GOP Y CAC QUY DINH VE BOI THl/dNG THIET HAI NGOAI HOP DONG TRONG Dif THAO BO LUAT DAN SU^
( S C A
DOI)
Trucmg Hong Quang*
Tdm tat: Bdi viet gdp y cdc quy dinh ve xdc dinh thiet hgi, bdi thudng thi?t hgi trong mdt sd trudng hgp cu the vd de xudt bd sung trong phdn bdi thucmg thiet hgi ngodi hgp ddng cua Du thdo Bg lugt Ddn su (sita ddi).
Abstract: This article makes comments on provisions on tort regarding damage determination and compensation in some specific cases and proposes to improve such provisions in the Draft Civil Code (amendment).
H
ien nay, phan bdi thudng thiet hgi ngoai hgp dong dugc quy dinh tfl Dik 607 din Dilu 631 cua Dy thao Bd lugt Dan sy (sfla ddi). VS van dS nay, chung tdi de nghi Ban soan thao nen can nhac mdt sd ndi dung sau day:ThU nhdt, cdc van de Hen quan den xdc dinh thi^t hgi
- Dieu 612 ciia Dy thao quy dinh ve thiet hai do tai san bi xam phgm nhu sau:
"Trudng hgp tai san bi xam phgm thi thiet hai dugc bdi thudng bao gdm: Tai san hi mat; tai san hi huy hogi hoac hi hu hdng; Igi ich g k liln vdi viec su dyng, khai thac tai san bi mat, bi giam sut; chi phi hgp ly de ngan ch|n, hgn che va khic phyc thiet hai".
Chung tdi cho rang, can xem xet lgi cum tfl
"chi phi hgp ly" vi viec danh gia thS nao la chi phi hgp ly rat khd. Thyc tien, toa an thudng chap nhan mgi khoan chi phi ngudi hi thiet hai chflng minh diing de ngan chan, han chS va khac phuc thiet hgi. Do dd, chiing tdi kien nghi bd cum tfl "hgp ly" va
Vi^n Khoa hpc phap ly, Bp Tu phdp.
sfla ddi thanh: "Chi phi de ngan chan, han che va khac phyc thiet hgi".
- Dy thao da cd nhihig sua ddi co ban liSn quan dSn thiet hai tinh thk. Tuy nhien, td chuc (hay hep hon la phap nhan) cd die cd thiSt hai vS tinh than hay khdng thi Du thao chua quy dinh cy thS. Quan diSm cho rang, td chuc khdng the bi thiet hai vl tinh t h k cd the da Igc hau. 6 Phap, vao nhftng nam 80 ciia thi ki XX, thyc t i k xet xu da chap nhan td chflc cd the bi thiet hgi vS tinh than. Chang ban, thiet hgi ve tinh t h k dugc chap nhan ddi vdi benh vifn khi nhiing ngudi phan ddi vifc ngo thai da lam anh hudng den hogt ddng ciing nhu chiic nang cua bfnh vien. Tda an chau Au vl quyk con ngudi cung thudng khkg dinh rkg, mdt doanh nghiep thuang mgi hoan toan co the cd thift hai vS tinh thk. Do vay, chiing ta khdng nen loai trfl thiet hgi ve tinh thk ddi vdi chfl the nay.
- Hifn nay, Dy thao mdi chi quy dinh ve muc tdi da nhung chua cd tieu chi chung cho viec xac dinh thiet hgi va k dinh mfle bdi thudng tdn thdt tinh thk. Vi vay, Dir
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GOPY CAC QUY DINH VE..
thao can quy dinh bd sung nhflng tieu chi nay nham muc dich lam minh bgch hda Bd luat Dan su ciing nhu hogt ddng xet xu ciia Tda an sau nay. Cung c k cd sy phan biet rd rang gifla mfle bdi thudng tdi da cfla nhik ngudi hi xam pham (sflc khde, tinh mang...) so vdi mdt ngudi bi xam phgm (sue khde, tinh mang...).
- Khoan 2 D i k 613 Dy thao quy dinh:
"Ngudi chiu traeh nhiSm bdi thudng trong trudng hgp sue khoe cua ngudi khac bi xam pham phai bdi thudng thiet hgi theo quy dinh tai khoan 1 DiSu nay va mgt khoan tiSn khac de bu dip tdn that vS tinh t h k ma ngudi dd va ngudi than thich gan gui cua hg ganh chju. Mfle bdi thudng bu dip tdn thit ve tinh than do cac bSn thoa thuan; nlu khdng thoa thugn dugc thi muc tdi da khdng qua ba muai thang luang tdi thieu do Nha nudc quy dinh". Chung tdi cho rkg, mfle bu dip tdn that ve tinh t h k tdi da khdng qua ba muai thang luang tli thik la khdng hgp ly. Bdi vi, mfle tdn that ve tinh than rat khd dinh lugng, vi dy nhu 1 thiSu nfl bi hiep dam, dfl sflc khoe dugc phuc hdi, nhung tdn thdt vl tinh t h k nhu noi sg hai lam anh hudng cudc sdng cua hp keo dai nhieu nam, tham chi sudt ddi; vay mfle bdi thudng tdi da trong trudng hgp nay la qua thiet thdi cho ngudi bi hgi. Chung tdi dl nghi sua ddi khoan bdi thudng t k thdt vl tinh t h k d mfle it nhit ba muai thang luang tdi thieu do Nha nudc quy dinh. Tuong ty nhu vgy, chiing tdi dh nghi quy djnh vl mfle bdi thudng thift hgi tdi da yong cac d i k khac cua phan nay ciing nSn dugc siia ddi theo hudng chi quy dinh muc tdi thieu nhu da neu. Ban than mfle thift hai tinh than da khd xac djnh thi khdng nen an dinh mfle bdi
thudng tdi da, tranh gay ra nhflng trudng hgp khdng thda dang trong thyc tl.
Thu hai, can dua cdc khdi niem danh du, nhan pham, uy tin vdo Du thdo
Thiet hai do danh dy, nhan pham, uy tin bi xam phgm dugc quy dinh tgi D i k 615 cua Dy thao. Chiing tdi dS nghi quy dinh ro the imo la danh du, nhan pham, uy tin, nhung hanh vi nao bi coi la xam pham danh dy, nhan pham, uy tin va phai bdi thudng, bdi day la nhflng khai niem dac biet, liSn quan nhieu den tdn thdt vl tinh thk.
Theo chflng tdi, danh dy la sy danh gia cfla xa hpi ddi vdi mgt ca nhan vl cac mat dgo dflc, pham chat chinh tri va nang luc cfla ngudi do. Danh du cua mpt con ngudi dugc hinh thanh tfl nhiing hanh ddng va each cu xfl, tfl cdng lao, thanh tich ma ngudi do cd dugc va dugc xa hpi danh gia theo nhflng tieu chuan va nguySn tac dao dflc xa hdi. Danh dy bao gdm cac yeu td:
long ty trpng, uy tin. Ngoai ra, cd the hieu danh dy bao gdm ca nhan pham. Nhan pham la pham gia con ngudi, la gia tn tinh than cua mdt ca nhan vdi tinh each la mdt con ngudi. Cha dap ISn nhan pham cua ngudi khac ciing la xuc phgm den danh dy ngudi dd. Tuy nhiSn danh dy va nhan pham cung cd nhiing diSm khac nhau nhat dinh.
NSu danh du dugc hinh thanh qua nhieu nam thang cua cugc ddi va dugc xa hdi danh gia theo nhung tiSu chuan va nguyen tac dao dflc xa hdi, thi nhan pham lgi cd tfl khi con ngudi mdi sinh ra. Danh du cd the gan vdi ca nhan hay td chflc, nhung nhan pham chi la mgt khai niem dugc ap dung ddi vdi ca nhan. Xuc pham den danh dy va nhan pham thudng the hifn bang each: dflng
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NHA NlfdC VA PHAPLUATSd 4/2015
nhiing ldi IS hogc hanh ddng cd tinh chat thda mg, khinh bi dS lam nhuc ngudi khac hogc gan ghep vdi mdt sy kifn xau xa lam xa hdi danh gia sai hoac hinh dung sai vS ngudi dd. Viec danh gia sai sy that khdng phy thudc vao vifc ngudi dua ra nhiing tin tfle dd vd tinh hay cd y.
Thii ba, can hodn thifn cdc quy dinh cda Du thdo vi boi thuotng thiit hgi do ngudi thi hdnh cong vui gdy ra
- Du thao quy dinh theo hudng gdp DiSu 619 va Dilu 620 cfla Bg luat Dan sy nam 2005 thanh mdt dieu la Dieu 621 vdi tieu de Bdi thudng thiel hgi do cdn bg, cdng chuc, ngudi cd thdm quyen cua ca quan tien hdnh td tung gdy ra. Tuy nhien, ndi dung cua Dieu 621 Du thao cung mang tinh chat lift kS va chua bao quat dugc het cac ddi tugng trong thuc te.
Theo chiing tdi, Bd lugt Dan sy la lugt chung va can cd tinh khai quat cao nSn phuang phap lift kS nhu tren la khdng thuyet phuc. Khdng chi can bd, cdng chuc, ngudi cd tham quyen cua co quan t i k hanh to tung mdi thyc thi cdng vy. Do do, chiing tdi de xuat md rdng chu thi gay thift hai trong Dieu 621 Dy thao nham bao quat mpi tinh hudng. Cu thS, dl nghi thay cum tu
"can bg, cdng chuc, ngudi cd thdm quyk cua CO quan tien hanh td tung" bang cum tfl
"ngudi thi hanh cdng vy".
- Ngi dung khoan 1 cua Dilu 621 Dy thao quy djnh: "Co quan, td chflc quan ly can bd, cdng chflc, vien chuc, co quan t i k hanh to tyng phai bdi thudng thift hai do can bp, cdng chflc, vien chflc ngudi cd thdm quyen tien hanh td tung gay ra trong khi thi hanh cdng vy hoac thyc hifn nhifm vy
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trong qua trinh to tyng. Vifc giai quySt boi thudng thiet hgi do Luat Traeh nhifm bli thudng cua Nha nudc quy dinh" cung cd bit cap. Theo dd, boi thudng khdng dugc gi^
quyet trong chinh Bd luat Dan sy ma vifn d k tdi Luat Traeh nhiem bdi thudng cua Nha nudc (Luat TNBTCNN). Nhu v|y, thiet hai do ngudi thi hanh cdng vy gay ra, vifc bdi thudng se de Lugt TNBTCNN dilu chinh va Bg luat Dan sy khdng cd quy djnh.
Chiing tdi cho rang, quy dinh nhu vgy la chua thuyet phuc, khdng bam sat vao phap lugt thyc dinh, vi Lugt TNBTCNN dilu chinh thift ligi do ngudi thi hanh cdng vu gay ra cd pham vi dieu chinh hep va dieu nay the hifn d hai diem sau: Thfl nhdt, Lu^t TNBTCNN chi dieu chinh mgt sd hoat dong cdng vu la "hogt ddng quan 1^ hanh chinh, td tung, thi hanh an"; thfl hai, ddi vdi tung Ioai trong 3 boat dgng vfla nSu, Luat cung chi lift ke mdt so hanh vi nhdt dinh. DS ddp ung nhu cau cua ddi sdng, chflng ta c k co quy dinh cho trudng hgp thift hgi v k do ngudi thi hanh cdng vy gay ra nhung khong dugc Lugt TNBTCNN d i k chinh, nhu trudng hgp thiSt hai do cdng an xa gay ra khi thi hanh cdng vy.
Theo chung tdi, can md rdng quy djnh cho ngudi thi hanh cdng vu ndi chung (chii khdng gidi hgn d mdt sd trudng hgp ngu6i thi hanh cdng vu nhu Dy thao hifn nay).
Ddng thdi, can bd sung quy dinh ddi vdri trudng hgp ngudi thi hanh cdng vu gay thi^
hgi nhung khdng ap dung dugc LuSt TNBTCNN. v l ngi dung, nen kl thfla Dilu 619 va D i k 620 Bd luat Dan sy nam 2005 bkg each quy dinh co quan tryc tilp quSn ly ngudi thi hanh cdng vy chiu traeh nhifm
GOP Y CAC QUY DJNH VE...
bdi thudng. VS van de hoan tra, khdng nen theo CO che dieu chinh cua bdi thudng thift hai do ngudi cua phap nhan gay ra, ma theo hudng CO quan chiu traeh nhiem bli thudng
"cd traeh nhifm" yeu cau hoan tra, vi tiln bdi thudng la tien ngan sach nha nudc.
Thu: tu, de nghi ngltiin cUu bS sung che djnh boi thu&ng thiet hgi clio cpng dong
Thdi gian qua, van de bdi thudng thift hai cho hang tram, thgm chi hang ngan ngudi dan trong cac vu d nhiem mdi trudng, an toan thyc pham, da xay ra tgi nhieu dia phuang nhu: Vu cdng ty VEDAN xa chat thai gay d nhiem sdng Thi Vai anh hudng den cupc sdng cua hang ngan ngudi dan;
Cdng ty cd phan Nicotex Thanh Thai chdn khdi lugng ldn thuoc tru sau xudng ldng ddt ngay tgi co sd hogt dpng cfla cdng ty nay d cam Thiiy, Thanh Hda (2013)... Trong vu VEDAN, hon 1000 ngudi dan d 3 tinh, thanh phd (tinh Ba Ria - Viing Tau, Ddng Nai va TP. Hd Chi Minh) uy quyen cho 1 sd lugt su dS npp don khdi' kifn tgi Toa an nhan dan huyfn Long Thanh, tinh Ddng Nai. Sau dd, nhiing ndng dan chua nop don khdi kifn thi Cdng ty VEDAN da chu dgng bdi thudng thiet hai theo sy kS khai cua cac hg dan va thdm dinh thiet hgi cua Bd Tai nguyen va Mdi trudng. Tuy nhien, van de dat ra la neu cdng ty VEDAN khdng chfl ddng bdi thudng thift hai theo ke khai cua cac hd dan thi cac quy dinh ciia phap luSt dan sy cung chua giai quyet dugc trudng hgp nay (thiet hai xay ra vdi nhik ngudi, iam the nao de xac dinh dugc thift hgi doi vdi timg ngudi dl bdi
thudng...). BSn cgnh dd, ca chl kien tap thS cung chua dugc quy dinh trong phap luat td tung dan sy cua Vift Nam.
Cd thS nhan thdy, thiet hai cho cgng ddng thudng phat sinh trSn difn rdng, gay tac hai cho nhiSu ngudi, nhieu tai san trong khu dan cu, nhu: gay d nhiem mdi trudng, gay ngg ddc thyc pham trong khu vuc,...
Chinh vi vay, chung tdi de nghi nSn nghiSn cflu quy dinh ca che bdi thudng cho cdng ddng. Dieu nay rat cd y nghia trong nhilu ITnh vyc, dgc bift la ITnh vyc bao ve mdi trudng.
Tha ndm, de nghi ^^*** ^^^ ^^ sung nguyen t&c boi thudng mang tinh trung phgt trong ngi dung Biiu 608 cua Du thdo
Theo dd, mfle bdi thudng cd the cao han so vdi thiet hai dugc xac dinh (gap hai, gap ba...). Day la xu hudng da dugc phap luat dan su cua nhieu qudc gia trSn thS gidi quy dinh, nhat la trong ITnh vyc bao vf mdi trudng. Khoan tien bdi thudng trflng phat la mdt quy dinh rdt t i k bd cua phap lugt cac nudc tren the gidi. Theo do, muc bdi thudng toan bg chi la mfle san va ngudi gay ra thift hgi cd the bi huge phai bdi thudng mdt mfle gap ddi, gap ba lan so vdi thift hgi thyc tS cfla ngudi hi thift hgi. Dieu nay xuat phat tfl muc dich cua phap luat bdi thudng thiet hai cua cac nudc la dl ran de, trflng phat chfl khdng chi dS khac phyc. Trong xu hudng hoan thiSn phap lugt dan sy hifn nay, Viet Nam can can nhac quy dinh nay nhim nang cao tinh nghiSm khac cfla phap lugt va y thuc cua ngfldi dan.
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