Cong bo - Gioi thieu tai lieu luu trii So 5/2010
VAI NET VE PHONG TRAO BAO CHI CONG KHAI TAI NAM KY (1936 -1939)
T
rong hoan canh quyin t y do dan chu d cac nude thupc dja Phap ndi chung bi bdp nghet, thi tai Nam Ky, quyin t y do ngdn luan, trong dd cd t y do bao ehi cQng bj thit chat va kilm soat g i t gao. Tren dja hat bao ehi, chinh quyin thyc dan nam ddc quyin, han c h i xuit ban bao tiing Viet, chi eho phep nhCrng td bao phue vu Igi ich eua nha d m quyin dugc hoat ddng.Hoat dpng bao chi da xuit hien d Viet Nam ngay tCr trudc nam 1930. O Nam ky, tCr nam 1933, Nguyin Van Tao, Duang Bach Mai, cung vdi Nguyen An Ninh da hgp tac vdi nhdm Troskist do Ta Thu Thau dCrng d i u lap ra td bao cdng khai bing tiing Phap La Lutte (Tranh diu). Tuy vay, trudc nam 1936, tam anh hudng cua bao ehi each mang tuang d l i han ehi.
Tu' nam 1936, chuang trinh eai each eua Mat tran Nhan dan Phap yeu d u xda bd cac dao luat tan nhan va cac sac lenh han c h i quyin ty do bao chi. Chinh quyin thyc dan d Ddng Duang budc phai ndi Idng mdt phin sy kilm soat, kilm duyet d l i vdi bao gidi.
Chu tfuang cua Dang Cdng san la chu trpng hinh thCre d i u tranh cdng khai nen da triet d l lgi dijng tinh hinh nay de phat ddng phong trao d i u tranh dan chu tren mat tran bao ehi.
TCr sau khi Mat tran Nhan dan Phap n i m chinh quyin. Dang Cdng san da chi dao mpt s i nhdm~~can bp hoat ddng cdng khai d ea ba ky, lap ra hang chuc td bao cdng khai lam ca quan tuyen truj^ln, lanh dao phong trao d i u tranh cua quin ehung.
Nam Ky la nai luat bao chi eua thyc dan Phap cd nhilu dilm ndi Idng han so vdi d Bie Ky va Trung Ky. Han nCra, hoat dpng bao chi cdng khai d day edn dwac Tnjng uang Dang lanh dao tryc tilp*^'.
Ths. PhamThj Hue Giam d i e Trung tam Luu tru qudc gia IV
Trung uang Dang va cac Xw uy ehu truang: Mdt mat, tilp tuc ra nhCrng td bao bing tiing' Phap (khdng phai xin phep), mat khae, tim mpi each d l ed t h i xuit ban nhCrng td bao tiing Viet nhu la ea quan ngdn luan ehinh thCre cua Dang va cac doan t h i .
Trong nhCrng nam 1935-1936, bao La Lutte da tich cyc van dpng cho Ddng Duang Dai hpi d Nam Ky *^'. D i u nam 1936, Chinh quyin thyc dan td ra lo ngai v l hoat dpng cua La Lutte, da ra lenh tieh thu s i bao 28/12/1935, ddi truy t l hinh sy ban dilu hanh va mpt s i tac gia vi bi quy kit gay nen cupc dinh cdng eua nghiep doan xe t h i md Sai Gdn va lam nguy hai an ninh cdng cdng '"''.
D i n d i u nam 1937, bit ding giu'a nhQ'ng ngudi cdng san va nhdm Troskist trd nen gay git, nhdm Troskist hoan toan chilm ITnh td La Lutte. Nhdm epng san trong ban bien tap tach ra lap td LAvant-garde (Tidn phong). Day la td bao do dich than Ting Bi thu Ha Huy Tap lam ehu nhiem. Tai s i 1, bai md d i u , vdi nhan d l :
"Hdi nhQ'ng ngudi lao dpng, nhQ'ng ngudi bi ap bCre d Ddng Duang!"; bai bao vilt: "LAvant- garde la td bao cua t i t ea cac ban. Nd ty nhan ily nhiem vu bao ve eac ban chdng lai t i t ea eae t h i lye dk quIe va phong kiln ap buc, bdc lot".
Bai bao tren da trinh bay lap trudng ya quan dilm ca ban eua td bao. Nha elm quyin Ily cd LAvant-garde s i 8 dua tin sai v l ngay tuyet thyc thCr 8 cua tu ehinh tri d Kham Ldn, cho tjch thu toan bp 2000 ban s i bao nay *'*'
Sau dd, LAvant-garde lai chuin bj ra s i tilp, bien tap xong ngay 27-7, d l ngay 31-7.
Ban thao duge dua d i n nha in SATI nhung bi mat tham Phap tjch thu. LAvant-garde tw dd phai ngu'ng xuit ban.
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Cong bo - Gioi thieu tai lieu luu trii So 5 / 2010
Hai thang sau, Dang Cdng san chi dao lap ra td bao cdng khai khac bing tiing Phap, td Le Peuple (Nhan dan), van do Ha Huy Tap phtJ trach, s i d i u phat hanh ngay 24/11/1937, tiep tuc mijc dich, tdn ehi eua LAvant-garde '^' Thyc ra day la sy d l i ten t d LAvant-garde thanh Le Peuple. Rut kinh nghiem, Le Peuple da giam bdt nhCrng bai da kich gay g i t mang tinh ta khuynh. Do dd, td Le Peuple t i n tai lau han va anh hudng cua nd trong q u i n chung cung Idn han. L i n d i u tien, van kien eua Dang Cpng san duge dang cdng khai tren bao Le Peuple: Tren s i 26, ra ngay 23/6/1938 dang
"Birc thw cdng khai cita Dang Cong siin Ddng Dwang giri eac dang phai"; tren s i 28, dang
"Tuyen ngdn cua Dahg Cdng san Ddng Dwang doi vdi thdi eude" '^' Day la mpt trong nhCrng hien tugng hilm hoi trong ljch SLP bao ehi each mang Viet Nam.
TCr nam 1936, bao ehi each mang Viet Nam ra sCrc tranh thu dilu kien thuan Igi v l chinh tri, xuit ban cdng khai, thyc hien sCr menh Ijch sCr mdi cua Dang Cdng san: ra SCPC tuyen truyin chu nghTa Mae- Lenin va nghj quylt dai hpi l i n thCr VII eua QuIc t l Cdng san d l i vdi viec thanh lap Mat tran Dan ehu chong phat xit; tuyen truyin cho sy chuyen hudng chi dao chiln lugc eua Dang Cdng san, van ddng thanh lap Mat tran Dan ehu Ddng Duang, ddi t y do dan ehu, d i thien ddi sing va hda binh, ehdng phan dpng thupe dja va ehu nghTa phat xit, ching chu nghTa Troskist, chu nghTa eai luang va cae t u tudng phan dpng, de d i y tdi mdt cao trao each mang mdi.
Bao chi each mang da tan dung mpi phuang tien ky thuat d l thu nhap tin tCre va phat hanh bao nhanh chdng. Dang Cdng san da sCr dung nhilu phuang phap d l ra bao va tranh sy kilm duyet g i t gao cua chinh quyin thyc dan. Cu t h i la:
- Ra bao ehCr Phap vi cd thuan Igi la thu tue dan gian, khdng phai xin phep.
- Ra bao tiing Viet khdng xin phep.
- Bao bj d m , d l i ten va tm sd d l tilp tiJC hoat dpng.
- Van dpng cae bao da dugc c l p phep dang hoat dpng tren ITnh vye khac chuyin sang phuc vu each mang, k l d hinh thCrc
thue, mugn, mua lai mdt sd t d bao. Cd t h i din ra mpt s i trudng hgp:
+ Bao Kich bdng v i n la mdt td bao chuyen v l nghe thuat, s i 1 ra ngay 15/4/1935, sau do t y dinh ban. Ngay 28/8/1937, nhCrng ngudi cdng san sCr dtjng giiy phep eua Kich bdng d l lam ea quan ngdn luan cua minh.
+ Bao Lao ddng la "ca quan benh vye quyin Igi giai d p d n lao", thyc t l la ea quan cdng van cua Xw uy Nam Ky. Sd 1 ra ngay 29/11/1938, s i euli cung, sd 30 ra ngay 14/7/1939.
+ Bao Mdi, ca quan cua Doan Thanh nien dan chu Nam Ky, ra dugc l i s l , s i 1 ra ngay 01/5/1939. v.v...
Day la mdt chu truang r i t sang suit va linh hoat cua Oang Cpng san tai Nam Ky.
Viee ra bao da khd khan nhung duy tri dugc hoat dpng hieu qua eua td bao edn kho khan g i p bdi, ddi hdi nhCrng c l g i n g vugt bac cua cac dang vien cdng s i n hoat ddng cong khai va bi mat.
N i u trong thdi ky 1930 -1935, nhilu tinh, huyen, ehi bd, xi nghiep, doan the ra bao, thi thdi ky 1936 -1939, bao chi do Xu' uy va Trung uang trye tilp ehi dao. Bao cua Trung uang do Tong Bi thu quylt djnh va tryc tilp ehi dao;
d cae XLP, cd XLP uy vien tryc tilp phu trach ehi dao ndi dung t u tudng, chinh tri va mpi hoat dpng eua bao ehi cdng khai, nhim bao dam dudng lii chinh tri '^'
Dang Cdng san cung ed nhilu sang kiln trong khau phat hanh n h i m dua bao d i n dugc vdi ddng dao q u i n ehung nhan dan lao dpng trong dilu kien trinh dp dan tri thip, ti le dan s i mu chCi' r i t eao.
Tu' nam 1937, d Nam Ky xuit hien nhilu td bao each mgng cdng khai nhu da neu tren, nhung gay tiing vang Idn nhit phai k l d i n bao Dan chiing. Td bao nay dwac sy ehi dao tryc tilp cua cac d i n g chi Nguyin Van CCr va Ha Huy Tap, ra m i t s i 1, ngay 22/7/1938 *^'. Day la t d bao chCp Viet d i u tien hoat dpng cdng khai ma khdng d n sy eho phep eua chinh quyin thyc dan '^\
Bao Dan ehiing ra mdi t u i n 2 s i , vao thCr t u va thu' bay; tu' s i 58 d i n s i 64, ra mdi ngay mpt s i . Trong han mdt nam ton tai, bao Dan ehiing ra dugc t i t d 80 s i ( s i culi eung ra
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Cong bo - Gioi thieu tai lieu luu trii So 5/2010
ngay 30/8/1939). Bao Dan chiing s i 28 - s i dae biet ky niem 21 nam Cach mang Thang Mudi Nga - trong mang-xec l i n d i u xuit hien ddng chCr ily danh nghTa la ca quan cua tao ddng va dan ehiing Ddng Dwang, nhung thyc chit, Dan chiing la ca quan ngdn luan chinh thCre eua Ban Chip hanh Trung uang Dang Cpng san Ddng Duang, ddng tai Sai Gon.
Bao Dan chiing s i 22 ra Tuyen ngdn thyc sy v l SLP menh cua minh: "Dan chung la ea quan ngdn luan eua cae anh chj em. Nd ed song lau, vCrng ehai thi tiing hd hao cua anh chj em cang vang ICrng, cudc chiln d i u vdi hit thay djeh nhan cua Dan ehiing thing Igi khip eac mat tran. Dan ehiing thing, l y la quang dai quin chung xw nay chiln thing vay".
Bao Dan ehiing dang tai rit nhilu bai d l pho biln, giai thich chu truang, dudng ill cua Dang trong tCrng thdi ky. Nhan djp ky niem 9 nam thanh lap Dang Cdng san Ddng Duang, Dan chiing da gianh 2 s i bao (41, 42) dang mpt s i bai vdi tya d l : "15 nam van ddng cdng san va 9 nam thanh tap Dang Cong san Ddng Duong", "Lich sir cdng san van ddng a Ddng Duong".
Mpt trong nhCrng npi dung ma bao Dan chiing tap trung phan anh la keu gpi va td chCre quin chung d i u tranh ddi ehinh quyin thupc dja thyc hien nhCrng khiu hieu ma Dang da d l ra nhu: d i u tranh ddi t y do, dan chu, dan sinh, hoa binh. Net dae s l e nhit eua bao Dan chiing la phat ddng cupc d i u tranh kien quylt ddi ty do bao chi. Ben canh dd, Dan ehiing cdn Idn tiing ddi ty do lap hpi va nghiep doan, ty do hpi hpp va bilu tinh, ddi tha hit tu ehinh tri, ddi cai each c h i dp tuyln cw hpi ding dan bilu va ddi eai thien ddi sing eho nhan dan.
Bao Dan chiing cdn cd nhilu bai d i u tranh ching Troskist. Trong 80 sd bao, Dan chiing da cd 45 s i bao ed bai vilt v l d l tai nay.
Bao chi each mang thdi ky nay edn ddng vai trd chu chit trong cupc van dpng thanh lap Mat tran dan chu. Nhdm cdng san vdi danh nghTa bao Dan chiing chu truang lien k i t vdi mpt s i thanh vien trong ehi nhanh Dang Xa hpi Phap va Dang Lap hiln t l chCre thanh Mat tran dan chu Ddng Duang. Ngay 29/10/1938, bao Dan chiing dang ban Tuyen ngdn vdi ndi dung keu gpi cac dang phai tap trung doan k i t xung
quanh Mat tran dan chu d l d i u tranh bao ve cdng cudc phdng thu Ddng Duang.
Dwac sw ung hp eua quin ehung, s i lugng phat hanh eua bao tang trudng nhanh, luc d i u tu' 2.000 ban va cao nhit la Dan chiing s i Xuan 1939 ra 15.000 ban ''°', Trong tinh hinh luc biy gid, mdt td bao phat hanh vdi s i lugng nhu vay la r i t Idn.
Tuy khdng ddng eCra dugc td bao, Chinh quyin thudc dia cQng dung nhilu bien phap ngan chan anh hudng cua bao Dan chiing. Chi trong 13 thang t i n tai, Dan chiing da phai 4 l i n thay d l i ngudi quan ly tda soan vi bj khung b l , Ngay 07/3/1939, toan bd vien chCre tda soan d i u bj bit, tai san bj tjch thu. Trung uang Dang Cdng san da ra "Thdng bao khln clp", ehi thj eho eae Dang bp to chCre mit tinh phan d l i nha elm quyin va tich cyc ung hd bao Dan chiing.
Trong suit thang 4, cd 28 cupc mit tinh phan d l i thyc dan khung bo bao Dan chung da no ra. Dan chung la mpt trong hai td bao cpng san d trong nude dugc Nguyin Ai QuIe gCri bai tu' nudc ngoai v l dang.
Bao Dan ehung cdn quan tam tdi nhiem vu quIc t l vd san, dac biet la s i 28, ra ngay 29/10/1938, ed bai dai g i n 4 trang, in hai mau ky niem l i n thCr 21 Cach mang Xa hpi chu nghTa Thang Mudi vT dai, ed anh Mac, Angghen, Lenin.
Khi chiln tranh t h i gidi bung n l , dugc chi thj eua Trung uang Dang, eac can bd lam bao Dan ehiing rut vao bi mat, ty ddng cu'a tda soan, ngCpng xuit ban. Tuy vay, g i n mpt thang rudi sau, ngay 13/10/1939, P. Densan, dugc uy quyin cua Toan quyin Ddng Duang, v i n ky lenh ddng eCra bao Dan ehiing, cung vdi mdt s i td bao each mang va c l p tiin khac *"'
v l anh hudng cua bao Dan chung va bao ehi each mang giai doan nay, tai lieu luu trQ' cua Phap phan anh: "Vdi thdi gian, sy tuyen truyin nay se d i n vdi ting Idp ngheo khi...
NhCrng td bao nay dang ehuin bj cho mpt cudc d i u tranh va cd t t i l eoi la he qua cua nhCrng rii loan trong dan ehung" *^^'.
Sy lo ngai eua ehinh quyin thyc dan Phap edn dugc t h i hien qua bao cao chinh tri quy II nam 1939 eua Chu tinh Chg Ldn gCri d p tren:
"Tdi xin nhin manh ve vai trd tae hai ciia bao chi trong eae tang mac. Bao ehi bay gid khdng
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Cong bo - Gidi thieu tai lieu luu trii So 5/2010
edn giCr y tij' gi nira... Khdng biet cd the diing dai phat thanh Sai Gdn de chong tai vide lam tai hai cita nhii'ng ten nay khdng"^^^\
Trong Cdng van mat s i 1-CD ngay 14/1/1939, D i e phu sCr Cang Long phan anh:
"Co mot VLI tuyen truyen rit dir dot eho vide phat hanh td bad Dan chiing.. .Bao Dan chiing duoc phat hanh mien phi eho it nhit la mot nira doe gia". Tai Cdng van nay, ehinh quyen thwc dan cung bay td nhwng lo ngai eiia minh:
"Bao Dan ehiing dwac doe va phan tieh, binh luan a nhieu gde tang theo timg nhdm nhd...
Chinh nhirng each tuyen truyen phien ddng nay moi ngay mot lan rdng ... Cach tuyen truyen nay lai cang nguy hiem vi bay gid nd dien ra cdng khai ngay trwdc mui ciia nha chirc trach. Nhirng ten eim diu khdng cin phai trdn tranh trong vide thdng tin vdi cac phin tir trong phe dang ciia ehiing ve nhung tai lieu mat, nhirng ehi thi va nhwng menh lenh eua Dang.
Chi ein ma td Dan chiing hay td Lao ddng ra la tit ea deu cd trong dd het.. .Nhieu td bao do.
vira phat hanh chic chan cd anh hudng rit te hai trong quin ehiing" '^''l
D i l u ma thyc dan Phap lo hgai nhit la: "Cat he qua tire thdi nhit la nhifng td bao nay da kich ddng dwac moi ngwdi va dong thdi nd in vao diu de dan ehung nhung cat y niem, y thire phien loan...Tit ca nhung cat dd nd phat then din din thanh nhung xu hudng roi ddng, xu huong yeu sach va nhirng xu huong diu tt^anh tap the. Nhirng tuan dieu bdng gid ae y nhwng yeu sach tao tan, thuofng khi ed nhQ'ng yeu.' sach ed tinh chit ddi diu in ra hang ngay tren bao, chong lai chinh quydn, thi se din'den nhung hau qua khdng the tranh khoi la pha hoai din din nhirng quy tac truyen thong tdn trong va phiic tiing nha eim quyen" *^^'.
Sy ra ddi va phat triin cua tran dja bao ehi each mang da tac ddng sau s l e d i n lang bao Viet Nam trong suit ba nam, lam eho gidi bao chi cd biln ddng v l khuynh hudng va thai dp ehinh tri. Nhilu td bao, culi nam 1936 edn cd thai dp tham dd, nhung tu" nam 1937 trd di, da vilt nhilu bai cd xu hudng xoay quarih cae khau hieu va chu truang d i u tranh eua Dang Cpng san <^®'.
Theo tai lieu eua ea quan luu trQ' Phap thi tu' nam 1936 d i n 1939,, binh quan s i lugng
d i u bao hang nam tang han 4%, trong dd tic dp tang d Nam Ky ludn giCr vj tri hang d i u '^^'.
Cd t h i ndi, phong trao bao chi cdng khai (1936-1939) da gdp phin r i t tieh cyc trong cudc vantJdng ddi t y do, dan chu, earn ao, hda binh tai Nam Ky. Sy xuit hien cua cac td bap cdng khai d Nam Ky ndi rieng va d ca ba ky noi chung la mdt thing Igi cd y nghTa to Idn cua Oang Cdng san Odng Duang va nhan dan lao ddng Viet Nam trong cudc van ddng dan ehu giai doan 1936-1939.
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Pham Hdng Tung, (2008), Lich sw Cudc van ddng vi cac quyen dan sinh dan chu a Viet Nam (1936-1939), Nx!b Chinh tri Qudc gia. Ha Ndi, tr 99.
2. Nguyin Thanh, (1985), CUQC van ddng Ddng Dwang Dai hdi nam 1936, Nxb Tp. Hd Chi Minh, tr.2^
3. Note confidentielle, tf 250^ du 26 Fevrier 1936 du Gouvemeur de la Coch'iqchine a/s poursuites excercees contra les dirigeants du joumal "La Lutte", Fond du Gouvemement de la Cochinchina. Code IIA45/315(3) - TTLTQG II.
4.' Nguyen Thanh, (1984), Bao chi Cach mang Vi$t Nam 1925-1945, Nxb Khoa hoc Xa hdi. Ha Na, tr 198.
5. Hd Huv Nhut chu bien, (2001), Tn thuc Sal Gdn - Gia Dinh 1945-1975, Nxb Chinh tri Quoc gia - Ha Noi, tr.49.
6. Bao tang Cach mang Viet Nam, (2000), Bao Dan Chung 1938-1939, Nxb Lao ddng. Ha Ndi tr.9-10
7. Nguyen Thanh, (1984), Bao chi Cach mang Viet Nam 1925-1945, Nxb Khoa hoc Xa hdi, Ha Na, tr 188
8. Bao tang Cach mang Viet Nam, (2000),. Bao Dan chung 1938-1939, Nxb Lao ddng. Ha Ndi, tr.8.
9. Ph^m Hdng Tung. (^008), Lich sir Cudc van ddng vi cac qjji/dn dan sinh c^an chu a Viet Nam (193&1939, Nxb Chinh tri Qudc gia.'Ha Ndi, tr 100.
10. Bao tang Cach mang Viet Nam. (2000), Bao Dan Chung 1938-1939fNxb Lao ddng. Ha Ndi, tr.11.
11. Nguyen Thanh, (1984), Bao chi Cach mang Vi$t Nam 1925-^45, Nxb Khoa hoc Xa hdi, Ha Na, tr.213.
12. N^e confidentielle, tf 2-cdu 5 Janvier 1939du Delegue administratiphdrangdu chephdrang- lieu de province de Travinh a/s les requetes des lecteurs du joumal DAN CHUNG, Fond du Gouvemement de la
Cochlnchine. Code: 11 A/176(2) - TTLTQG II.
13. Rapport politique confidentiel du 2e trimestre 1939 de la Province de Cholon, Fond du Gouvemement de la Cochlnchine. Code IIA45/176(2) - TTLTQG II.
14,15. Note confidentielle, tf I- CD du 4 Janvier du Delegue administratiphdrangde Canglong de la Province de Travinh, Fond du Gouvemement de la Cochlnchine.
Code: IIA/176(2) - TTLTQG II.
16. Nguydn Thanh, (1984), Bao chi Cach mang Viet Nam 1925-1945, Nxb Khoa hoc Xa hdi, Ha Ndi, tr 142.
17. Nguydn Thanh, (1984), Bao chi Cach rn$ng V'l^t Nam 1925-1945, Nxb Khoa hoc Xa hdi. Ha Ndi, tr 141.
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