van hda - van nghp
I ' l ^Hien phap dau tien trong Ijcii
Sli Viet N a m
Hdng ngan nam dUcfi ehe dp quan chu chuyin
chevd bi le thuoc nitdc
ngodi, Viet Nam von khong phai la mot quoc gia CO truyen thong hienphdp. Tuy nhien, y thi^c
dpc lap tu do, nhu cau van minh tien bp ciing dnh hudng manh me cua phong trao dan chu tren khdp the gidi da lam ndy nd tU tUcfng lap hien
ngay trong cdc tdng Idp ngUdi Viet. Thdnh qua vidai cua Cdch mang thdng Tdm 1945 vun dap cho tutudng do thUcsU dom hoa ket trdi: cdch day 66 ndm, vdi no lUc cua todn the Nhd nUdc vd nhdn dan, ban Hien phdp dau tien trong Ijch sijf Viet Nam ra ddi.
Su ra ddi cua hren phap
trenthegidi
Td "hien phdp" trong ngdn ngd hien dai dupc sd dung phd bien vdi nghia II dao luat co ban, cd gia tri phap ly cao nhlt eiia nha nude; quy djnh ehe dp x l hdi, each thdc td chdc quyen Ipe chinh trj, quyen va nghia vu cd b i n cua cdng d i n , . ,
Ndi dung dd cua "hien phip"
mdi cd t d hon hai the ky nay, cdn ve ngudn gdc, "hien phap"
d l ed tU thdi ed dai, & phuong Tly, "hien phap" gde Latinh II
"constitutio" vdi nghia "thiet djnh. xle lip, ea cau", Trong Nhi nudc La Ma ed, mot sd hoIng de da ban hanh ele quy dinh ciia minh dudi hinh thdc
"constitutio" va dUdc coi la mdt loai ngudn phip luat. CJ phuong Ddng, "hien phap" la tU Han thay trong cac thU tich khoang 26-27 the ky nay. TU "hien" da duac diing trong Kinh Thi (the ky VIII TCN) vdi nghia "khudn phep, khudn m l u cho vua ehua" va trong Kinh Li (the ky
Anh: TL VTCN) vdi nghia II "phip lenh".
Trong Kinh Thi, "hien" cdn duae diing lam ddng tdvdi nghia "rap khudn": vua coi trdi la mau mpc, Td"hien phap" cung xuat hien trong sleh Quocngu'thdi Xuan Thu (the ky Vll va VI TCN) d d u
"thudng thien, phat gian, qude chi hien phip da" (khen thudng sU thien, trUng phat sp gian la phap lenh cua Nha nude).
XI hpi phong kien, nhat la d nhieu nude phuong Tay, cung tdng tdn tai cac van ban phap luit kieu hien phap (thudng dUdc goi la "hien chuong"), the hien su thda hiep gida d c vuang trieu chuyen ehe vPi mdt sd lanh chua, thda nhan quyen cua mot sd Ilnh dia, thanh thi,.., nhung ban than tU"hien phap"thi khdng dupe sddung.
Su ra ddi eiia hien pHap - vdi tU each la luat co ban - gan lien vdi thdi ky giai cap tu san gianh chinh quyen trong cudc dau tranh ehdng lai nha nUdc phong kien chuyen ehe. Qua eudc dau tranh nay, giai cap tU san da dat
TapchiHdnghdiVietNam • 9/2012 5 7
Kg^ Vdnhod-VdnnohO dupe myc t i l u ban c h i quyln Ipe cOa vUdng t r i l u b i n g sp thdnh Idp mdt CO quan gpi Id "nghj vl^n" (qude hdO tdn tai b i n cqinh vua, ho|c t h i l t Idp mdt ehi dd edng hda, ehinh thdc thUa nhdn quyln d i n ehu cua mpi cdng d i n .
Vin b i n mang tlnh h i l n p h i p ddu tidn Id cCia Cdch m^ng t u sdn Anh (1640-1654): Hinh thdc cai qudn Nhd nUdcAnh, Scotland, Inland... (1653).
Bin Hiln p h i p t h i n h vdn ddu t l l n tr«n t h i gidi Id eiia Hop ehdng qude Hoa Ky.
thdng qua ngdy 17/9/1787. d i n nay vdn edn hl^u Ipe. NhUng h l l n phdp t i l p theo ra ddl d chlu Au: Hlln phdp Ba Lan 1791. Hien phdp Phip 1791, Hiln phdp Nauy 1814... Hi^n nay, hdu het ele nude trdn t h i gidi d i u ed h l l n phdp n i n g cua minh, phdn Idn dUdi d^ng t h i n h vdn. Mdt s6 it qude gia (Anh, Israel, Nev^r Zealand ..) cd h i l n p h i p khdng t h i n h vdn.
Qud trlnh t h i l t Idp H i l n phdp Vi^t Nam ndm 1946
Dudi c h i dd qudn chd chuyen c h i tdn tai hdng ngdn n i m . nude ta vdn khdng phli la mdt qudc gia cd truyin thdng h i l n phip. Td nda sau ciia t h i ky XIX d i n trudc Cdch mang t h i n g Tdm 1945, nude ta lai bj thuc ddn Phdp dd hd nen hien p h i p d n g khd the dUOc ban hlnh, Tuy nhien, vdi I n h hudng manh me cua phong trao dan ehii tren khdp the gidi. nhUng tutudng l i p hien da niy nd ngay trong ele tang Idp thuong luu cua giai d p thdng tn v l d nhdng ngudi tri thdc yeu nude lue bay gid, Nhdng t u tudng l i p hlln nay xuat phit td nhilu ddng cd va nhdm dat nhilu muc dich khac nhau. Ddi vdi bon phin ddng, xult p h i t tU ddng eo mj d i n , mudn xoa diu phong trao dau tranh dang d i n g eao, ehung thay can t h i l t phdi ban hanh hien p h i p de Ida bip quan ehung nen d l ehu trUang yeu d u Phip "ban bd" eho Viet Nam mdt b i n h i l n phdp.
NgUdc lai, nhdng tri thUe Viet Nam yeu nUdc nhu Phan Bdi Chau, Phan Chu Trinh, Nguyen Ai Q u d c , mudn Viet Nam cd mdt ban hien phip thuc sp eua neng minh. chii trUong trudc het phli d i n h dudi thue d i n Phip. gianh ddc lap d i n tdc, sau dd nhin d i n ta t p x l y dUng h l l n phap. Trong b i n yeu saeh gUi Hdi nghi Verseilles nam 1919, Nguyen Ai Qude la ngudi dau tien neu van de"cac dao luat" can duoe ban hanh tai Viet Nam (trong Yeu sdch cua nhdn ddn An Nam, Nguyen Ai Qude de nghi "thay the
c h i dd ra sic l|nh b i n g c h i d^ ra d c d^io ludt").
Cich mang t h i n g Tdm thdnh cdng d l l i t dd Ich dd hd ciia d c t h i Ipc thpc ddn d l qudc (Phdp, Nhdt), gidnh ddc Idp tp do, xda bd c h i dd q u i n ehu v l Idp nin n l n edng hda, Thinh q u i vJ d^l CLia Cdch m^ng thdng Tim phdi dUpc khdng djnh, bdo v|; ddn tdc Vi|t Nam c l n phdi cd mpt vdn bdn phdp ly Idm n l n t i n g cho mpi ho^t ddng eua Nhd nudc vd nhdn d i n . Nhu edu ban hdnh h i l n phdp trd n4n r l t d p thilt.
Ngdy 03/9/1945, trong philn hpp ddu tl6n eda Chlnh phu Idm thdi, Chu tjch Hd Chl Minh dd ndi: "TrUdc, ehung ta b| e h i dd qudn chd ehuyin e h i cai tn, rdi d i n c h l dp thpc ddn khdng kdm p h i n ehuyin c h l , n l n nUdc ta khdng cd h i l n phdp, nhdn dan ta khdng dupe hudng quyln t u do ddn ehu, Chung ta phli cd mdt h i l n phdp ddn chd.,.". Ngdy 08/9/1945, Chu tjch Chfnh phu Idm thdi nudc Vi^t Nam d i n chu cdng hda ra Sde lenh sd 14-SL v l cudc Tdng tuyIn cU bdu Qudc hdi, vdi Oilu 6 ghi rd: " O l dU thdo mdt b i n Hiln p h i p d^ trinh Qudc hdi, mdt Uy ban khdi t h i o Hiln p h i p 7 ngudi se thdnh Idp". Ngdy 20/9/1945, Sic lenh sd 34-SL dupe ban hlnh, thdnh lap Uy ban Du thdo Hien p h i p gdm cd Hd Chi Mmh, Vinh Thuy (Bio Dai), Ddng Thai Mai, Vu Trong KhInh. Le Vin Hiln, Nguyen Luang Bdng, Ddng Xudn Khu (Trudng Chinh).
Bin duan Hiln phap soan t h i o xong, duoc Hdi ddng Chinh phu t h i o luin, bd sung v l sda ddi. Ngdy 31/10/1945, Hdi ddng Chinh phu q u y l t dinh se cdng bd tren b i o va in gdi di ele Idng xd de thu thdp y kiln n h i n dan. Bin dU I n Hien p h i p da chinh thdc edng bd tren bdo Cdu quoc ngdy 10/11/1945 kem theo Thdng cdo eua Chinh phu. Thdng d o n^u rd: "Mudn cho tat ed nhan dan Viet Nam du v i o viec l i p Hiln p h i p cua nude nhd nen Chinh phu cdng bd b i n du I n Hiln p h i p nay d l mpi ngudi duoc doc ky eing vd duoc t u do ban bac phe binh ., Uy ban DU t h i o Hiln p h i p se tap trung d c de nghi sda doi va y kiln cua nhdn d i n rdi trinh len t o i n qudc dai hdi b i n luan".
Cudi ky hpp thU nhat, Qudc hdi khda I, ngay 02/3/1946, Qude hdi da thdo luan nhiem vu v l bau Tieu ban Hiln phip. Nhiem vu cua Tieu ban I I dp t h i o b i n Hien phap, phien hop sau se dem trinh cho Ban ThUdng true Qudc hdi de
Ban Thudng true trlnh Qude hpi; ddng thdi nghiln eUu d qudc ky v l qudc ca. T l l u ban gdm 11 ngUdi: Trln Duy Hung, Tdn Quang Phi|t, 0 6 DUe Due.
CO Huy Cdn, Nguyin Olnh Tbi, Huynh B l Nhung, Trdn Tin Tho, Nguyin Cao Hdch, Ddo Hdu DUdng, Pham Gia 06, Nguyin Thi Thuc W i n . Uy ban Kiln qudc eda Chinh phu eung dd t u nghiln cUu vd dua ra mdt dU thdo. Cln cd vao bdn dp dn eua Chinh phu, ddi ehilu vdi b i n d u thdo cua Uy ban Kiln qudc, t i p hpp nhufng k i l n nghj phong phCi cOa todn ddn vd tham khdo kinh nghiem Idp h i l n eua n h i l u nude Au - A,Tilu ban dd soan thdo mdt dp dn Hiln phip de tnnh Qudc hdi. Trong phidn hpp ngdy 29/10/1946, Tilu ban dUOe md ring thdm 10 vi dai bieu cho d c nhdm, dai b i l u trung l i p , dai b i l u m i l n Nam, dai b i l u d i n tdc It ngudi d l tham gia b6 sung thdm b i n dp I n v l Qude hdi bSt dau t h i o l u i n tungdy 02/11/1946.
Dd Ddc Due thuylt trinh trude Quoc hdi b i n d u I n Hiln p h i p Vilt Nam da dupe T l l u ban Hien phdp md rdng tu ehinh vd n l u nhdn x l t ve bUde tien t r l n eon dUdng ddn ehu mdi eua Hien phdp Vilt Nam so vdi h i l n phdp mdt s6 nude ddn ehu khde, khing djnh Hien phdp Viet Nam dpa vdo thpc tien cua ddt nude d l dem lai quyen Ipi thpc SLf eho nhdn ddn Oai dien cdc nhdm ding trong Qude hdi (Hd OUe Thdnh - dai dien Viet Cdeh, Trdn Huy Lieu - dai dien nhdm mdcxit, Hodng Vdn OUc - dai dien nhdm ddn ehu, Le Thi XuyIn - dai dien nhdm xd hdi, Nguyen OinhThi -dai diln Viet Minh, Trln Trung Dung - dai dien Viet Qudc) da lan luot phat bieu y kien, Cic vj dai didn cac nhdm deu neu len nhdng du diem, tinh c h i t tien bd eua dp an Hiln phip, gdp y t h i m d mdt sd phuong dien eu the va eudi eijng deu tdn thanh d u l n . Rieng Tran Trung Dung tuy eiJng t i n t h i n h dU an Hiln phip, nhutig lat khdng ddng y c h l dd Qude hdi mdt vien, cho rdng dan chiing Viet Nam ehua dUdc h u l n luyen nhilu ve ehinh tn nen e ehe do mdt vien khdng thich hap vdi Viet Nam. Pham Gia Dd - dai b i l u Viet Quoc - cijng khdng tan thanh e h i do mdt vien, ma eho ring can ed ehe dp hai vien vi c h l dp mdt viln II
"doe tai cua da sd"! Hd Ddc Thinh, Od OUc DucDinh Gia Trinh, OaoTrong Kim.
Nguyen Son Ha v l nhieu dai bilu khic d l p h i t bieu y k i l n t i n thdnh ehe do mdt vien. Dao Trpng Kim nhdn manh:
5 I "ipchi HdnghdiVietNam • 9/2012
Hiln phip d l p h i n anh dupc nguyen vpng cua d i n ehung. c h l do t i p quyin vl phin cdng rlt thich hpp di ed t h i dng phd mau le vdi thdi eudc ludn b i l n ehuyen. Khuat Duy Tien tranh luan vdi Pham Gia Dd va ndi rd Hiln p h i p Vilt Nam rat d p tien, chinh t h i eda nudc Viet Nam Id chinh the tap quyen nhung phdn edng rd ring, ehung ta ai cung tha thietvditudosong phli nhd ring tp do ciia ca nhan khdng duoc t r i i vdi quyln Ipl tdi cao cua To qudc, e l nhdn mudn dupe tu do thi phdi nd lue d i u tranh cho To qudc.Tran Trung Dung ndi nhilu den quyln t u do eua edng d i n vd cd y phe phin Chinh phu trong mdt n i m earn quyen ehua eho dan ehung dupe hudng quyen t u do nhu dU I n Hiln phip da n^u ra. Pham Van Ddng - ehu toa budi hop - ngdt ldi v l chi trieh Tran Trung Dung da phe p h i n khdng dung doi vdi Chinh phu trong mdt ndm nd lire dau tranh d l giU gin ddc l i p nude nha Khult Duy Tien thi chl trieh Trdn Trung Dung d l phu n h i n nen d i n chu eua Viet Nam sau Cach mang t h i n g Tam...
Qua nhilu budi t h i o l u i n v l tranh luin sdi ndi de bd sung, sda ddi tdng dieu cu the, Qude hdi d l nhlt tn thdng qua Hien phap. Toan the Qude hdi deu edng nhan ed dd sao vang la la cd thieng lieng eua Viet Nam dan ehu edng hoa v l duTig len nghiem trang chao cd, ddng thanh hat vang bai Tien qudn ca Ngay 09/11/1946, Qude hdi da b i l u quyet thdng qua Hien p h i p vdi 240 dai bieu tan thanh trong tdng sd 242 dai bieu cd mat (2 dai bieu khdng t i n thanh ia Nguyen Son HI v l Pham Gia Dd).
Luc nay, Phap b i t dau vi pham nghiem trong nhdng hiep dinh d l ky ket vdi Chinh phii ta, t i n g eUdng khieu khich va trang tran de doa vu lUc, Trudc nguy co mdt cudc x l m lUpe mdi, viec ban bd va thi hlnh Hien phap d n phai can nhac than trong chd chua the lam ngay vao thing 12/1946 nhu du dmh lue dau Sau khi tuyen bd Hien phap trdthlnh chinh thUe, Qudc hdi ra Nghi quyet eho Ban Thudng trUe Qude hpi
"eiing Chinh phu quyet dinh ban bd va thi hanh Hien phip" khi cd dieu kien.
Theo Nghi quyet nay, "trong thdi ky chua thi hanh dupc Hien phap thi Chinh phO phai dua vao nhdng nguyen tac da dinh trong Hien phap de ban hanh cac s3cluat"
Dung nhUdpdoan, ngay 19/12/1946,
cudc khing chlln todn qude bung nd.
Do dieu kl|n chiln tranh. viee td chUe tdng tuyen ed bSu Nghi vl^n n h i n d i n (Qudc hdi mdi) khdng thue hi^n dupe.
Vi vay, Hiln phdp khdng duoc chfnh thUe edng bd, nhuhg Chinh phu vd Ban Thudng vu Qude hdi ludn ludn dpa vdo tinh t h i n v l ndl dung eua Hlln p h i p di chi dao moi hoat ddng eua Nhi nUde v l xd hdi.
N&i dung vd y nghia t i l n bd cua Hiln phdp 1946
Hiln phdp 1946 gdm ldi ndi d i u , 7 chuong vdi 70 dilu. Trong Ldi ndi ddu.
Hiln p h i p ghi nhin thinh qud cua Cleh mang thing Tim "gidnh lai chd quyen eho d i t nude, tp do eho nhin ddn vd lap ra n l n d i n chu cdng hda". Ldi nd/ddu eung neu rd:"Nhi§m vu cua dan tdc ta trong giai doan niy II b i o d i m lanh thd, gidnh ddc lap hodn todn vd kien t h i l t qudc gia tren nen t i n g dan chu"
Chuong I (td Dieu 1 den Dieu 3) quy dmh v l chinh t h i . theo do Viet Nam la mdt nudc dan chu cdng hda, thdng nhat, tat ca quyln lue thude ve nhan dan, qude ky II ed dd sao vang, qudc ca la bai Tien qudn ca, thu dd dat d Ha Ndi Chuong II (td Dieu 4 den Dieu 21) quy djnh ve quyen va nghia vu cdng dan, ghi nhdn quyen binh dang tren moi phuang dien ehinh tn, kinh te, van hda, xa hdi; binh ddng gida nam va nd;
binh dang trudc phap luit, quyen dUOe tham gia ehinh quyen va cdng viec kiln qudc tiiy theo tai ddc, quyen tU do ngdn luan, hdi hop, cu tru, di lai, tin ngudng; quyen bau cd, bai mien, phiie quyet; quyen d i m b i o than the, nha d, thutin . ;ngh]avu bioveTdqude, tuan theo Hien phip v l phap luat.
Chuong III (tu Oieu 22 den Dieu 42) quy dinh ve Nghi vien nhan dan (Qudc hdi), theo dd, co quan lap phap tdi cao la Nghi vien nhin dan gdm d c nghi vien duac nhan dan true tiep bau ra theo nguyen tic pho thdng. binh dang va bd phieu kin. Nghi vien nhin dan chi gdm mdt vien, la "co quan ed quyen eao nhat cua nudc Viet Nam d i n chii cdng hda": quyet dmh nhdng van de chung quan trong nhat eiia dat nudc, dat ra luat phap. bieu quyet ngan saeh, bau va giam sit hoat ddng ciia Chfnh phu.,, Chuong nay cung quy dinh cocau, hoat dong eiia Nghi vien nhan dan; quyen va nghia vu cua d c nghj vien.
van hdd - van nghp ^^
Chuang IV (tU Dilu 43 d i n Dilu 56) quy dmh v l Chfnh phu, theo dd, "Chfnh phu Id CO quan hlnh chfnh eao nhlt"
cua qudc gia, gdm Chu tich nudc, Thu tudng, d e bd trudng v l thU trudng.
Chinh phd dUpc Idp ra bdi vd chju trdch nhilm trude Nghj viln. ChUdng ndy edn quy dinh chi t i l t co d u , t h i m quyln va phuang thdc hoat ddng eiia Chfnh phu.
Chuang V (tii Dilu 57 d i n D i l u 62) quy dinh v l hdi ddng nhdn d i n vd uy ban hdnh ehinh. Hdi ddng nhin d i n I I cd quan quyln lUc nhd nUdc d dja phuang do nhin d i n dia phuang true t i l p bdu ra vd p h l i chju trlch nhiem trudc nhin d i n . Oy ban hanh ehinh II CO quan q u i n ly nhd nUdc d dia phuang, thue hien nhUng quyet dinh eiia hdi ddng nhdn dan v l ele eO quan nhi nudc d p tren. ChUong ndy edn quy dinh v l ea eau ddn vi hanh chinh lanh thd Viet Nam.
Chuong VI (td Dilu 63 din Oieu 69) quy dmh ve cd quan tU phip, theo dd, d e tda an dUdc chia thinh 4 d p , ed trach nhiem xet x d d c vu I n hinh sUva d i n su. Khi xet xd, t h i m phin ehi tuIn theo phap luat. Xet x d d c vu an hinh sU, phli ed phu tham nhan dan tham gia.
Tham phan do Chinh phii bd nhiem.
Bi d o dupe quyen t u bao ehda, muon luat su, dung tieng ndi neng va khdng bl nguocdai,
Chuang (///-(Dieu 70) quy djnh ve viec sda ddl Hien phap: Hien phip ehi dUac sda ddl khi cd khdng dUdi 2/3 tdng so nghi vien yeu cau, Nghi vien bau ra Ban Du thio nhdng dieu thay ddi va toan dan phiic quyet nhdng dieu thay ddi da duoc Nghj vien tan thanh,
Hien phap 1946 II b i n Hien phap dau tien trong lich sdViet Nam, la ban Hien phap dan chu va tien bd nhat d Ddng Nam A thdi bay gid, Nd ghi nhin thanh qua vldai eua nhan dan ta Irong cudc dau tranh gianh lai ddc lap, t u do cho d i n toe va thdng nhat lanh thd.
Hien phap 1946 da de ra nhdng nhiem vu CO ban ciia Nha nudc va nhan dan ta trong giai doan trUdc mat,'chi rd nhdng dudng Idi thuc hien nhiem vu ay, Odng thdi, nd dat nen mdng eho mot bd may nha nude kieu mdi - nha nudc cdng hda nhan dan, Hien phap 1946 cdn cdng nhan, dam b i o quyen d i n chii thieng lieng ciia cdng dan, phii hop voi tinh hinh, die diem each mang Viet Nam va xu hudng tien bd, van mmh tren the g i d i t /
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