chi phia cac ngdn hang thffdng mai, md cdn phai quan tam tdi DN vd ngffdi di vay. Cu the, cdc hidp hpi DN, cdc khu vffc DN cd nhieu DN pha sdn nhd't. De khdng xay ra tinh trang cdc cdng cu chfnh sdch lai trd thdnh ldi fch cho mdt nhdm, de dam bao ldi fch cho ea ddi ben, de nen kmh td' cd dffdc ddng Itfe td't nha't eho stf phdl tridn.
PV: Viec sidt tin dung khdng phdi Id di gdy khd khdn DN, md Id mudn DN hoal dgng hieu qud han.
Nhifng sau mot ndm thi dUdng nhU hiiu qud chua dugc nhu mong mudn. Bdy gid, khi cdc DN diu khdng chiu difng dugc thi budc chdng ta phdi ndi long tin dung, cdn ngi lai cdc DN vdn ye'u kem. Vdy lam sao de thodt khoi cdi vdng ludn qudn ndy ihua bd?
Ba Phgm Chi Lan: Dieu cd't ldi chfnh Id vd'n dl tdi cau tnic nin kinh td', nd'u khdng tid'n hdnh sdm vd manh me thl vong luan quan con quay di quay lai, va lam phdt van tie'p dien, kinh te' vT md van bd't dn.
Chiing ta khdng thl di chffa chdy nhffng thff trffdc mat vd tri hoan vide tdi cd'u true nffa, vi can bdnh chinh ciia DN vd ciia nin kinh te hidn nay Id chay theo tang trffdng be rpng vd chay theo sd Iffdng bat chd'p hidu qua, khdng tap trung vdo ndng sud't lao ddng, cdi thidn nang Iffc canh tranh.
Xin cdm an bd!
LE VAN Hhuc hien)
