s o 02-2020 CHAU MY NGAY NAY
CHINH TRI - LUAT
TAC
D Q N G C U A N H A NTO MY DOI VOI AN NINH VA PHAT TRIEN CUA VIET NAM HIEN NAY
Bui Thi Thao*
Tom tat: Tit ddu the ky XXI den nay, nguae vai nhan dinh cho rdng vai tro ciia My a chau A se lu ma truac xm the dia-chinh tri vd su bdnh truang anh huang khong ngimg cua Trung Quoc, quyen luc ciia My tai Dong A vdn chua timg thuyen gidm. Tic chien tranh thuang mai My - Trung, ho sa hat nhan Bdc Trieu Tien hay tutmg lai cdc nen ddn chii Ddi Loan. Hongkong (Dong Bdc A) den su dong thuan cita Hiep hoi cdc quoc gia Dong Nam A (ASEAN) vd vdn de Bien Dong (Dong Nam A), My deu hien dien vai vai tro mot thdnh to an ninh quan trong hdng ddu, khong the thay the. Doi vai Viet Nam, tuy chua la doi tdc chien luac nhung My la mot trong so rdt it quoc gia co tdm anh hudng quan trong bdc nhdt doi voi cdc muc tieu an ninh vd phdt trien quoc gia.
Dual gdc do phdn tich thuc trgng an ninh, phdt trien cua Viet Nam vd ca hoi, thdch thuc tu moi quan he voi My, bdi bdo dua ra ddnh gid ve tdc dong cua My doi vdi an ninh vd phdt trien cua Viet Nam Men nay.
Tu- khoa: nhan to My, an ninh va phat trien ciia Viet Nam, tac dpng.
1, Moi fru-oTig an ninh va phat trien cua Viet Nam dau the ky XXI
An ninh va phat trien la muc tieu chien lupc quoc gia then chot ciia Viet Nam. Theo do, de trien khai muc tieu phat trien dat nuac theo huang cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa, Viet Nam tien hanh dong thoi hai nhiem vu chien lupc:
xay dung va bao ve To quoc. Trong do, dam bao an ninh quoc gia la nhiem vu then chot nhat, co y nghTa song con.
Tuy vay, khong gian an ninh va moi trucmg phat trien ciia Viet Nam tu dau the ky XXI den nay dang ehiu anh huang manh me tir ehuyen bien da chieu, bat dinh va vo ciing phuc tap cua
tinh hinh the gioi, khu vuc. Bat on toan cau do sir bung no cac van de an ninh truyen thong va phi truyen thong; su suy thoai vai tro ciia cac dinh che quyen lire toan cau; xu the quoc te hoa thuc day su tuy thuoc ngay cang Ion giiia cac quoc gia, dan tpc; sir chuyin dich trpng tam quyen lire tir Tay sang Dong; su dieu chinh chien lupe va canh tranh quyen lire giGa cac euong quoc, cae eye sue manh de thiet lap trat tu the giai sau Chien tranh Lanh la nhtmg dae diem lan ehi phoi tinh hinh the giai va khu vuc dau thl ky XXI. Trong do, eanh tranh chiln lupc My - Trung Quoc tren nhieu ITnh vuc (dae biet la kinh tl, quan sir) va
* Tru&ng Dai hoc Supham. Dai hgc Hue
CHAU MY NGAY NAY 17 quan he quoc te a khu virc Dong Nam A
CO tac dpng sau sac, toan dien den an ninh quoc gia va cac muc tieu phat trien ciia Viet Nam.
Trong boi canh do. an ninh va phat trien ciia Viet Nam con phu thupc chat che vao npi lire nen tang quoc gia, dae biet la cac nhan to tao ra nguon lire va dinh hinh phuang thuc hanh xii, Ngoai nhung yeu to npi sinh truyen thong (van hoa, nhan lire, tai nguyen thien nhien, he thong chinh tri on dinh...), trong tucfng tac voi tinh hinh quoc te hai thap nien dau the ky XXI, an ninh va phat trien ciia Viet Nam hien nay ehiu tac dpng Ion nhat tir hai phucmg dien sau:
Thit nhdt, Viet Nam cd vi tri dia-chinh tri' quan trong trong chien luac bdnh trudng quyen luc cua cdc cudng qudc chit chdi, trudc het la My vd Trung Qudc d khu vuc Ddng Nam A vd Ddng A.
Nam a dong nam ban dao Dong Duong, CO vai tro ngay cang cao trong ASEAN va cac co che hpp tac mo, da phucmg ciia t6 chile nay, Viet Nam tro thanh quoc gia ehiem gill vi tri dae biet trong chinh sach ddi ngoai ciia My va Trung Quoc, do sir cpng huong cac yeu t6 dia ly, lieh sii va chinh tri c6 tinh dae thil. Mat khac, Viet Nam la mpt quoc gia ven biln^. co duong bo bien dai 3.260 km (khong kl cac dao) va dien tich viing bien thupc chil quyen, quyen chu quyen va quyen tai phan ehiem khoang 1.000.000 km^ Biln Dong - vimg biln nam 6 trung tam "6a bien^' cua Dong A la An Dp Duong - Bien Dong va
cac bien Dong Bac A - Tay Thai Binh Duong. Vi tri dia chien lupc nay mang den eho Viet Nam co hpi Ion de phat trien quoc gia dua tren scr hiiu nguon tai nguyen bien da dang, quan trpng va doi dao nhung mat khac, ciing dat Viet Nam trudc thach thiic khi tro thanh mpt tran dia quan trpng trong chien lupc cua cac cudng quoc d Dong A, khu vuc dang quy tu canh tranh va xung dot dia-chinh tri het sire phirc tap.
Ngay khi Chien tranh Lanh ket thuc, vi tri dia - chien lupc ciia Viet Nam la nhan to dupe My chu trpng va dua vap cac tinh tpan chien lupc d chau A . Gan ba thap nien tiep theo, vi tri* ciia Viet Nam cang dupe cu thl hoa trong cac chien lupc an ninh quoc gia My, nhat la dudi Chinh quyen Tong thing G.W.
Bush, Barack Obama. Tir nam 2017 den nay, Viet Nam tiep tuc dupe Chinh quyin Tdng thdng Donald Trump chii trpng vdi vai trd mot "doi tac chiln lupc tiem nang" trong chien luge An Dp Duong Thai Binh Duong. Thang 6/2019, Bao cao Chien lupc An Dp Duong - Thai Binh Duong cua Bd Quoc phong My da liet ke Viet Nam la mdt ddi tdc an ninh mdi ndi quan trpng ma My can tang cudng hpp tac. Trong khi dd, Viet Nam ciing la ddi tdc chien luac toan dien cua Trung Qudc (2008), cd vj tri dia-chinh tri quan trpng trong ciing khdng gian an ninh d Ddng A. Do dd, trong chiln lupc day manh tham vpng cudng qudc cua Trung Qudc d chau A - Thai Binh Duong, hudng tdi muc tieu
S6 02-2020 CHAU MY NGAY NAY chan hung dan tdc va hoan thanh "giac
mong Trung Hoa", Viet Nam ludn dupe tinh den nhu mdt vi tri dia chien lupc trung tam trong hudng '^Nam tien^' va ''bien tien'\ Dieu nay dupe nhan thay qua hien dien ciia Viet Nam trong cac
"cdng cu" de "tap hpp luc lupng", ket ndi, dan dat va dinh hinh "luat choi" ciia Trung Qudc d khu vuc nhu: Sang kien
"vanh dai, con dudng" (BRI); khai niem
"cdng ddng nhan loai ciing ehung van menh"; phuong thirc ngoai giao tai chinh; kiem soat ddng chay ha ngudn sdng Mekong'; hoan thanh khudn khd Bd Quy tac img xir d Bien Ddng (COC) khdng thyc chat va bat dau tien trinh dam phan COC 11 ben (thay vi hai ben)... Cd the ndi, tuy khdng la ddi tac Idn nhung Viet Nam cd vi tri dia-chinh tri quan trpng trong chien lupc banh trudng quyen lire ciia ca My va Trung Qudc.
Theo do, trong bdi canh canh tranh My - Trung tren nhieu tran dia trd nen quyit liet hien nay, vi tri dia-chinh tri nay trd thanh nhan td nhay cam ddi vdi an ninh va phat trien Viet Nam, nhat la khi cac tranh chap va hanh xir xung quanh van de Bien Ddng Hen quan true tilp den lpi ich qudc gia can ban ciia Viet Nam trd nen gay gat. phirc tap. Yeu sach chil quyen vd ly va hanh dpng ngang ngupc, bat chap luat phap ciia Trung Qudc tir nam 2009 den nay khdng chi gay tdn hai an ninh va phat trien cua Viet Nam, ma cdn thuc day quan su hda Bien Ddng vdi su tang cudng hien dien quan su ciia cac cudng qudc. imh hudng
nghiem trpng den mdi trudng hda binh va xu hudng phat triin d khu virc.
Thu hai, Viet Nam cd quy md qudc gia n-ung binh vd tdi nguyen quyen luc han che. Yeu td nay quy djnh muc tieu va dutmg hudng phat trien dat nude nhung ddng thdi la diem yeu cua Viet Nam trong quan he qudc te hien nay, khi sire manh kinh te va nang lire quan sy - hai thudc do quyen luc qudc gia quan trpng nhat - deu khdng phai la uu the eua Viet Nam.
vi kinh ie, theo danh gia ciia Uy ban Kinh te - xa hdi khu vyc chau A - Thai Binh Duong thudc Lien Hpp qudc (UNESCAP), Viet Nam cd tdc dp tang trudng kinh te cao, dn dinh vdi ty le tang trudng tdng san phiim qudc ndi . (GDP) binh quan dat 7,2% giai doan 2000-2010, GDP binh quan dSu ngudi nam 2010 khoang 1.200 USD, gjp ba lan so vdi nam 2000 . Tir thap nien thir hai ciia the ky XXI den nay, tuy ehiu tac ddng tir khiing hoang kinh te toan cau, Viet Nam van duy tri cac chi sd tang trudng tich cue: tdc dp phat trien kinh te 6 thang dau nam 2019 dat 6,76%, tuy thap hon ciing ky nam 2018 (7,05%) nhung la mire tang trudng cao so vdi ciing ky giai doan 2011-2017.
Tang trudng kinh te tao dieu kien thuan lpi de Viet Nam giai quyet tdt cac nhiem vu kinh te - xa hpi, xda ddi giam ngheo, nang cao ddi sdng nhan dan, nang cap co sd ha tang, tang cudng binh ding gidi, nang cao phiic lpi xa hdi... Tuy nhien, mdt thuc tl khac la.
CHAU MY NGAY NAY
quy md nen kinh te Viet Nam hien nay van d mire trung binh d Ddng Nam A, an ninh tai chinh thap, nguy co lam phat eao, tiem luc khoa hpc - cdng nghe cdn han che va nhat la phu thudc Ion vao cac ddi tac cudng qudc, dae biet la Trung Qude va My. Nghien eiiu cua hpc gia Fran9ois Nicolas tren bao Le Monde (Phap) cho thay, chien tranh thuang mai My - Trung Qudc tir dau nam 2018, nhat la tir thang 5/2019 den nay da tac ddng manh me den kinh te Viet Nam, lam chp
"xuat khau tinh ehung tang 6,7%, xuat sang My tang 28%. Ty le nhap sieu cua My ddi vdi Trung Qudc giam bao nhieu thi nhap sieu ddi vdi Viet Nam tang bay nhieu"^ Mat khac, di kem vdi "tang trudng ndng", kinh te Viet Nam ciing ddi mat vdi nguy ca riii ro cao khi tiem nang phat triin giam, mat can ddi cung - cau tang, no cdng tang nhanh trong khi quan ly np chua hieu qua*,.-- Nhu vay, quy md nhd, it dupe hd trp bdi khoa hpc cdng nghe, dang trong qua trinh ehuyen ddi va le thupc la nhtrng han che Ion khien kinh te Viet Nam khd tu chu va an ninh kinh tl de bj ton thuong.
Ve qudn su, quan dpi Viet Nam cd quy md Idn thii hai d Ddng Nam A (sau Indonesia), dupe danh gia cao ve nang luc tac chien, kinh nghiem va kha nang ehuyen nghiep hda. Dii vay, quy md va trinh dp quan dpi (ve nhan sy va vii khi) cua Viet Nam hien nay dang trong qua trinh hien dai hda d ca ba linh vuc (luc quan, khdng quan, hai quan) va van chua dap iing tdt cac nhiem vu an ninh
phirc tap trong tinh hinh mdi. Theo sd lieu ciia Vien Nghien ciiu Hda binh Qudc te Stockholm (SIPRI), chi tieu qudc phdng ciia Viet Nam nam 2018 la 5,5 ty USD, Idn thii tu d Ddng Nam A (sau Singapore, Indonesia va Thai Lan) va cd kha nang vupt 6 ty USD vao nam 2020.
Tuy vay. do khdng cd td hpp cdng nghiep qudc phdng hiing manh nhu cac qudc gia khac, tien trinh hien dai hda quan dpi cua Viet Nam se thu ddng. Mat khac, de tang cudng tiem lye quan dpi hien nay, viec ddi mdi ly luan quan sy, cai each td chirc quan dpi, hien dai hda vu khi, thiet bi quan sy... ddi hdi Viet Nam mdt ngudn luc Idn va dieu nay la khd dap img trong thcfi gian ngan khi cac ngudn luc gidi han cua dit nude dang bi phan tan cho nhieu muc tieu dan su khac.
Ngoai ra, khi so sanh vdi cac nen qudc phdng Idn d Ddng A (Tmng Qudc, An Dd, Nhat Ban, Han Qudc...). thii hang cua Viet Nam cdn thap, nhat la tiiyc tiin hpp tac quan sy qudc te.
Do dd, tuy duoc danh gia cao ve mite dp dn dinh chinh tri va tiem nang phat triin kinh te nhtmg thyc luc qudc gia dupe do bang cac chi sd can ban cua Viet Nam vin dang d tam co trung binh tai khu vyc. Tinh hinh nay chi phdi manh me dinh hudng phat trien qudc gia va d mire dp nhat dinh, lam han che tinli tu chii trong dudng loi ddi ngoai hda binh, ddc lap, trung lap ma Dang va Nha nude Viet Nam theo dudi trong khdng gian an ninh ngay cang toan cau hda va tm thl thupc ve cac cucmg qude.
CHAU MY NGAY NAY
Ddng chu y, quan he ngoai giao hai hoa ciia Viet Nam vai My va Trung Quoc la mpt hien thuc va la thach thiic doi ngoai - an ninh lan nhat doi vai Dang va Nha nuac Viet Nam. Hien thuc nay thiic bach mpt chien lupc phat trien nham gia tang cac nguon sire manh quoc gia.
Tat ca nhung yeu to tren khien Viet Nam gap bat lpi trong muc tieu tao dung, duy tri khong gian an ninh de phat trien quoc gia hien nay, cung nhu trong nhieu thap nien tai - khi trat tu quyen luc ciia khu vire chau A - Thai Binh Duang dang "khong ngimg dupe tai cau tnic". Mpt trong nhtmg chien lupc quan trpng de Viet Nam giam thieu bat lpi tii hien thuc an ninh nay la van dung hieu qua chinh sach doi ngoai chu dpng, da phuang, gidi quyet tot quan he "doi tdc " "doi tuang " de phat huy toi da co hpi va han che thach thuc, trudc het la doi voi nhan to cucmg quoc, nhu My - doi tac mang tam chien lupe, co vai tro vo cimg quan trpng doi voi an ninh va phat trien cua Viet Nam hien nay.
2. Tac dpng cua nhan to My den an ninh va phat trien cua Viet Nam hifn nay
2.}. My Id nhan to cuang quoc co tdm anh huang ddc biet quan trong dot vai an ninh vd phdt trien cua nen quoc phong Viet Nam.
Hpp tac an ninh - quoc phong giira My va Viet Nam dupe khai dau mupn, tren mot nen tang kho khan, nhung sir phat trien ngay cang thuc chat ciia moi
quan he song phuang tren Imh vuc nay da mang lai nhtrng tac dpng khong nho toi cac muc tieu an ninh va phat trien cua nen quoc phong Viet Nam.
Truac het, My ehiem vi tri ngay cang quan trpng trong chinh sach doi ngoai quoc phong - an ninh va muc tieu tang cucmg tiem lire quoc phong ciia Viet Nam.
Tam quan trpng cua My dupe Viet Nam sam khang dinh thong qua viec xac lap vi tri, vai tro ciia cuang quoc nay trong hoach dinh doi ngoai quoc phong - an ninh va trong trien khai ke hoach tang cuofng tiem luc quan su.
Dieu nay dupe Viet Nam thiic dky duoi thai Tong thong G.W. Bush va tiep tuc tang cuang duoi thai Tong thong B.Obama bang viec thiet lap cac ca che doi thoai va tang cucmg hpp tac quoc phong sau khi hai nuac thiet lap quan he Doi tac toan dien (thang 7/2013). Trong Tuyen bo ehung dupe cong bo ngay 25/7/2Q13, sau do dupe nhan manh trong cac Tiiyen bo ehung ngay 31/5/2017 va ngay 12/11/2017, Viet Nam cimg My khang dinh "nhat tri tang cudng quan he quoc phong song phuomg"^, thiic day va mcf rpng hpp tac nhieu npi dung trong linh vuc nay. Truac nhu cau an ninh gia tang, su phat trien cua quan he doi tac toan dien va viec My ngay cang chii trpng vai tro Viet Nam trong cac hoach dinh chien lupc'", Viet Nam da khang djnh moi quan tam Idn doi vdi My nhu mpt ddi tac hang dau de thuc day eac lien kit an ninh - qudc phong. Trong viee tang cudng tiem lire quan su ciia
CHAU MY NGAY NAY 21 Viet Nam, My la qudc gia cung cap su
hd trp va hpp tac tich cue, da dang va hieu qua nhat. Dieu nay dupe nhin thay trong nhieu hang muc: giao luu qudc phdng va dao tao nhan sy qudc phdng;
hien dai hda trang thiet bi, vat tu quan su; phat trien cdng nghiep qudc phdng'';
hpp tac an ninh vdi ben thir ba.... nhat la vdi ASEAN. Trong dd. viec hd trp xay dyng nang lye dam bao an nmh bien cho Viet Nam dat ket qua dang ghi nhan. Den nay. My da tien hanh trao ddi thdng tin tinh bao, de xuat tap tran ehung, ban thiet bi quan su cho Viet Nam (trong dd cd 6 tau tuan tra cao tdc biio ve bd bien, may bay tuan tra P3-Orion, radar Raytheon, 6 may bay khdng ngudi lai...)'^
Thu hai. My cd vai trd tide biet quan trong ddi vdi an ninh bien cua Viet Nam. Tir dau thap nien thir hai ciia the ky XXI den nay, Viet Nam ddi mat vdi cac thach thiic an ninh bien ngay cang thudng xuyen, cd mire quan trpng gia tang tren ca ba phuong dien gay nen nguy CO xung dot lep thang, tac ddng Idn den mdi trucmg an ninh qudc gia va tinh hinh phat trien dat nude. Trong tien trinh giai quyet tranh chap d Bien Ddng hien nay, My la nhan td cd tieng ndi trpng lupng, cd kha nang kiem che hoac thuc day xung ddt true tiep d cap dd song phucmg va da phuong giira cac ben tranh chip. Tir nam 2009'*, klii Trung Qudc ed nhieu ddng thai ap dat chu quyin tai Bien Ddng, My da cd hang loat hanh dpng bieu Id sy phan ddi cdng khai va manh me. Nhtrng tuyen bd va
hanh ddng ttr My gdp phin quan trpng cho viec thyc hien chinh sach dau tranh bao ve chii quyen cdng khai, hda binh vd qudc te hda ctia Viet Nam. Anh hudng ciia My ddi vdi hanh trinh diu tranh bao ve chu quyen lanh hai hop phap ciia Viet Nam la dae biet quan trpng va khdng the thay thl.
Nhieu sy kien trong thap nien qua cho thay thuc te nay. Viec My cimg Viet Nam thiet lap co che Ddi thoai thudng nien ve chinh sach qudc phdng (2010);
dd bd lenh cam van vii khi sat thucmg ddi vdi Viet Nam (thang 5/2016); lan dau tien cho tau san bay USS Carl Vinson hien dien tai Da Nang (thang 3/2018); dae biet la phan img cdng khai va ngay cang manh me, trye tiep cua My" ddi vdi hanh xii thd bao cua Trung Qudc tai Biln Ddng sudt thdi gian qua, nhit la tir thang 7/2019, da khing dinh vai trd quan trpng cua My ddi vdi tu do hang hai va an ninh Bien Ddng cd lpi cho Viet Nam. Cho den nay, My la ddi tdc cudng qudc duy nhdt cua Viet Nam thl hien lap trudng true tiep iing hd Viet Nam manh me, thudng tnrc nhat va cd anh hudng quan trpng nhat" trong bdi ciinh Trung Qudc xam hai chu quyen biln, dao Viet Nam va ngoan cd cao budc My can dy an ninh Bien Ddng.
Hien thuc nay thuc day Viet Nam nhanh chdng trien khai lien ket kinh te va qudc phdng chiln lupc vdi cac cudng qudc chil chdt, nhat la My. Day la mpt trong nhiing muc tieu an ninh va phat triin quan trpng ciia Viet Nam hien nay.
22 CHAU MY NGAY NAY Tuy vay, diem can luu y la, hieu qua
tac dpng tir nhan td My can dupe danh gia khach quan, day dii han bdi Viet Nam cd mdi quan he an ninh qudc phong non tre, dae thii va khdng cd hiep dinh quan sir mang tinh rang bupe vdi My nhu vdi cac nude dong minh ciia cudng quoc nay (Nhat Ban, Han Qudc, Australia, Philippines, Thai Lan). Han nua, Viet Nam can thiet phai thuc hien chinh sach qudc phdng "3 khdng" de dam bao muc tieu, nguyen tac ddi ngoai da phuong va hda binh. Tinh the nay lam han che hieu qua hop tac qudc phdng My - Viet'^, ddng thdi eung khien Viet Nam cd nhieu kha nang rai vao tinh trang bi Trung Qudc "trut gian" khi nude nay dap tra nhtrng hanh dpng ngay cang quyet doan, manh me ciia My chdng lai tham vpng Trung Qudc tai Bien Ddng' . Do the, tam quan trpng cua My ddi vdi an.
ninh bien Viet Nam lai gia tang nhung khdng chi bao gdm cac tac ddng tich cue.
Ngoai ra, vdi quy md qudc gia to Idn, thuc luc quan su hiing manh va vi the qude te dan dau the gidi, su hd trp ciia My tao dpng luc quan trpng de Viet Nam thuc hien thanh cdng cac nhiem vu an ninh qudc te.
2.2. Nhan to My trong muc tieu an ninh vd phdt trien kinh te ciia Viet Nam ddu thi ky XXI
NhiJng budc tien trong nen kinh te Viet Nam hai thap nien dau the ky XXI ghi nhan ket qua hpp tac Viet - My nhu mpt trong nhimg nhan td ddng gdp cd dau an dam net nhat.
The ky XXI md ra doi vdi nln kinh te Viet Nam bang su kien quan trpng, cd tinh chat budc ngoat trong quan he kinh te Viet - My. Sau 9 vdng dam phan kl tir nam 1996, ngay 13/7/2000, Hiep dinh Thucmg mai song phuang (BTA) da duac ky tai Washington D.C. Hiep dinh khong chi tao nen co sd phap ly cho hop tac kinh te Viet - My, thuc day thuang mai va dau tu ciia nen kinh te Idn nh4t the gidi vao Viet Nam, ma cdn md ra ca hdi Idn de kinh te Viet Nam budc ra thi trudng the gidi. Sau khi BTA chinh thirc cd hieu luc (nam 2001), thuang mai va dau tu cua My vao Viet Nam tang trudng nhanh chdng. Quan trpng hon, BTA da "thiic day kinh te Viet Nam ehuyen ddi phii hpp vdi kinh te khu vuc va qudc te, va do dd cd tac ddng sau sac va lau dai ddi vdi cac mat kinh te va xa hpi cua Viet Nam"'^, tao ra dpng lire de kinh te Viet Nam phat trien manh me va hdi nhap the gidi. Sau BTA, My cap cho Viet Nam quy che Quan he Thuong mai Binh thudng (NTR - 2002), xay nen nhtmg nac thang viing chac de Viet Nam gia nhap WTO (ngay 11/1/2007)^" va chinh thirc ghi ten vao ban do kinh te toan cau. Quy che Quan he Thuang mai Binh thudng Vuih vien (PNTR) dupe My cap cho Viet Nam ngay sau dd (nam 2007) da nang gia trj xuat khiu cua Viet Nam len han 10 ty USD, tang gip 10 lin so vdi nam 2001.
Hien nay, My la thi trudng xuit khau Idn nhat eiia Viet Nam vdi gia tri thuang mai song phuang khdng ngimg gia tang: tir 451 trieu USD nam 1995
CHAU MY NGAY NAY S 6 02-2020 23 len gan 52 ty USD nam 2016. Nam
2016, Viet Nam la thj trudng xuat khau tang trudng nhanh nhat ctia My, cd tri gia hon 10 ty USD. Xuit khiu cua My sang Viet Nam tang 77% trong giai doan 2014-2016. Diu tu cua Hoa Ky vao Viet Nam cQng tang dang ke, tang gin 10 ty USD tinh tir nam 2009^'. Hop tac kinh te vdi My cdn la co hdi de Viet Nam tiep can cdng nghe hien dai, thiic day cM tien ca sd ha tang, ehuyen dich CO cau kinh te, co cau lao ddng, nang cao trinh dp ehuyen mdn, nghiep vu, ciing nhu nang cao nang luc eanh tranh.
Ngoai ra, My ciing mang lai cho Viet Nam CO hdi thu hudng nhieu sang kien thuang mai nhu GSP, TIF A, BIT...
eiing ca hpi tham gia cac cp che hpp tac da phuong toan cau.
Tuy nhien, hien nay. My van kiem soat tham hut thuong mai vdi Viet Nam bang cac rao eiin nhu thue chdng ban pha gia, quy dinh ve sd hiru tri tue, ve sinh an toan thyc pham. My ciing la thi trudng ddi hdi khat khe ve he thdng tieu chuan cua hang hda nhap khau nhu quy djnh chat che ve ngudn gdc xuat xu, chat lupng, cdng dung cua san pham. Do vay. hop tac kinh te - thuang mai vdi My, mdt mat tao ra ddng lye phat trien ve nhieu phuang dien, mat khac, cung gay ra khdng it ap luc cho nen kinh te Viet Nam vdn cdn nhieu Id hdng ve quy trinh san xuat, co sd phap ly, kinh te ddi ngoai va trinh dd hdi nhap. Viee mdi day, Bd Thuong mai My ra thdng cap ngay 2/7/2019 cho biet
se ap thue den 456,23% doi vdi mdt so loai thep ciia Viet Nam nhung san xuat tai Han Qude va Dai Loan^^ - hai thi trudng thep dang hi My danh thul - gay khdng it ap lye cho cac nganh xuit khau ciia Viet Nam.
2.3. Nhan td My gdp phdn xac lap vi the cita Viet Nam nhu qudc gia kien tao hda binh vd cd vai trd tich cue, ngdy cdng quan trong d khu vuc Ddng Nam A vd Ddng A.
Sau khi mang lai lye day tao nen birt pha ve mat chinh tri - ngoai giao, md ra khdng gian ddi ngoai rong Idn cho Viet Nam tir dau thap nien 1990 vdi viec binh thudng hda quan he^^. My tiep tuc gdp phan quan trpng trong viee xac lap vi the ciia Viet Nam d khu vyc va the gidi. Tac ddng nay ed the nhan thay qua cac khia canh sau:
- Viet Nam la mdt trong it cac qudc gia vira va nhd d Ddng Nam A duoc xac dinh cy the trong cac chien lupc Idn ciia My ddi vdi chau A tir dau the ky XXI den nay. Trong dd, cac chien luoe
"Xoay true" sang chau A Thai Binh Duong (nam 2011), Chiln lupc An Dp Duong - Thai Binh Duong (thang 6/2019) diu liet ke Viet Nam la mdt ddi tdc an ninh quan trpng ciia My. Dinh vi nay la ca sd quan trpng khang dinh chieu hudng tiin triin ciia quan he mang tam chiln lupc My - Viet, ddng thdi gdp phin quan trpng nang cao vi the quan sy, vi thl qudc gia cua Viet Nam nhu mdt qudc gia trung tam d Ddng Nam A va chau A.
24 SO 02-2020 CHAU MY NGAY NAY Viet Nam la diem den dupe My lira
chpn de trien khai cac su kien ddi ngoai trong dai. Chinh sach ddi ngoai nang dpng, yeu chuong hda binh va mdi trudng an ninh qudc gia dupe dam bao mire dp cao da cung cd vi tri cita Viet Nam nhu diem den an toan va tin cay cho hang loat su kien ddi ngoai trpng dai dau the ky XXI. Trong dd, viec My lua chpn Viet Nam la mdt trong cac qudc gia chau A trong ehuyen cdng du dau tien cua Donald Trump tren cuang vi tdng thdng thu 45 cua nude My; lua chpn thanh phd Da Nang (tai Dien dan hop tac kinh te khu vuc chau A Thai Binh Duang 2017) de cdng bd Chien lupc An Dp Duong - Thai Binh Duong va chpn Ha Ndi de tien hanh Hdi nghi thupng dinh lan thii hai vdi Bac Trieu Tien vao thang 2/2019... la nhung sir kien vd cung y nghia ddi vdi hinh anh, dat nude va dan tdc Viet Nam; khang dinh niem tin chien luac Viet - My dupe tang cudng va gdp phan quan trpng nang cao vi the Viet Nam nhu qudc gia dii tam de tham gia, giai quyet cac van de qude te trpng dai.
Cd the ndi, viec phat trien quan he song phuong toan dien vdi My mdt sieu cudng cd thuc luc qudc gia hiing manh va tam anh hudng qudc te sau rdng, manh me dupe the gidi thira nhan - la thanh cdng Idn cua ngoai giao Viet Nam. Ket qua nay tac ddng Idn, true tiep den lai ich qudc gia, dinh hudng phat trien dat nude va vi the qude te eua Viet Nam. Su ung hd ciia My se tao ca hdi
de Viet Nam nhan duac sir iing hd qudc te Idn hon trong viec bao ve eac lpi ich qude gia can ban: dam bao toan ven lanh thd ciia Viet Nam; dam bao an ninh Bien Ddng; duy tri hda binh, thinh vupng d khu vuc de hap tac ciing phat trien. Thiic day hpp tac sau rdng vdi My ciing la phuang thiic hieu qua de Viet Nam timg budc khang dinh uy tin, vi the qudc te, trudc het d Ddng Nam A. Tu each la ddi tac (hudng den ddi tac chien lupc) ciia My, dae biet la sir ung hd cua My ddi vdi Viet Nam trong vai trd Uy vien khdng thudng true Hdi ddng Bao an Lien Hpp qudc (2008-2009; 2020- 2021), Chu tich ASEAN (2010; 2020), Bao cao vien Uy ban Phap ly ciia Lien Hpfp qudc (thang 11/2012) va nhieu td chue da phucmg d khu vuc (APEC, ASEM, EAS...) la nhtrng ddng luc Idn de Viet Nam ddng vai trd tich cue hon d khu vuc va hdi nhap sau vao nen chinh tri the gidi. Hien thuc nay ehung td. My la lire day quan trpng trong viee thuc hien cac muc tieu an ninh va phat trien cua ddi ngoai Viet Nam.
3. Ket luan
My la mdt trong nhiing ddi tac quan trpng nhat, cd tam anh hudng to Idn ddi vdi an ninh va phat trien eua Viet Nam.
Trong mdi giai doan cu the. My cd nhtrng tac dpng tich cue, tieu cue d nhieu muc dp, nhieu khia canh khac nhau nhung didu khd phu nhan la vai trd ciia My chua bao gid md nhat trong cac muc tieu bao ve va xay dung dat nude
CHAU MY NGAY NAY S6 02-2020 25 cua Viet Nam. Tuy vay, trong cue dien
the gidi dang "mat trat tu" va mdi trudng an ninh bat dn ehiem uu the d chau A hien nay, My cd qua nhieu mdi ban tam. Trong do, xung dot lpi ich quyet liet vdi Trung Qude dang chi phdi manh me, toan dien nhat den chinh sach eiia My. Dieu nay la thach thuc Idn ddi vdi eac qude gia nhd va trung binh nhu Viet Nam trong quan he vdi cac cudng qudc. Da den liie Viet Nam phai tan dung triet de nhtrng ea hpi tir mdi quan he cd tinh chien luac vdi eac cudng qudc, dae biet tir My, di gia tang eac ngudn luc qudc gia, khang dinh dudng Idi ddi ngoai tu chii va xay dung vi the qudc te virng chac. Dieu do can thiet phai phat huy sire manh doan ket toan dan tdc, xay dung nen kinh te thinh vupng, ben virng va tang cudng nang lire quan su - qudc phdng hiing manh.
Trong khudn khd ca che quan he ddi tac toan dien hien nay, Viet Nam khd ed the ddi hdi nhieu han d My nhiing ddng gdp manh me can dupe bao dam bang co sd phap ly. Vi vay, nang tam thuc chat mdi quan he song phuang vdi My - xu the da cd tien de va phii hop vdi lpi ich ca hai nude - la budc di can thiet Viet Nam can tich cue thiie day trong thdi gian tdi •
Chii thich:
1. Xem Tran Khdnh (2015), "Khai ni^m dia chian luge". Tap chi Khoa hoc Xa hoi Viet Nam, ir.35' 42 va Nguyin Ngpc Dung (2002), Su hinh thdnh chu nghia khu vuc cua ASEAN, Nxb. Dai hpc Qu6c gia Thanh pho H6 Chi Minh, tr.13-14.
2. Trong Iich sir, cac nha nuoc phong kien Viet Nam da ehiem hOu va thyc thi chu quyen tren Bien Doiig mot c^ch r5 rang, hoa binh va iien tuc.
Dieu nay dupe day manh tir thfri cac chiia Nguyen (thg ky XVII). Ngay 12/5/1977, Viet Nam ra tuyen bo ve ISnh hai, viing tiep giip, viing dae quyen kinh te v^ thSm lyc dia lai Bi^n Dong. Day 1^ v5n ban phap ly vk biin d3u tien ciia nuac Viet Nam th6ng nhat. Ng^y 12/11/1982, Viet Nam ra tuyen bo ve du6ng ccr so, ng^y 21/6/2012, thong qua Luat bign Vi^t Nam. Xem them Nguyin Ngpc Trucmg (2014), Ve vdn de Bien Dong, Nxb. Chinh tri Quoc gia, Ha Noi, tr.61 Ngoai ra, tij dSu thap nien 1980 den nay, Viet Nam da ky kk nhieu hi?p dmh phan dinh bien v<!ri cac nucrc !ang gieng, nhu:
Hiep dinh ve viing nucrc Ijch sit Viet Nam • Campuchia (5982), Hiep dinh phan dinh lanh hai, viing dSc quyen kinh te va them luc dia giQa Viet Nam va Trung Quoc trong vinh Bdc Bp (2000), Hiep dinh phan dinh bien gidi tren bien vai Thai Lan (1997), Hiep dinh phan dinh ranh gioi them luc dia vcri Indonesia (2003)... Xem Le Quy Quynh, Nguyin Truang Giang (2012), Cdc hiep dinh phdn dinh bien giiia Viil Nam vai cdc nuac Idng giing, Nxb. Chinh tri Quoc gia.
Ha Noi.
3. La lanh th6 c6 hb bien trai dai tir phia Nam Trung Qu6c dgn vmh Thdi Lan, nSm canh ckc dong minh chau A cua My, sin sang \k yeu to de MJ can bang chien luge 6 Dong Nam A. Xem them Biii Thi Thao (2016), Sir digu chinh chinh sdch ddi ngoai ciia My va Nga doi vdi Vi^t Nam, Nxb. Chinh trj Qu6c gia - Su that. Ha Ngi. tr.98.
4. Bao g6m: vi tri dja - chign luge, vai trd v^ tam miic quan trgng ciia qudc gia.
5. Ha ngu6n song Mekong trai dai hem 4.800 km, co he da dang sinh thai nude nggt Idn thit hai tren the gidi (chi sau he sinh thai nude ngpt ciia song Amazon) vdi tren 1 300 loai ca. Hon 70 trieu dan Ddng Nam A bao gdm 20 trieu ngudi Vi?t Nam kigm sdng fruc tiep dua vao nguon tai nguyen song Mekong. Kg hoach phat trien n5ng lupng bang dap thiiy dien ciJa Trung Qufic d thuong ngudn de doa nghiem trpng den ddi sdng nhan dan cac nude ha nguon, trong do eo Viet Nam.
6. Trinh Cudng (2011), "An tupng Viet Nam", Tap chi Cdng san sd 819 (thing 1/2011), tr. 109.
7. Theo s6 lieu cua Franpois Nicolas trong "Nhihig nuac chdu A huang lai trong cuoc thuang chien"
tren Le Monde tai https://doithoaionline2.blogspot.
com/2019/07/rfi-iem-bao-ngay-24-07-2019.html 8 Tir nam 2010 dgn nay, ng cdng eiia Viet Nam tSng
nhanh, gSn cham ngudng cho phep la 65%/GDP, hieu qua d^u ttr cong thSp do chi sd hieu qua sd dung v6n dau tu (ICOR) thap so vdi Trung Qudc va cac nude trong giai doan phat trien cua khu"vuc, tuy da giam tir 9,2% (2006-2010) xu6ng cdn 8,94%
(2011-2015). Xem Ho^ng Tnrdng Giang (2017), Quan 1^ ng cdng v^ bao dam an ninh quQc gia eiia Viet Nani", tap chi Cpng san s6 902, lr,72-73.
26 S O 02-2020 C H A U M Y N G A Y N A Y
9. Xem Ha My Huang (2017), Viet Nam - Hoa Ky tang cudng quan he ddi tac toan dien. Tap chi Cpf!gjaf),s6 898, tr.lOdva Bui Thi Thao (2016), NiiSn td Hoa Ky trong chinh sach qudc phdng - an ninh ciia Viet Nam hien nay, Nghien cuu Dong Nam A, sd 8(197), tr.i7.
lO.Trong Chi^n lupe An ninh Qudc gia cdng bd thang 2/2002, Viet Nam dugc My dl cap l^ "ddi tac lien minh" (ciing vdi Thai Lan) trong cudc chien chdng khiing bd d chau A. Sau do (thing 1/2010), Viet Nam dugc xic dinh la doi tdc mai thudc nhdm nude thir hai d Ddng Nam A ma MJ*
cam ket hpp tac trong chien luge "Xoay true"
sang chSu A ciia chinh quygn Barack Obama.
Trong Chign lupe An ninh Quoc gia My cong bo thing 12/2017, Viet Nam la mot trong 4 doi tac kinh t l va an ninh quan trpng ciia MS' d Dong Nam A (ciing vdi Indonesia, Malaysia va Singapore).
U.My td chiic nhilu hoi nghj ehuyen de xuc tien edng nghiep qudc phdng Viet - My dg tao dieu ki^n higu biet giiia cie cong ty My v i cie quan ehue qudc phdng Viet Nam. Hgi thao ehuyen de ve an ninh va nhan thirc hang hii (2016) gom eac chu d l nhu chiln tranh chdng tiu ngam, h^ thdng miy bay khdng ngudi lai (UAS), hang khong, phan eimg va phan mem an ninh mang. Cie cong ty My edn eliu dgng gSp gd quan chire qude phdng Viet Nam dg tim hiiu vl thi trudng va nim bat CO hpi hgp tac.
12.Xem Prashanth Parameswaran (2016), "US- Viehiam Defense Relations; Problems and Prospects" tai https://thediplomat.com/2016/05/us- viemam-defense-relations-problems-and-prospects/
vi Bin tin Dii Phit thanh qudc te Phap ngay 4/6/2019 tai http://www.rfi.fr/vi/quoc-te/20l90604 -tin-doc-nhanh
13.An ninh bien dupe xem xet gdm ea 3 nhdm. tranh chdp yeu sach biln v i lanh thd; ting cudng hi?n dai hoa quan su va lue lugng chap phap lam gia ting nguy co xung dot tren bien; viee sir dung luc lupng ban quan su de cudng ^p cac ben yeu sich khac, hinh xit khong an toin tren bign, tren khdng va eat tao dao quy md Idn.
14.Ngiy 7/5/2009, ciing vdi Cong him giii Tdng Thir ky Lien Hop quoc de phan ddi Vi?t Nam nop Bao eio quoc gia ve ranh gidi ngoii thgm luc dia cho Uy ban Ranh gidi them luc dia, Trung Qude da giti kem mgt sa do the hi^n dudng yeu sach 9 doan, doi hon 80% chii quygn tren Bien Dong.
15.Xem them Bin Thj Thao (2016), "Nhan to Hoa Ky trong ehinh sich qudc phdng - an ninh ciia Vigt Nam hien nay", Tap chi Nghien cim Ddng Nam A, so 8( 197), tr. 14-23 Ngay tit su kien tau an ninh hing hai Trung Qudc cit cap thim do dau khi eiia tiu Binh Minh 2 thugc Petro Vi^t Nam nim 20! 1 den nay. My ludn la cudng qudc
the hien rd nhat, thudng xuyen va manh me cac tuyen bd va hinh dpng ch6ng lai cie hanh ddng khieu khich, eoi thudng luat phip ngay cing quyit doin, tho bao cua Trung Qu6c tai Bien Dong. Tir cudi thing 5/2019, Thupng vien MJ^ d i ra du luat chong lai hanh dpng ciia Trung Qudc d Bien Ddng v i Hoa Ddng. Ddi vdi chuoi sit kien til gi&a thing 6 din thing 8/2019, ngay 20/7/2019, ngay sau khi Viet Nam ehinh thiic phan ddi viee Trung Quoc dua tau Khao sat dia chat Hai Duong 8 vio sau viing thim lue dia thudc dae quyen kinh t l ciia Viet Nam tai khu vuc bai T u Chinh gin dio Trudng Sa, My da ra Thdng eio len an hanh dgng ciia Trung Qudc. Tu lenh Tuan duygn MJ* (USCG) - Dd ddc Karl L.
Sehultz - keu gpi cie ddng minh v i doi tic ciia My tai khu vuc Ddng A cimg hpp tac vdi Vi^t Nam dg chdng lai hinh dgng ngang ngupc ciia Trung Qudc tai Bien Ddng.
Id.Trong cudc hgp vdi Bp Ngoai giao ngiy 24/7/2019, Tdng thdng My D. Trump ra tuyen bd keu gpi cie nha khai thae dau khi My ho trg Viet Nam tai Biln Dong. Ngay 7/8/2019, My cho tau san bay USS Ronald Reagan tien vao Bien Ddng thuc thi quyin tu do hang hai va dyng y ung hg Viet Nam. Sau khi tau Hai Ducmg 8 ciia Trung Qudc quay trd lai (13/8/2019) khu vue thim lyc dia Viet Nam, Bp Ngoai giao M J (22/8/2019), tilp din la Bp Qudc phdng My (27/8/2019) lien tue ra thdng cao !en an hinh vi leo thang can thiep mang tinh i p biic ciia Trung Qudc d Bign Ddng. Tirngay 2/6 d i n ngiy 6/9/2019, hai quan My ciing Viet Nam va cac nude Dong Nam A t | p tran ehung trong pham vi tir cing Sattahip (Thai Lan) kep dii den mui c i Mau (Viet Nam) dg hd trg nang luc hii quin cua c i e nude Dong Nam A.
17.Trong mot sd trudng hgp, hinh dpng cua My dugc eho la dS cd sir can nhSc trudc thai dp cua Viet Nam doi vdi Trung Qudc va hiy thude vio Igi ich My. My da khong cd dpng thai phin doi nao ddi vdi Tmng Qude sau khi Trung Qudc cudng ^p chinh quygn Vi?t Nam ttr bd quyen dugc tiep can, khai thae ngudn tai nguygn d viing die quyen kinh te vao thing 7/2017 va thing 3/2018, thdng qua viec Trung Qudc bugc Tap doan diu khi Qudc gia Viet Nam phai dinh ehi viec tham dd dau khi ciia Tap doan Repsol (Tay Ban Nha) tai Id 136-03 thugc du in C i Rdng Dd d ngoii khai phia ddng nam ciia Vigt Nam. Cy thl, trong su6t thdi gian tren, Trung Quoc lien tuc gay i p luc, klidng ngirng de dga tin cong eac khu vyc thugc quyin kiem soit ciia Viet Nam tai vimg biln thupc quSn dao Trudng Sa de cudi cimg Viet Nam phai dinh chi viec khai thie ciia Repsol. Ding chii y la, ngay c i khi M^ dua tiu san bay Carl Vinson thuc hien ehuyen thSm Ijch sir tai D i NSng, thing 3/2018, nic trong khoang
CHAU MY NGAY NAY 27
thdi gian ndi tren, My da khong phin ddi hanh ddng bit nat, uy higp eiia Trung Qudc ddi vdi Viet Nam. Nhung su kien nay it nhigu cho thay suf ling hd cd gidi han ciia My ddi vdi Viet Nam ve van d l Biln Ddng.
IS.Hanh dpng Trung Qu6e lien tue gay han Viet Nam tir gifta thing 6/2019 v i dua tau khio sit dia chat Hii Ducmg 8 dugc doan tau hii eanh v i tau dan quan bien hd tdng vio sau trong them luc dia thupc Viing dSc quygn kinh tg cua Viet Nam tai khu virc bai Tu Chinh gin dao Trudng Sa tir giiia thing 7/2019 dupe cho l i d l pha hoai no luc eiia My nham md rpng mang ludi ddi tac an ninh ciia chien luge An Dg Duang - Thii Binh Duong chdng lai Trung Qudc, ddng thdi trimg phat Viet Nam vi da ed bude tign trong hop tic an ninh - qudc phdng vdi MJ.
19.Xem D i n g Dinh Quy (2012), Quan he My - Viet Nam, Luan in Tien sT Lieh sit, Hpc vien Khoa hpc xa hdi. Ha Ngi, tr28.
20.BTA dugc xay dung tren eac tigu chuan cita WTO do do ddi hdi Viet Nam cai each sau rpng he thdng kinh t l bdi "hau nhu toan bp h% thdng kinh t l Viet Nam diu bi dung cham, ttr thuong mai, diu tu, dieh vu, sd hiJu tri tue". Dieu niy l i nic thang quan trpng d l kinh te Viet Nam hdi nhap khu vuc v i the gidi.
21.Theo sd lieu cua Bd Ngoai giao My, cdng bd ngay 12/11/2017, tai dja ehi https://www.state, gov/u-s-relations-with-Vietnam/
22.Theo My, cae san pham thep chdng gi va thep cudn can ngudi ciia Viet Nam xuit khau sang My da sir dung thep chat nen cd ngudn goe Han Qudc hoac Dai Loan - hai mrdc dang bi My danh thue tir thing 12/2015 (ddi vdi thep chdng gi) va thang 2/2016 (ddi vdi thep eugn can ngudi). Viec Viet Nam xuat khiu hang hoa nhu tren bi My danh gii tigu eye vi da giiip Han Qudc v i D i i Loan trdn thul chdng bin p h i gii (antidumping duty) v i t h u l chdng trg cip (countervailing duty) cua My. Ddng thai trimg phat ciia My ddi vdi Viet Nam d i tie dgng manh den thi trudng xuit khiu thep ciia Viet Nam, inh hudng xau den uy tin v i can can thuang mai My - Viet.
23.Viec Hoa Ky hoa giii v i thiet lap quan he ehinh thiic (ngiy 11/7/1995) da nhanh ch6ng p h i vd trang thii bi cd lap vg ngoai giao ciia ViSt Nam.
Nhieu su kien dign ra hen tigp ngay sau dd: Viet Nam ky Hiep dinh khung vl licrp tic kinh tg thuang mai vdi Lign minh chau Au (EU) - ngay 17/7/1995; gia nhap Hiep hpi cac qudc gia Dong Nam A (ASEAN) - ngay 28/7/1995 da md ra khdng gian ddi ngoai rdng idn, dinh dau sir khdi diu qua trinh hdi nhap eiia Viet Nam vio ddi sdng ehinh trj khu vuc va qudc te. Xem them Lg van Anh, Bui Thi Thio (2013), "Nhan t l Hoa Ky trong tiin trinh hgi nhip qudc te ciia Viet Nam", Tap chi Khoa hpc D^i hpc Hue, Chuyen san KHXH&NV, Tap 82 sd 82, tr 7.
