IHIN RA THE QlOl
Thay gl tuT cuoc khung hoang the tin dung tai Han Quoc nam 2003?
ThS. NGUYEN TO ANH Tri/ang Dai hoc Kinh te va Quan tn kmh doanh
Nham khoi phuc kinh t6' sau cudc khung hoang tai chinh nam 1997, Chinh phu Han Qud'c da ban hanh nhilu chinh sach di khuyen khich ngijcfi tifiu diing su^ dung the tin dung (TTD). Tuy nhidn, s\f biing no qua nhanh cung nhtf sif kem linh ho^t trong diiu hanh cua Chinh phu 361 \6i thi trrfctng nay da d i n d§'n cufic khung hoang TTD nam 2003.
CUQC KHUNG HOANG THE TIN DUNG TAI HAN QUOC
Giai dog-n ddu
TTD dffde bat ddu gidi thidu tai Han Qud'c vao nhffng nam 1970 danh cho nhffng ngtfdi eo thu nhap cao. De'n nam 1987, quy dmh ve kinh doanh TTD dffpc ban hdnh, la cd sd de quan ly vd phdt trien thi trffdng TTD Hdn Qud'c. Hai td chffc dau tien phdt hanh the tin dung la Samsung card Co. Ltd vd LG card Co. Ltd vao nim 1988.
Sau khi khung hoang tien te chau A xay ra nam 1997, kinh doanh TTD Id mot trong nhii'ng linh vffc tang trffdng cao nha't trong ngdnh tai chinh ban le khdng tdi san the' chd'p tai chdu A, do boat dpng cho vay tidu dimg phat tridn nhanh. Dong thdi, nhi^u qud'c gia trong khu vffc, trong do cd Han Quoc, nhdn ra rang, khdng ndn qua phu thudc vdo thi trffdng hay nguon vd'n ngoai td tff nffdc ngodi, md phdi tang sffc tieu thu tai thi trffdng trong ntfde. Do vdy, Chinh phu Hdn Qud'c dd sff dung nhieu gidi phap dd' kich thich nhu cau mua sam vd tidu diing cua ngffdi dan vd giai phdp sff dung TTD dffpc tridn khai. Trong thdi did'm nay, Chinh phu Han Qud'c da sff dung nhi^u chinh sach ndi long trong viec phat hanh the dd' khuyd'n khich ngffdi ddn dung TTD va chuyen tien mat tdi cac trung tdm tdi chinh, dong thdi dd bd dan cdc khoan thue. Do vdy, sd'Iffpng ngffdi dung TTD lidn tuc dffde gia tang. Nhd do, tang trffdng idnh td'cua Han Qud'c dffpc cai thidn ddng ke.
Giai doan bdng no
Nam 1999, thi trffdng eho vay ndi chung vd TTD ndi rieng phdt trie'n nhff vO bao. Vide phat hanh TTD dem lai Idi nhuan thuan cao tff eac khoan phf va lai eho eac ngan hang. Thu nhap trffdc thud' tff phat hanh TTD cao nha't trong danh muc dau tff vdi 2,11 ty USD, chie'm 25% tdng thu nhap trffdc thud', cao hdn so vdi cho vay khong bao ddm (i,9 ty USD, 22,5% tong thu nhdp trffdc
thud'), cho vay cd bao dam (1,8 ty USD, 21,3% tdng thu nhap trffdc thud').
Thdi did'm nay, cdc ngdn hdng khdng chi tdp trung vdo kinh doanh TTD, ma con cho cae td chffc phi ngdn hdng vay vd'n dd' phdt hdnh the. Do dd, tao ra stf canh tranh ngdy cang khd'c liet giffa cac ngdn hang phdt hdnh the trong viec chid'm ITnh thi phdn. Khdng nhffng vdy, cac nha phat hdnh the Idn cua nffdc ngoai khdng ed mang Iffdi chi nhdnh dia phffPng rdng Idn nhff cdc ngdn hdng ndi dia cung cd' gang gia nhdp thi trffdng.
Chfnh vi vay, ede tidu chu^n cho vay eua ede ngdn hang dffpc ndi long hdn va cho vay dffpc md rdng hPn. Thi phin cua nhffng ngffdi mdi gia nhdp tang gd'p ddi tff 28% (nam 1994) Idn 56% (nam 2005).
Dieu nay tao thuan Idi cho nhffng ngffdi lieu dung trffdc day khdng the vay dffdc tien tff ngan hang, thi nay dd dang vay thdng qua md TTD.
Nam 2002, cupe khung hoang cho vay hd gia dinh da xay ra, hang loat cac vu phd san ca nhan da dien ra, khid'n cho cac ngdn hdng gap nhieu khd khan do mat vd'n. Trffdc tinh hinh dd, Chinh phii Han Qud'c tien hdnh that chat cdc tidu chuIn cho vay va cdc nguyen tac tfn dung, ddng thdi bdt budc cac ngdn hang thffdng mai phdi giam dff nd tin dung trong boat dpng eho vay nay. Mdt giai phdp dffdc dffa ra dd la, Chinh phia dp dung giam lai sua't cho vay qua ddm xud'ng eon 3,75%. Dieu ndy lam giam gdnh nang np nan cua cdc hp gia dinh cung nhff chi phi tai chinh cua cae cdng ty, tff do nen kinh te' dtfdc
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Kinhie vJDirbaghdi phuc. Khi lai sudt gidm, ngdn hdng de dang huy ddng vd'n vdi chi phf thd^p.
Ben canh dd, vide dp dung chinh sdch that chat cho vay cua Chinh phu lam cho he thdng ngdn hang dtf thffa tien mat.
Chinh vi vay, cdc ngdn hdng san sang ddp ffng mpi nhu cdu vay, tao ndn cudc canh tranh gay gat giffa cdc ngan hang Irong chid'm ITnh thi trffdng eho vay ndi chung vd TTD ndi ridng.
Tuy nhien, nhffng ehi phi dau tif ban dau ciia cdc td chffc kinh doanh TTD de trang bi cd sd vat cha't ha tang vdi cdng nghe hidn dai cho vide xff ly dff lidu, quan ly tai khoan vd thanh todn bil trff...
rd^t Idn. Vi the", hp theo dudi muc tidu tang thi phan, nham bii lai chi phi ban dau vd tang Ipi nhuan. Ben canh do, cdc chien Iffdc marketing ram rd va td'n kdm dffdc thffc hien de md rdng cd sd khach hdng. Cdc hinh thffc gffi, nhff: thff didn tff, qudng cdo qua dien thoai, chie'u phim tren dffdng phd... dffpc sff dung d khdp mpi ndi de kich thich md TTD. Kd't qua la TTD phat trie'n nhanh chdng d khu vffc M nhan, tang tff 48% (nam 2000) len 55% (nam 2002).
Giai dogn sup dd
Cic td chffc tdi chinh thffa nhdn stf phdt hanh d at TTD lam cho ly le "the che't" va np qud han cao. Ty le the khdng hoat ddng gdy ra lang phi cho ngan hang, cdn ty Id nd qua han cao khien eho ngdn hdng bi md't vd'n. Khoang 1/3 gid tri sd sdch cua toan bp dff nd cho vay qua TTD bi mat trong cupe khung hoang nay.
Nam 2003, do kinh doanh the khdng nhiTng khdng dem lai Ipi nhuan, ma con Id nen eac ngdn hang phdt hanh the cat giam Iffc Iffdng lao ddng. Trung binh 50% lao ddng trong toan ngdnh bi ma't viec lam, cd bidt cd ngan hang giam de'n 70%. Thdm vdo dd, khi danh mue th6 cd chffa nhieu cdc mdn eho vay qua han dan den chi phi tin dung tang len, dnh hffdng de'n dong ti^n vd Ipi nhuan, ndn cac ngan hang bat dau thdn trpng hPn trong viec md rdng han mffc tin dung dd'i vdi nhffng ngffdi vay rui ro cao. Cdc lieu chudn cho vay dffdc that chat hdn, tdng dff np bi gidm xud'ng. Tuy nhidn, vide kinh doanh cua cdc ngdn hang gap khd khan khien cho ed phi^n bi giam slit, do vay, Idm gidm tdng tdi san cua cdc ngdn hang. Trong vong 2 nam, sau khi dat dtfpc dinh diem, cdc ngudn thu tff TTD gidm khoang 65% 5 Hdn Qude.
Ngoai ra, thi trffdng TTD bi dd vd.
cdn tdc ddng dd'n tieu dung ciia ngffdi dan khi cho vay tidu diing bi that chat. Nhff vay, thd't nghidp vd phd san tang la mdt yd'u td' gdp phan vao sff suy thoai cua nen kinh td' Han Quoc sud't nam 2003.
Dd thoat khdi nhffng anh hffdng tff cudc khung hoang nay, Chinh phii Han Qud'c dtfa ra cdc bidn phdp hanh chfnh dieu chinh vd that chat, gdm cd:
(1) Day manh dd'i thoai giffa cdc nha chffc trdch va cdc ngdn hang phdt hanh de dffa ra nhffng quy dinh hffdng din sdt vdi thffc te nha't cho nghiep vu phdt hanh the. Trffdc bet, Chinh phu sii'a ddi cac tidu chuan phdn loai TTD, cung cd cdc ydu cau dff phong, dp dung cdc bidn phdp triffig phat cdc ngan bang phat hanh khdng tuan thii quy dinh va tang ty Id vd'n an todn td'i thieu tff 7% Idn 8%. Ddng thdi, nghidm cam cdc hinh thffc quang cdo manh me thdng qua gffi thff dien tff, dien thoai...
(2) Dffa ra quy dinh mdi ddi hoi mffc td'i da tren so' dff ffng trffdc tien mat dtfdi 50% tdng sd' dff nd TTD va gdy dp Iffc budc cdc td chffc kinh doanh TTD ha mffc lai sua't dd'i vdi loai the nay. Tuy nhien, tdc ddng ngan ban cua cae bidn phap that chat nay lai khien cho cdc ngdn hang phdt hdnh va ngtfdi di vay gap nhieu rui ro hdn, lam tram trpng hod cudc khiing hodng TTD. Bdi vi, ngdn hang phat hanh vdn da bi thua Id do np xa'u cao, thi lai bi bupc phdi ha lai sua't dau ra, ddng thdi bi giam ty Id rut tien mat lam giam mpt ngudn thu phf dang ke. Tff dd, Idi nhuan cua cdc ngdn hang phat hanh gidm xud'ng. Bdn canh do, chu the bj v9 np vd khdng cd ba't ky ngudn ndo khdc dd tra, vi hp khdng du dieu kien de dtfpc sff dung cdc loai hinh tin dung khdc do lich sff tin dung xd'u, uy tin tin dung khdng td't. Hdu qud la cdc chu the phai di vay tren thi trtfdng phi chinh thffc, khid'n cho lai sud't trdn thi trffdng nay tang cao va tdc ddng xd'u de'n thi trffdng chinh Ihffc cung nhtf loan bd nen kinh te.
MOT S6 KINH NGHIEM CHO VIET NAM
Mot Id, vide ndi long dieu kidn gia nhap nganh ngan bang qua mffc ddn tdi dp Itfc canh tranh Idn. Khdng cd sff phd'i hpp chat che giffa cdc ngdn hang. Dieu nay ldm cho eac td chffc phdt hdnh TTD khdng chu y dd'n khau tham dinh khach hang, dd dang chd'p nhan ca nhffng chu th6 cd riii ro cao - nhffng ngffdi khdng du tidu chudn de dffpc vay, mien la cdng md dffpc nhieu tai khoan cang tdt. Day chinh la nguyen nhan din dd'n nd xd'u cua he thd'ng ngan hdng ngay cang cao.
Trong nhffng nam gdn day, thanh todn qua TTD tai Viet Nam ludn dtfpc khuyd'n khich su'dung va dan dtfpc xem nhff la mdt trong nhffng phffdng tien hidn dai de thay the'cho vide sfrdung tien mat. Day cung la cdng cu de gia tang Idi ich cho cdc ngan hang. Chinh vi vay,_
cac ngdn hang dang nd Iffc chay dua nham gia tang sd Iffdng ngffdi diing TTD. Dieu nay ddn dd'n thffc td', cac ngdn hang vdn chd'p nhdn md TTD cho cd nhffng khach hang da tffng md the tai cdc ngdn hang khdc, tham chi hp khdng cdn bid't la khaeh hang cua minh dang suf dung loai the nao midn id hp sff dung TTD cua ngan hang minh. Ngodi ra, tieu chu^n de md the tai cdc ngan hang
Economy and Fo^eca^l Review
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SHIN RA THE GICJl
rd't ddn gian, khid'n cho nhieu ngtfdi khdng cd nhu eau md the vdn tie'n hanh md, do vdy, ly le the "che't" ngay cang nhi^u. Vide cdc ngan hdng khdng ngffng gia tang Iffdng the dang lam tang dan nd xd'u cua he thd'ng. Theo TS. Nguydn Chf Hieu, Chuyen gia eao ca'p Tdi chfnh Ngan hdng, vide biing phat TTD "bffa bai" nhff hidn nay se khid'n np xd'u trong cdc ngdn hang ngay cang Idn vd Idm cho kinh te'khd phuc hdi (Hoang Lffc, 2013).
Theo Ngan hdng Nha nffdc Viet Nam, tinh de'n hd't quy 3/2013, eac td chffc tin dung da phdt hdnh 62,93 tridu the, tang 2,78 trieu the (tffdng dffdng 4,62%>) so vdi cudi quy 2/2013. trong do, the ndi dia la 57,23 tridu the, tang 2,34 tridu the (ttfdng dtfdng 4,26%) trong vong 3 thdng, the quo'c te Id 5,7 tridu the, tang 440.000 the (ttfdng dffdng 8,36%). Td'c do tang trtfdng cua cac loai the qud'c te' tai thi trtfdng Viet Nam kha nhanh. Mffc tang trffdng binh quan cua MasterCard tai Viet Nam dat gan 50%/nam vd sd Iffpng phdt hanh the tin dung vd tang hdn 40% ve so' tidn ehi lieu trdn the.
Ridng Td chffc the Visa da dat con sd 1 tridu the.
Hai Id, Chinh phii cd the cdi thidn viec cung ca'p thdng tin trong thi trffdng cho vay tidu dung bang cdch khuyd'n khich chia se thdng tm tfn dung, hd trd cdc cdng ty cung cd'p thdng tm tin dung. Bdi, do dp lffc canh tranh, cae td chffc nay khdng cd sff hpp tdc, chia se thdng tin trong he thd'ng thdng tin tfn dung chung va thdm chf co ngan hang Idn khdng tham gia vdo hd thd'ng. Khid'n cho phi dau tff trang thid't bi gia tang tff do anh hffdng tdi Idi nhuan cua ngdn hang.
Tai Vidt Nam, mac du cd nbffng nd lffc cdi tid'n cdng nghd, da dang cdc dich vu ngdn hang, nhtfng theo nhieu y kid'n chuydn gia, vide tff mdi ngdn hang van dpng ma khong cd sff hpp tdc da ldm giam di hidu qua dau tff, ddn cff nhff trong ITnh vtfc phdt hanh va thanh toan the. Mdi ddy nhd't la viec cung luc nhieu ngdn hdng cung tff trang bi mdy rut tien tff ddng ATM chi de sff dung eho the cua ridng ngan hdng minh. Theo
Trung tdm the ACB, chi phf dau tff trang bi va van hanh mdy ATM khdng nho.
Trung binh gid mdi mdy ATM khodng 30.000 USD, nhtfng dang ke' hdn Id chi phi thffdng xuydn trong cdc boat dong phuc vu khdch hang tff mdy nay. Trong khi dd, mdi mdy lai chi phuc vu cho vide rut lien eua mpt loai the thay vi can dffdc sff dung chung eho cdc loai th^ cua cae ngdn hang khdc nhau. Theo Tdng giam doe nipt ngdn hang Ihffdng mai ed phdn, thffc te' dd'i vdi xu hffdng phdt tridn th6, bao gid cung cdn thid't Idp mdt, hai trung tam th^ chung cho ta't ca cdc ngdn hang phdt hdnh vd thanh todn the.
Cdc trung tam nay Id ddu md'i dd quan ly mang xffdng sd'ng, thdng qua dd ndi ke't cac loai the khdc nhau, cdc dich vu cua nhiJng ngan hdng khdc nhau. Theo one, va'n dd Id cdc ngan hang khdng chiu ngdi lai vdi nhau, nhtf vdy, ddn nhac vdn dang can mpt nhac trtfdng la Ngdn hang Nha ntfdc (Ld Uy Linh, 2013).
Ba Id, cac ngdn hdng thtfPng mai cin kie'm sodt chat che quy trinh md va sif dung tdi khodn, quy trinh phdt hdnh th8 (dac biel la cdc th^ thanh todn qud'c td'), tang cffdng thtfc hidn chinh sach nhan biet khdch hang- Khi phat hien thdng tin nghi va'n, can bdo cd quan edng an dd phdi hdp xdc minh Idm ro, phd bid'n, thdng bao dd'n tffng nhdn vidn, dac bidt la nhan vien giao dich, khdch hang de'n md tdi khodn, phat hanh th^, ve phffdng thffc, thii doan hoat dpng cua tdi pham dd qua cdng lac nghidp vu cd thd phong ngffa, phat hien kip thdi cdc hanh vi an cap, phd hoai.Q
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Tab Bowers, Greq Gibb, Jeffrey Wong (2003). Banking in Asia - Acquiring a profit mindset, Singapore
2. Keneth H.Kang (2004). Korea - Economic outlook and reforms in 2004, Seoul
3. Ld Uy Linh (2013). Ngdn hdng chay dua da dang dich vu, truy cdp tff http://sgtt.vn/oldweb/
cacsobaotruoc/364_19/p09_nganhangchaydua.htm
4. Hodng Lffc (2013). Ng xd'u ngdn iidng tU the tin dung: Diing de "mdt bd mdi lo ldm ehudng".
truy cap tff http://giaoduc.net.vn/Kinh-te/No-xau-ngan-hang-tu-the-tin-dung-Dung-de-mat-bo- moi-lo-Iam-chuong-postl20394.gd
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