TAP CHi CONG M f l N G
TIN DUNG HO TRO CHO NGl/dl NGHEO THONG QUA QUY TRCf VON CEP:
THI/C TRANG VA GIAI PHAP
• NGUYEN TH! MY DIEM
TOM TAT:
Quy trd vd'n CEP Id mdt td chffc tai chinh vi md phi Idi nhuan hoat ddng tai cdc linh Ddng Nam Bp va ddng bang sdng Cffu Long. CEP hoat ddng vdi muc tidu cai thidn ddng ke' di^u kidn sd'ng effa ngtfdi ngheo va ngtfdi ngheo nha't d Vidt Nam thdng qua viec cung ca'p cdc dich vu tai chinh vi md hidu qud, ben vffng. Vi vay, bai viet phan tieh vd thtfc trang boat ddng effa CEP, de qua dd thd'y dtfdc hidu qua Quy CEP mang lai, ddng thdi dtfa ra cdc giai phdp d^ Quy CEP hoat ddng hidu qua hdn vd md rdng mang ltfdi hoal dpng.
Tff khda: Quy trd vd'n CEP, tin dung, h5 trd, ngtfdi nghdo.
I. Dat vS'n dd
Tin dung hd trd cho ngtfdi ngheo la mdt trong nhffng nhdn td giffp edi thidn ddi sdng cho ngtfdi cd thu nhdp thd'p vd ngtfdi ngheo, giup nen kinh td' phdt trien vd an sinh xa hpi. Hdn nffa, nhffng ngtfdi cd thu nhap tha'p khdng du dieu kidn tie'p can dtfdc ngudn vd'n tff cdc ngdn hang ihtfdng mai, xua't phat tff y nghia thie't thtfe dd, Quy CEP ra ddi vdi muc dich thffe hidn boat ddng ca'p tin dung cho ngffdi dan ma khdng can mdt tdi san thd' chd'p. Do dd, sff boat ddng cua CEP thffc stf mang y nghTa rd't Idn cho vide eai thien ddn sinh. Theo dd, de tai "Tin dung hd trd cho ngtfdi ngheo thdng qua Quy trd vd'n CEP: Thffc trang va gidi phdp" dtfdc thtfc hien, nhdm xem xet tinh thidu qua hoat dpng cua Quy CEP dd'i vdi viec hd trd tin dung cho ngtfdi dan.
II. Phiftfng phap nghidn cffu
Phtfdng phdp thu thap thdng tin: Thdng tin, so lidu dtfdc sff dung thdng qua cdc bdo cdo cua cac
TCTCVM va cac bai bdo chuydn nganh, cac bdo eao eua Quy CEP,,,
Phtfdng phdp xff ly, phdn tich thdng tin: Phtfdng phdp didn djch, quy nap va phffdng phdp thdng k6 md la, phtfdng phdp so sdnh, cung nhtf cdc phan memhd trd de tdng hdp, xff ly, phan tieh thdng tin cho nghidn cffu.
IILCdsdlylu§n 1. Khdi niim vi tin dving
Tin dung la pham tru kinh Id', ra ddi va tdn tai qua nhieu hinh thdi kinh td' xa hdi va cd nhieu khdi nidm khac nhau. Cd thd' dtfa ra mdt khdi niem chung nhd't ve tin dung nhtf sau: "Tin dung la mot pham tru kinh id' chi md'i quan he vay mtfdn dtfa trdn nguydn tdc cd hoan tra cd vd'n gdc va lai sau mdt thdi gian nha't djnh".
Tin dung dd'i vdi ngtfdi ngheo la nhffng khoan tin dung chi ddnh rieng cho nhffng ngffdi ngheo, cd sffc lao ddng. nhtfng thid'u vd'n dd' phdt trien san
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TAI CHINH-N6AN HANG-BAO HIEM
xua't trong mdt thdi gian nha't dinh phai hoan trd so' tiln gdc va lai; tiiy theo tffng ngudn cd the hffdng theo lai sua^t tfu dai khac nhau, nham giup ngtfdi ngheo mau chdng vtfdt qua ngheo ddi vtfdn len hda nhdp ciing cpng ddng.
2. Vai tro cua tin dung vi md trong viec gidm ngheo
Tin dung cd vai trd rd't Idn dd'i vdi stf phat trid'n bnh Id' ciia da't ntfdc nhiflig nd khdng phai la dieu kidn du md tin dung chi Id mdt trong nhffng dieu kidn cdn thid't va Id trung gian phdn bd ngudn ltfe cho phat trien. Vi vdy, vai trd cua tin dung trong vide giam ngheo cd the' dffde tdm tat nhff sau:
Thd nhdt, tin dung giup md rdng thi Irtfdng hang hda dich vu va pham vi phan cdng lao ddng. Tin dung tao ra ed hdi cho vide sff dung hidu qua cdc ngudn Iffc trong sdn xud't ndng nghidp va tao ngudn thu nhdp cho ngtfdi ngheo.
Thd hai, tin dung cung cap ngudn vd'n de' mua cac vat ttf can thie't dau ttf cho san xua't ndng nghidp (nhtf mdy cay, may mdc thid't bi ttfdi - lidu, nha xtfdng...) vd ede khoan ddu vao khde {nhtf phdn bdn, hat gid'ng, nhidn lieu...),
Thd ba, tin dung day manh qud tnnh thtfdng mai hda san xud't ndng nghidp cung nhtf thay ddi cd ca'u ndng nghiep.
Cung ca^p lin dung dtfpc coi la cdng cu chu chdt nhdm pha vd vdng luan quan: thu nhap thd'p - liet kidm it - sdn Itfdng tha'p, dae bidt la vung ndng thdn ndi ma phan Idn dSn sd' la nhffng ngffdi ndng ddn cd thu nhap tha'p.
Thd tu, giffa lin dung, phat trie'n ndng thdn va gidm ngheo ddi cd md'i quan he ra't chat che. Tin dung thuc dd'y phdt trid'n ndng thdn, giam ngheo ddi, thu nhdp ngffdi ngheo tang sd lam hd thd'ng tin dung ndng thdn phat trien hdn.
Thd ndm, tin dung vi md edn ed tdc ddng tich cffc dd'n vide kich thieh nang khie'u kinh doanh nhd (microentrepreneur) cua ngtfdi vay, dac bidt la phu nff.
Thd sdu, tin dung hd trd cho ngffdi ngheo la cdng cu tao ra binh dang gidi, giup phu nff cd dieu kien tham gia lam kinh td', tao thu nhdp cho gia dinh vd gidm phu thupc kinh te' vao ngtfdi chdng.
3. Tiiu chi phdn loai kg ngheo cua CEP Thanh vien CEP dtfdc phan thdnh 3 nhdm:
Ngheo nhd't, ngheo va ttfdng dd'i ngheo. CEP tap trung phue vu ngtfdi ngheo va nhffng ngtfdi de hi ton thtfdng nha't, CEP ydu cau cd it nha't 80% thanh vidn mdi khi tham gia chtfdng trinh la nhffng ngtfdi ngheo va ngheo nha't.
Theo each thffc phan loai ngheo tdng the', md td chung ve ba nhdm thanh vidn dtfdc trinh bay khdi quat theo Bdng dtfdi ddy, (Bdng I)
IV. Thi^c trang tinh hinh hoat ddng cua CEP 1. Hoat dgng cua CEP
Tinh dd'n cud'i nam 2017, CEP tid'p tuc trien khai boat ddng tai chinh vi md tai 17 chi nhanh d TP. Hd Chi Minh va 17 chi nhdnh cdc tinh Bd'n Tre, Binh Dtfdng, Dong Nai, Ddng Thdp, Long An, Tay Ninh, Tien Giang va VTnh Long. Quy CEP ehu ye'u cung ca'p 3 san phd'm tid't kidm vd 2 sdn pha'm lin dung cho thanh vien gdm cho vay hoan tra hang tuan va hang thang. Vdi dd'i ttfdng ngtfdi !ao ddng ngheo cd thu nhap khdng thtfdng xuydn, CEP dp dung san pham vay tra hdng tuan vd san pham vay tra hang thdng ddnh cho cdng nhdn ed thu nhap hang thdng nhffng can vdn de tao thdm vide lam vd thu nhdp. Cdc san pha'm cho vay nay eung ca'p cho thanh vidn vd'n dau ttf vao cdng viec lam an nhd, giup hp cd ngudn thu nhap dn dinh cai thien an sinh gia dinh.
Bang 1 . P h a n loai hd ngheo ^ e o tieu chuan cua C E P
PhSn loai h$
Ngheo nhat
Ngheo
Tuong dfii ngheo
Ty 1$ phu thu^c
3 hoac han
GiOa 2 va 3
Thap hdn 2
Thu nh§p (VND/ngay) Thap hdn 30.000
30 000 - 58,300
Cao han 58 300
Tai san
Khong co hoac ra't it va kem chat iUOng
CO va kem chat lu^ng
Chat luong thdp den trung binh
Nha cLta
Chat lUdng thdp, khong kien co, khong co dien va nu6c Chat luong thap, ban kien co, co dien,
nudc smh hoat.
Kien c6', co dien, nU6c smh hoat
Ngudn- Bdo cdo thudng nien 2017 cua CEP
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TAP GHl CONG THUlNIi
Ngoai cdc san pham chinh, CEP cung cung ea'p thdm 2 san phd'm vay: Cai thidn nhd d vd hoe nghe, hai san pha'm eho vay nay chi chie'm ti Id 1%
trong tdng dff nd cho vay va dffde gan kd't vdi cac dff dn cu the'. Trong nam 2017, CEP da cung cap eac sdn pham tai chinh sau:
* Hai loai sdn phdm cho vay lao thu nhdp cabdn:
Cho vay tra hang tuan va cho vay tra hang thdng.
* Hai san pham tii't kiem: Tie't kiem bat budc gan kd'l vdi sdn pham vay; tie't kidm dinh hffdng va san ph£m tidn gffi tid't kidm cd ky han.
* Sdn phdm cho vay cdi thien nhd d.
* Sdn phdm cho vay hoc nghe. Ngoai ra, trong nam, CEP da tang ctfdng cac djch vu phat trien cdng dong de ndng cao tde ddng eua chtfdng trinh tdi chinh vi md CEP dd'i vdi vide cdi thidn an sinh vd gidm ngheo cho ngffdi lao ddng.
* Huan luyin cho thanh vien ve quan ly tdi ehinh, trpng tdm vao ldp ngdn sdch va tie't kidm.
* Cap hoc bong cho con em hd thdnh vidn ngheo gap khd khan, cd nguy cd bd hpc trtfdc 15 tudi.
* Chuang trinh phdt trien nghi, tgo viic ldm eho nhffng thanh vien khdng du kha nang dap ffng nhffng nhu cau cd ban nha't cho ban thdn va gia dinh.
* Xdy nhd d cho thanh vidn ngheo nha^t khdng cd chd d phu hdp.
* Dieu phd'i vd trao ldng the bdo hiem y ti' cho nhffng hp gia dinh thdnh vidn khd khan.
* Hd tra khdn cap ve tdi chinh cho thanh vidn gap khd khan nhtf hd trd thanh vidn, gia dinh chi phi y le', bdnh hid'm ngheo, ma chay.
* Hd tra cung cap luang thUc ihuc phdm: Gao, ddu an,
2. Khdch hdng cua CEP
CEP cd sd thanh vidn kha Idn khoang 320,901 thdnh vien dang vay vdi mffc vay binh quan Id 17.389 nghin ddng. Sd' thanh vidn cua CEP hoan tra vd'n vay hang tuan ehid'm 74% va 26% hoan tra hang thang. Ngudn vd'n vay dffpc thdnh vien sff dting eho nhieu muc dieh khde nhau nhtf cho boat ddng mua ban nhd, cai thidn nha d, xay nhd ve sinh, ehan nudi, ndng nghidp va ngtf nghidp, sff dung eho cic muc dich khde nhtf dieh vu, san pha'm tieu thu edng nghidp, mua sdm edng cu lao ddng, ddng hpc phi, khdm ehffa benh, tra nd vay nang lai. CEP phuc vu 285.384 thanh vidn thtfe hidn tie't kidm vdi so'dtf tie't kiem binh quan la 4.052 nghin
ddng. Hau hd't khach hang vay vd'n CEP Id nff vd sd'ng lap trung d vung dd thi, chi cd khoang 38%
sd'ng d vung ndng thdn. Thanh vidn lan ddu tien tham gia ehtfdng trinh CEP d\i6c xde djnh la nghfeo hoac ngheo nha't chie'm den 89%.
3. Tinh hinh tdi chinh cua CEP Ndm 2017, tinh hinh tai chinh CEP ttfdng ddi dn dinh, cd ca'u tai chinh cd stf thay ddi theo htfdng tang ty trpng tie't kidm vd lang vd'n chu sd hffu trdn long tai san. Sff thay ddi chu yd^u do mdt phan khoan vay dtfdc chuydn sang tien giJi tie't kiem,vd'n chu sd hffu tang khd hidu qua dl duy tri gid trj ngudn vd'n sau khi tinh toan dnh htfdng cua lam phdt.
Bang 2. Ket qua tai chinh CEP Kgt qua tai chfnh CEP
Tiet kJ$m/tong tai san (%) No vay/ t6ng tai san (%) Du nd cho vay/ tong tai san (%) ROi ra von dau tu > 30 ngay (%) Rui ro von dau tu > 90 ngay (%)
'Iyl^x6ano(%) Ty 1$ bu dap rui ro (%)
2017 47,6 17,9 93,0 0.52 0,44 0,04 173,4
2016 35,7 31,6 96,9 0,48 0,39 0,05 138,2
2015 34,8 33,7 96,8 0,41 0,34 0,03 125,3 Ngudn: Bdo cdo ndm 2017 ciia CEP
Qua Bang 2 cho tha'y, mac dff dtf nd cho vay chie'm hdn 90% tren long tai san nhtfng rui ro trdn vd'n dau ttf khd nhd, dtfdi 0,5% thd' hidn dtfdc tinh hidu qua hoat ddng cua CEP. Ngodi ra, Quy CEP cd'p tin dung eho ngtfdi ngheo vd ngtfdi thu nhdp thd'p nen ludn htfdng de'n cai thidn thu nhap eua hp la muc lieu hang dau va vi linh nhan van ndn Quy CEP thtfc hidn xda np mdt sd' khdch hang vay vd'n bdi cac yd'u Id' khach quan ldm hp mat khd nang tra nd.
4. Nhiing thuqn 10 vd kho khdn cua quy CEP 4.1. Thudn lai
CEP dtfdc chinh thffc cd'p phdp trd thanh td chffc TCVM chinh thffe hoat ddng d Viet Nam, dtfdc boat ddng theo quy djnh cua phap luat vd dtfdc Ngan hang Nha ntfdc cap phep.
Viet Nam vdi hdn 70% dan sd' sd'ng d khu vffc ndng thdn va cd thu nhdp thd'p, hp khdng ti^p cSn dtfde ngudn von cua ngan hang ndn la cd hdi cho Quy CEP phat tri^n.
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TAI GHINH-NGAN HANG-BAO HIEM
Cdng nghe thdng dn va cd sd ha tang ngay cang phdt tri^n, tao dieu kien cho Quy CEP cd the quan ly td't dff lieu tai chinh, tid't kiem thdi gian trong hoat ddng quan ly cua minh.
CEP cung ca'p cdc sdn phd'm, djch vu ra't phu hdp vdi ngtfdi ngheo, ngtfdi cd ngudn thu nhdp khdng dn djnh. Chinh vi vdy, nhieu ngtfdi ngheo, ngtfdi cd thu nhdp thap chpn CEP idm ndi vay vd'n cua minh d^ phdt trien kinh te gia dinh.
4.2. Nhdng khd khdn cda Quy CEP vd nguyin nhdn CEP thie'u he thd'ng thdng tin quan ly va he thd'ng chinh sdch thu tuc cd hidu qua de phue vu cho vide quan ly tdi ehinh mdt cdch lanh manh.
Cdng tac tuydn truyen quang ba thdng tin ve CEP ehffa thtfc stf phd bid'n dd'n vdi ngtfdi dan, dac bidt la cac dd'i ttfdng khd dd'p can nhtf vung sdu, vdng xa.
Phtfdng thffc eho vay cua CEP ehffa thtfe stf phu hdp vdi ngtfdi dan. Mffc eho vay dd'i vdi mdi khach hdng cdn thap, thdi gian hoan tra vdn ngan vd phtfdng thffc hoan tra vdn chtfa linh boat dd'i vdi mdi khdch hang. Khdeh hang van edn bi ban chd' ve sd'Iffdng vd'n vd phai du sd thanh vidn de thanh lap td nhdm mdi dtfdc vay, ma viec thanh lap td nhdm khdng phai luc nao mud'n Id thdnh ldp dtfdc.
Khi ngtfdi nay can vd'n thi khdng du ngtfdi de thanh lap nhdm, khi da du ngtfdi thdnh lap nhdm rdi thi ho lai khdng can vd'n nffa. Chinh vi vdy da tao ndn sff "khap khidng" trong khi eho vay, vd'n khdng ddp ffng dffde cho ngffdi ndng ddn ngheo dung thdi diem. Hoac quy dinh tra nd xong lan trtfdc mdi cho vay lan sau Id qud cffng, bdi vi Iffdng vd'n dtfpc vay han dau qud nhd chtfa dap tfng du nhu eau, ngffdi nghdo dang sff diing vao chSm sde eay trdng hoac vat nudi ndn khdng tra dffde nd. Ne'u phai trd np de vay thdm nhieu hdn theo ydu cau thi budc hp phai di vay ngoai vdi lai sud't cao hoac bdn san pham vdi gid thd'p se bi thua thidt nhieu.
Chi phi hoat ddng cua CEP edn cao vi khdch hang cua td chffc nay sd'ng rai rde, khdng tap trung tai mdt dilm vd nhan vien tin dung phai trtfe liep tim de'n hp de pho bien ve cac boat ddng eua quy.
CEP ed ngudn vd'n hoat ddng qua phu thude vao ngudn tdi trd tff cdc chtfdng trinh, dtf dn cua cac td chffc phi chinh phu va cua Nha nffde. Thdch thffe dat ra dd'i vdi CEP la phai ttf chu, dde Idp ve ngudn vdn hoat ddng cua minh trong giai doan phdt triln ttfdng lai.
Trong qud trinh khao sat, tham dinh nhu cau vay vd'n ed the' phdt sinh nhtfng va'n de tidu ctfe xua't phat iff phia CBTD va chinh quyen dia phtfdng, lam bdp meo thdng dn cua khach hang vd tff dd cd the' dan de'n riii ro trong tin dung.
V. Mot so' giai phap nh^m ndng cao hi^u qua hoat dOng va mof rdng mang \\id\ ciia Quy CEP Mdt la giai phdp ndng cao hidu qua hoat ddng eua CEP. Xdy dtfng ed ca'u quan ly va quan tri ro rang, da dang hda san pham va djch vu de' ddp tfng tdt nhu cau cua khdch hang. Ben canh dd, CEP cdn phdt trien san pham, dich vu ddm bdo hdi ldng khdch hang va muc tidu gidm nghdo, td chtfc cac ldp htfdng ddn, hua'n luyen ngtfdi dan ve cdc kid'n thffe quan ly kinh te' hd, each tiet kidm... Dong thdi, CEP va cac to' chffc tin dung ho trd cho ngtfdi ngheo can lidn kd't mang ltfdi; lidn kd't lai chinh vi md vd dich vu lai chinh; thanh lap hidp hdi lai chinh vi md. Xay dtfng td chffc: chud'n hda, dpi ngu, chinh sdch, thu tuc, quan ly tai chinh nhdm tao ra stf phdt trien ben vtfng cua CEP.
Them vao do, CEP cdn ed bidn phdp ehe' tai dd'i vdi cdc tidu ctfe xay ra trong qua trinh cho vay va thu nd, trdnh tinh trang chie'm diing vd'n cua cdc can bd tin dung.
Hai Id giai phap md rdng mang Itfdi cua Quy CEP. CEP cung can phai tuydn truyen rdng rai ede thdng tin ve CEP dd' moi ngtfdi dan cd thd' lid'p can dd dang thdng qua cdc phtfdng tidn truyen thdng dai chung nhtf bdo, dai, td rdi, td btfdm hoac thdng qua cdc budi hpp cua ehinh quyen dia phtfdng.
Ddng thdi, CEP can phdi cung co vd nang cao long lin cho con ngtfdi trong boat ddng huy ddng vd'n va cap tin dung cua minh, giup hp cd dieu kien cai thidn cudc sd'ng gia dinh va gdp phan anh sinh xa hdi. Ndng cao nang Itfc, kha nang qudn ly va kid'n thffc tai ehinh cho cdn bd tin dung bang each hua'n luyen tai to chffc thtfdng xuyen hoac gffi dao tao vd tham quan md hinh tin dung d eac td ehffe khac trong va ngodi ntfdc.
Ba Id dd'i vdi khdeh hang cua CEP. Ngtfdi ngheo vd ngffdi cd thu nhap tha'p phai iff vudt ngheo bdng each ehi thu lam an, phat huy Idi thd' vd'n cd cua minh vd nam bat cd hdi thj trtfdng kjp thdii de cd the dinh htfdng phdt trien sdn xud't hdp ly va hidu qua. Khach hdng cdn cap nhdt thdng tin tai dia phtfdng hoac trtfc tid'p dd'n td ehffc de tim hieu vd va'n de vay vd'n.
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Can hoan tra vd'n dung thdi ban theo thda thudn nd cho vay chiem ty trpng rat idn trong ngudn vdn tren hdp ddng vay vd'n, sff dung vd'n dung each, hoat ddng cua ngan hang nhuhg ty le rui ro thap va hdp ly, hieu qua nham dam bao hoat dpng cua kha nang thu hdi nd cao, ehffng td dtfdc hidu qud Quy, ddng thdi tao uy tin dd'i vdi CEP. hoat ddng cua CEP. Quy CEP thtfe stf la mot td IV. Ke't lu^n chffc tdi chinh vi md boat ddng hieu qua vdi mang Qua qud trinh phan tich thtfc trang hoat ddng lffdi ngay cang phat triln cung so' thanh vidn tham ciia Quy CEP, ed the tha'y, Quy CEP boat ddng kha gia ngdy cang ddng, so hd thodt ngheo giam dang hidu qua trong vide cap tin dung gdp phan gidm ty kd. CEP cung gdp phan vao binh dang gidi giiip le ngheo ddi trdn cdc linh vffe boat ddng. Vdi dtf xa hpi phdt trien todn didn hdn •
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO:
1. Ban Qudn ly dudn Ndng cap dd thj TP. Ho Chi Minh (2007), Tdi liiu hudng ddn kii'n thdc tin dung vi md cho cdn bg qudn, phUdng.
2. TS. Ddo Vdn Hung (2005), Phdt Irien hogt dgng Idi chinh vi mod Viet Nam, NXB Lao dgng vd Xd hgi.
3. TS Dinh Phi Ho - TS Le Nggc Uyen - ThS Le Thi Thanh TUng (2006), Kinh te'phat trien, NXB Thdng ke TP Hd Chi Minh.
4. Nghi dinh Chinhphu sd28/2005/ND-CPngdy 09/3/2005.
5. Nghi dinh Chinh phu so 165/2007/ND-CP ngdy 15/11/2007.
6. Quy ira vdn CEP (2015 - 2017), Bdo cdo hogt dong
7. Nguyen Quynh Phuang, Phdt Irien cdc hoat ddng cua cdc to chdc tdi chinh vi mo d Viet Nam, Luan vdn tii'n sy, 2017.
Ngaynhan bai: 1/8/2018
Ngay phan bien danh gia va sii'a chffa: 11/8/2018 Ngay chap nhSn dang bai: 21/8/2018 Thong tin tdc gid:
NCS. NGUYEN THI MY DIEM
Khoa Tai chinh - Kd'toan, Trtfdng Dai hpc Nguydn Td't Thanh
MICROFINANCE SERVICES FOR THE POOR OF CEP FUND:
CURRENT STATUS AND SOLUTIONS
• MBA. NGUYEN THI MY DIEM
Faculty of Finance and Accounting, Nguyen Tat Thanh University ABSTRACT:
CEP Fund is a non-profit mierofmanee institution operating m the South East and the Mekong Delta of Vietnam. CEP Fund focuses on improvmg living conditions of the poor and the poorest in Vietnam significantly by providing efficient and sustainable mierofmanee services. This paper analyzes the current status of CEP Fund's operations to evaluate the performance of this fund. The paper also presents some solutions for CEP Fund to help die fund expand its netv/ork and operate more effectively.
Keywords: CEP Fund, credit, support, the poor.
336 Sd 12-Thdng 9/2018
