No 08_June 2018|S6 08 - Thing 6 nim 2018|p 21-28
T A P CHI K H O A H O C DAI H Q C T A N T R A O ISSN: 2 3 5 4 - 1 4 3 1
http: //tckh .daihoctantrao,edu.vn/
Hoat dong cua con so trong tuc ngu* Tieng Viet
Ha Quang Nang" *
" Tir diin hgc vd Bdch khoa thu F 'iel Nam 'Email: nanghaquang@gmail com Thong tin biii viet Ngdy nhgn bdi:
25/12/2017 Ngdy duyet dang:
12/6/2018 Tit khod:
Tgc ngU, con so, hogt d{
cua con so trong lgc ngii.
Bio cao dinh cho vific khao sit, mifiu t i va phan tich d^c diem hogt dpng cfia so tfi hong kho ting tyc ngfi tilng Vifit. Trfin co sd thing kfi cac cau tuc ngfi ed chfia cic so tfi hong kho ting tuc ngfi tilng Vifit, xic dinh s i luong, tin so sfi dyng cfia cac so tfi hong cac cau tuc ngfi, bao cio tip trung mifiu ti, phan tieh hoat ddng cfia cic s i tfi v l hai phuong difin sa kit hpp gifia cac so tfi hong cic cau tuc ngfi v i khi ning kit hpp cfia cac s i tfi vdi cac tfi logi danh hr, ddng bi v i tinh bi.
1. Dan nhap
Trong he thong tfi loai tieng Vifit, "so tfi Ii ldp tfi gin gui vdi danh tfi d each goi tfin "vgt", hiy nhien
"vat" d diy Ii nhfing khii mfim v l s i dim chinh xac va trim tupng " [2, 489] "So tfi bilu thj khai mfim nhung khai nifim niy rat die biet- nd khdng gin liln vdi su vit thuc t l cho nfin so tfi la phan tniu tupng nhat cfia bi hdi Trong ciu ndi s i tfi khdng phai di kem nhflng tfi djnh danh khic"[4, 20] " S l tir la tfi logi bilu till so luong v i thfi tu So bi chia thinh hai tilu logi. So tfi chi lupng v i so bi chi tiifi tu" [17,218],
Khi xem xet so tfi vdi tu cich la mdt tfi logi dpc l|p, Lfi Bifin [3, 138] da chi ra nhttng die trung ngtt nghta, ngtt phip cfia loai hr nay
- So vdi dgi tfi, so bi gin vdi thuc tfi hon Nd cdn CO nhOng net nghia chin thuc
- So tfi ed thi lim thinh t l tiung tim cho mpt ngit so bi, Die dilm noi bgt Uiudng fliay la so tfi thudng di kem danh tfi, la tiianh to phu cho danh tfi, hgn dinh ve m|t so luong S l tfi cd tic dung quan hpng ve mit ngtt phap: Kha nang kit hpp vdi s l tfi l i mpt tifiu chi d l phan bifit tfi loai danh tfi vdi tfi logi khac.
Cae nhi ngdn ngtt hpc cd su phan logi khdng hoin toan dong nhit nhung ciing khdng cd sp khic bifit qua rd rang hong each phan loai so tfi
Trong "Ngii pkdp tiing Viit", Difip Quang Ban trinh biy mpt cich tong quit hon v l su phan logi ciia so tfi, Ong eho ring so tfi thucmg dupc chia thinh hai ldp nho s l tfi so dim va so tfi thfi hi [2, 490 - 491]
Trong tuc ngtt tilng Viet, ci so tfi s l dim va s l tfi thfi tu deu duoc sfi dung. Dilu ding ndi l i cic s l tfi nlu dfing mpt minh thi thudng mang nghia cy thi, nghta den nhung khi chfing kit hop vdi nhau ho^c kit hpp vdi cic tfi loai khic trong cay tuc ngtt lai dem din cho chung ta nhihig y nghia khai quit, y nghta bilu trung bit ngd, thfi vj
2. Tan so sir dung cua cac con so trong tuc ngii' tieng Vi^t
Qua khio sat v i thong ke cfia chfing tdi tren ting s l 4278 cau tyc ngfl cd mat hong "Tgc ngit Vi$t Nam"
[5] till cd 490 ciu tuc ngtt chfia con sl, chilm ti lfi 11,45%, Cic con so xuat hien hong hic ngtt da dgng v i phong phfi, ngoii cic con so tfi 1 din 10, cic s l h i m , nghin, vgn, tiii hong tyc ngfi cdn xuit hifin le te cac con so 11, 12, 15, 17, 30, 36, 70., Vi dy: Bd khoe con bd lot, den thdng mudi mgt bd biel con bd; Phgn gdi mudi hai ben nudc, gap nci trong due may ai nay nhd; Gdi ray ckdng mudi ldm quan qui, trai ray vg Uen phi xuong sdng; Gidu ba muai tuoi chd mimg, khd ba muoi tudi em ditng vgi lo: Ban chin chua qua ndm ba dd tdi.
H.Q.Nang/^0 08_June 20I8|p,21-28
Nhttng con s l niy xuit hifin vdi so lupng khdng nhilu va y nghia bilu tnmg khdng tifiu bieu nfin ti^ng pham VI cua dl tii, chfing toi ehi tiling kfi nhthig con so cd tin s l xuit hien cao, cd sy kit hop da dang v i phong phu qua bing sau
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Nhin vao bang hfin, chfing ta nhan thiy con s l
"mgt" CO tan so xuat hifin cao nhit hong tyc ngfi 204 ciu tyc ngtt, chilm ti lfi 41,63%. Con s l "mpC hong tyc ngfi cd su kit hpp rit da dgng v i phong phfi. Nd cd the dfing dpc Igp hong can tpc ngtt, cfing cd till kit hop vdi cic con so khac tgo thinh Hmg cip s l vdi nhttng y nghia bieu trung khac nhau.
- s l 1 kit hpp vdi s l I c6 47 eau hie ngfl, chiem ti lfi 23,04%. Vi dy. Mgt ngdi sao, mgt ao udc; Mgt ldi ndi, mgt bdt (dgi) mdu: Di mgt ng^ ddng, kgc mgt sdng khon; Mgt chit nen thdy, mgt ngdy nin nghia;
Mgt dem ndm, mgt ndm a..
- s l 1 kit hpp vdi so 2 ed 17 cau, chilm ti lfi 8,33% Vi du Mgt ngttdi thi kin, hai ngudi thi her;
Mgt Id vg, hai Id ng; Mdl bdn lay tki day, hai bdn lay tki vai; (j nhd nhdt mf nki con. ra dudng ldm ke cdn gidn hon la; Phuc chang kai, lai chdng mgt...
- s l 1 kit hpp vdi s l 3 cd 21 ciu tyc ngtt, chilm ti lfi 10,29% Vi dp. Mgt con sa bang ba con de; Ba thdng Irong cdy khong bdng mgt ngdy trdng qud; Mgt bdt egm cha bdng ba bdt cam re, Mgt ddi Idm hgi, bgi hogi ba ddi
- So 1 ket hpp vdi s l "trdm", "vgn" cd 19 ciu, chiem ti Ifi 9,31% Vi dp: Mgt thdi logn bdng vgn thdi binh; Nhat s\t thudn, vgn sif lanh; Cuu nhdt nhdn, ddc vgn phde...
- S l "mgi" kit hpp vdi so "chin"' cd 11 cau, chilm ti lfi 5,39% Vi dy Ki mgt quan khinh ke ckin tien, Mgt Idn khdng chin, chin Idn ckdng nen; Mgt ddi kifn, ckin ddi thii ,
Ngoai ra so "mp/" cdn kit hpp vdi cac s l khac nhu. s l 4,5,6,7 , Vi du: Trai chi vg mat cua lay khong, gdi che
chdng mdl ddng trd -von; Mgt quan ed giay mgt quan, ndm tiin khdng giay mdl oan ndm lien; Mgt con chdu ngd sdu ngudi dung, Mgt ldi noi ddi, sdm hoi bay ngdy.
TuJ vao su kit hpp cua con so "mgt" vdi mli eon so cy thi ma ta cd thi xic djnh dupc ^ nghia bieu hung dia nd hong cau hie ngtt.
Con s l "ba" cOng xuit hjfin vdi tin s l cao trong 98 ciu tuc ngtt va cd su kit hpp tuong doi da dgng va phong phfi vdi cic con so khac. Cu the, so "ba" dfing dpc lap l i 29 ciu tuc ngtt, chilm ti Ifi 29,59%, Vi dy Con len ba mdi ra long m?. Con len ba me sa xuong sudn; Ngdy sau con te ba bd, sao bang luc song eon cho lay chong; Vg ba con d chua kit long ckdng.
s l "ba" kit hpp vdi s l "ba" cd 17 cau bic ngtt, chilm ti lfi 17,35%, Vi du, Ngudi ba ddng, ciia ba lodi; Dua a ba mita, thdy chita ba nam; Mua danh ba vgn, bdn danh ba ddng, Chd ba quanh mgi ndm, ngucn ba nam mdi ndi..
So "ba" kit hop vdi so "bdy" gom cd 15 cau tyc ngtt, cbiem ti le 15,31% Vi d y Ba thdng con say, bdy thdng con sa; Duac thi chia bdy chia ba, tkua tki phdi ngua ngue ra md den; Nguai ikin md bdy md ba, ngudi iki do rdeh nhu Id do ten...
So "ba" kit hpp vdi s l "mudi" ed d 5 cau tyc ngtt, chilm ti lfi 5,1%, Vi dy: Di mudi budc xa hgn di ba bugc Igi; Ong iha nhung bd chdng tha, hay con cdi hit mong ba thdng mudi; Ba thdng mudi ngdy hit tudn chay gdi de...
So "ba" kit hop vdi s l "kai" la 4 cay bje ngtt, chilm ti Ifi 4,08%, Vi du: Tkdng hai trdng cd, thdng ba trong do; Tuu lam trd nh; Thdng gieng ret ddi, tkdng kai ret lgc, thdng ba ret ndng Bdn.
So "ba" kit hpp vdi so "tdm" xuit hifin hong 3 cau bic ngtt, chilm ti le 3,06%. Vi d y Thdng ldm ddi qua, thdng ba ddi chet; Thdng ba mua ddm, thdng ldm mua con.
Ngoai ra, so "ba" cdn ket hpp rai rae vdi cic con s l : 4,5,9,10,30. .vdi ti Ifi rit tiiip Vi dy: Thdng ba ddu Iron, thdng bdn ddu vi; Thdng chin mg chd, tkdng ba mg mam; Tam nam bdi phd, lu nii bdt ban: Di mudi bttdc xa han di ba bitdc Igi; Ngudi ta tku ngitdi la, ke Iki lien ruai ngudi ba muai ddng...
Trong tyc ngtt, con so "haf xuit hifin trong 35 ciu tyc ngfl, chilm ti lfi 7,14%; chfi ylu xuit hifin cap doi vdi so "mgt" d 17 cau, chilm ti lfi 48,57% Vi dp:
Gdi kem hai, trai han mgi; Hai thdc mat dugc mgt
H.QNang/Ho.OiJme 20li\p.2\-2S
ggo; Mgt dong khoai, hai dong vd; Mgt dong kiem ndt dong CO, hai ddng kiem dd con mdl.
Ngoai ra, so "haC kit hpp vdi so "haf l i 2 cau tuc ngtt, chiem ti le 5,71%. Vi du: Mgt vdng ddi ldy mat xanh, hat tay hai ggy lgy ank song Bd; Mgt nkd kai chu khong hda, hai vug mgt nudc dt Id khong yen.
So "kai" kit hpp vdi s l "tdm" la 4 ciu tuc ngfl, chiem ti lfi 11,43%, Vi du. Gdi thdng hai, trai thdng la; Thdng tdm mua Irai, tkdng hai mua tkoc...
So "hai" ket hpp vdi so "ba" l i 4 cau tuc ngtt, chiem ti lfi 11,43%, Vi dy: Thdng hai thiu mdt cd, thdng ba tkieu mat dd; Thdng hai trdng cd, Ikdng ba trong do...
s l "kar kit hpp vdi s l "bdn" la 3 cau tuc ngfl, chilm ti le 8,57%. Vi dy: Ckim vgi phtgng cSng ke lodi hai chdn, tkd vdi ki Idn cUng ki lodi bon vd ..
So "hai" dfing dpc Igp la 5 ciu tue ngft, chilm ti Ifi 14,28% Vi du Ben thdng thi bin pkdi chimg, hai ben ciing thdng thi ciing dirt day, Ruoe thdng hai chang khai Ihi tkdi .
Mpt dieu khac bifit rat rfi gitta bic ngtt v i thanh ngtt la hong flianh ngtt khdng he xuit hifin cac so thfi ta: tku nhdi, thu kai, tku ba, thii tu Cdn hong tyc ngtt, cic so flifi tu niy Igi xuat hifin vdi tin so tuang doi Idn. 62 cau tuc ngtt, chiem ti le 12,65%. Trong dd cac tuc ngft xuat hifin vdi thfir tu "tku nhdt - tku hai" l i 37 ciu, chilm ti Ifi 59,68% Vi dy Tku nhdt vade, thu nki gidc din; Thic nhdt sg ke ank kiing, tku nhi sg ke cd citng lieu than; Thic nhdt then lai, thu hai hda hogn: Thu nhdi dau de, thd nhi ngiia ghe ddn ghen;
Thii nhdi gigc pha, thu nhi nhd chdy ..
Thfi hr "thii nhdt - thu hai - ikii ba" la 23 ciu, chiem ti le 37,1%. Vi dy, Nhdt rugng, nhi ra, thti ba canh dien; Tku nhdt vg dgi trong nhd, tku nhi trdu cham, thu ba rua cim; Tku nhat thi mo coi cha, thu nhi gdnh va, thu ba buon thuyen; Nhdt canh tri, nhi canh vien, lam canh dien
Thfi tu "thu nhdt - thii kai - tku ba - thu bon" la 2 cay tyc ngft, chiem ti lfi 3,23%, Vi dy- Thii nhdt Ihi chit mdl cha. thii nki buon vd, thu ba ngugc dd; Nkat nudc, nhi phdn, bacan, bon giong.
6 dgng kit hpp niy, chfing ta thiy r5 day l i kilu so sanh thfi b | c . Thdng thudng cac so tiifi ty xuat hifin tang dan tfi mfic dd thap den mfic dd cao theo md hinh' Nhdt A nhi B hoic ThU nhdt A, thir nh} B, thir ba C, thir tu D. Thinh ngtt khdng thay xuat hifin cac trudng hop nhu viy bdi "Thanh ngtt gidi thieu mdt
hinh inh, mdt hifin tupng, mdt hgng thii, mdt tinh cich, mpt thai dp (...), Cdn tuc ngtt thi khac bin, nd { .,) di din mpt nhgn dmh cy the, mpt kit Iu|n chic chin, mpt kinh nghiem siu sic, mdt Idi khuyen rin, mpt bii hpc v l tu tudng dgo dfic Cd thi ndi npi dung cfia thanh ngtt mang tinh chit hifin tupng, cdn ndi dung cfia tpc ngtt ndi chung l i mang tinh chit qui Iu$t" [59, 13] Chinh vi thanh ngtt chi nfiu lfin mpt hhih inh, mdt hifin tuang, mpt hgng fliai,.,nfin khdng chfi ^ nhgn xet, neu len tiifi tu cac sy vgt, hifin tupng hong till gidi tu nhien va hong ddi song con ngudi,
Trong tuc ngtt, cdc sd tic thu t\c xudt hi?n idng dan theo trinh lg phdn dnh su sdp xep mot each logic cua ngudi I 'iel. Vi dp: Nkat can thi, nhi can gfang; Thu nhat hay cha, thu nki du ddn; Nkdt cank tri, nhi canh viin, lam canh dien; Nhdt me, nki cha, thic ba bd ngogi; Thu nhdt kink ki, thii nhi pkd Hiin. Trong ciu hue so sinh nay, eai quan hpng hon dupc ndi trudc, dupc dit len hang dau va duoc khing dinh d vi tri dau hfin qua sl tfi thfi b; "mgt". Nhu viy, dilu m i tac gia dan gian muon nhin mgnh li yeu to dfing sau con s l "mp/",
Tuy nhien, bfin cgnh nhttng cau tuc ngtt nfiu flifi h/
dl xem xet, danh gii flifi tu nkdt, nhi, ba. hong kho ting tyc ngtt con cd nhihig hudng hpp so tfi xuat hifin theo difi bj, trinh tu cbi mang tinh chit ude lfi NghTa li, kki sii dgng cdch noi theo sd thu t\e thi Igi bieu thj quan Ap ngang bdng, nku nkau cua van di cdn neu. Trong cSu hic ngfi- Nhdt quy, nki ma, tku ba hgc trd thi dyng
^ cfia ngudi ndi d diy chu ylu vi hoc trd nghjch ngpm, tinh quai nhu qui, ma chfi khdng phii hong diy lifit kfi, hpc hd dfing sau ma v i quy Tuong tu nhu viy, cau tyc ngft, Thir nhdi vg dgi trong nhd, thu nki nhd dgt, thu ba r\ta ciin dlu eho ta thay mdt su so sanh ngang bing nhau rat thfi vi, giau y nghia bieu trung; Tat ed cdc hin lugng, sg vifc dugc liet ke ra sau cdc lit chi tku lyc "thic nhdt, tku hai, thu ba" diu gdy cko ta cdm gidc bgx:
mink, khd ckfu nku nhau. Cd thi tim thiy rit nhieu cau kilu nhu vgy hong kho ting tuc ngft heng Vifit Vi du:
Nhdt mgt con, nhi tkudc ngon nda dieu; Nhat vg, nhi trdi; Thu nhdt pkgm phdng, ikic nki ldng lgn; Thic nhat quan sai, thic hai ng ddi; Thic nhdt th chit mat cha, tku nhi budn vd, tku ba ngugc do.. Trong nhfing trudng hpp niy, sy xuat hifin cfia so tfi khdng cd y nghia phan bifit ve thfi br, trinh tu nhung nd ddng vai hd quan hpng kit nli cio v l vdi nhau dl difin dgt hpn ven mpt npi dung nio dd
Trong kho ting tuc ngtt blng Vifit, con so "trdm".
"ngdn", "vgn" (d day ebiing tdi gpi chung la con so
H.Q.Nang/Ho.OS Jxme 20I8|p.21-28
"trdm") cfing xuit hifin vdi tan s l kha cao 48 cau bic ngft, chilm U Ifi 9,79%. Su kit hpp cfia con so "trdm " vdi cac con s l khic rat han chi Cy thi s l "trdm" dimg dfic Igp li 29 ciu tiie ngft, chilm ti Ifi 60,41%, Vi dy, Trdm dudng trdnh chdng khdi so; Co cua thi cua trdm do;
Trdm con trai khong bdng 16 tai con gdi: Tram an kliong bdng han liin .
s l "trdm" kit hpp vdi s l "mgt" ed mit hong 19 cau tuc ngft, chiem ti le 39,58%, Vi du. Tram tgi cUng vdo mdt gdng, Mf ddnh mgt trdm Ididng bang cha ngam mdl lieng: Trdm cdi kkdn ddn mgt cdi dgi; Mgt diiu miing, trdm dieu lo ldng..
Con sl "mudi" hong tuc ngft ciing cd tan s l xuit hifin htang dli cao: 41 lan, chiem ti Ifi 8,37% Trong do so "mudi" kit hpp vdi so "chin" xuat hifin hong 17 cau tuc ngtt, chilm ti Ifi 41,46%. Vi dy: Chin dgn mudi trdu, chit cUng hai tay cdp dil: Vay chin thi la trd mudi, hdng kh iheu thdn cd ngudi cho vay;
Thdng chin an ntai, thdng mudi dn rude; Thdng chin mua rugi, tkdng mudi mua mg..
So "mudi" dfing ddc Up cd mat d 13 ciu tuc ngtt, chilm ti lfi 31,7%. Vi du Cudi vg khdng treo, mudi heo cUng mat; Ngc nguai bdng mudi ngc ran; Phi cua trdi, mudi ddi chdng cd: O cd nhdn, mudi phdn chdng kkdn.
So "mudi" kit hpp vdi s l "nam" cd mit hong 9 cau tyc ngtt, chilm U le 21.95%. Vi d y Thdng ndm kon ve trudc, thdng mudi dugc ve sau; Thdng ndm kkua bdu, thdng muai sdu ram; Thdng ndm nam vfc, thdng mudi mudi vifc.
So "mudi" kit hpp vdi so "sdu" chi xuit hifin d 1 cau tuc ngtt, chilm ti Ifi 2,44%: Trdu de thdng sdu, vg di thdng mudi So "mudi" kit hpp vdi s l "ftdy" cflng chi CO I cau tue ngtt, chiem ti le 2,44%' Yiu nhau cau bay bo ba, ghet nhau cau bdy bo ra Idm mudi.
So "mudi" trong tuc ngtt mang ci ^ nghia thuc va y nghia bieu hung Y nghia thyc cfia con so "mudi" chfi ylu xuit hifin trong cie biln the "thdng mudf'- Thdng sdu ggi cdy rdo rdo, thdng mudi lua chin mo rao cdm ddng; Dim thdng ndm chia ndm da sdng, ngdy tkdng mudi chua cudi dd ldi; Thdng chin dn ruai, tkdng mudi dn rude; Tkdng mudi sam rgp, thdng chgp sam dgng.
Con so "bdy" xuit bifin hong 26 cau tyc ngft, chilm ti Ifi 5,31%. So "bdy" chfi ylu kit h ^ vdi con so "ba": IS ciu tyc ngft, chilm ti Ifi 57,69%. Vi dy, Ngudi thi md bdy md ba. ngudi thi do rdch nhu Id do la; So ro mdi biet beo gdy, bdy ngdy ba bdo biit cdy
cung mim: Mong bdy ngdu ra, mdng ba ngdu vdo; An ndi bdy qudng ra, ndi ba qudng vdo .
So "bd)/' dfing dpc lip la 6 cay tyc ngfi, chilm ti lfi 23,08%. Vi dy Thdng b^ kiin bd chi lo Igi IvU Thdng bdy keo may. chudn chudn bay th bdo; IMO thdng bdy vg chdng gidy nhau
So "bay" kit hpp vdi s l "mgi" chi xyit hifin d 2 cau tyc ngtt, chilm ti Ifi 7,69% Mgt ldi ndi ddi, sdm hdi bdy ngdy; Mgt chdng ray Id bdy chdng chd.
Con so "chin" xuit hifin trong 34 eau tyc ngtt, chiem ti lfi 6,94%. Con s l "ckin" chfi yen kit hpp vdi con s l "mudi" xuat hifin d 17 cau tyc ngtt, chilm ti lfi 50% v i mang mot y nghTa bilu tnmg chung l i so nhily hoic sy day dfi, hoan thien, hoan hio: Chin nhin mudi an. Cam chdng Idnh cank chdng ngon, chin dgn mudi con cung lia; Ckin dgn, cdn mudn dgn nUa Id mudi.
So "chin" kit hop vdi con s l "mot" xuit hifin hong 11 ciu tyc ngtt, chilm ti le 32,35%: Ldm dichin pkuang de mgt phucmg lay ckdng; Ddu xdy chin bdc phii dd, khong bang ldm phuc cuu cho mdl ngudi, Mgt su (cdu) nhin Id chin su (edu) Idnh.
s l "ckin" dfing ddc Igp cd mit hong 6 ciu tyc ngtt, chilm ti lfi 17,65%: Hg ckin ddi con han ngudi dimg: Mdu lodng cdn hem nudc Id, ckin ddi hg me cdn hem ngudi dung: Rau muong thdng chin, ndng ddu nhin cho me chong an.
Con so "tdm" xuat hifin vdi tan so it hem hieu: 16 ciu tyc ngfi, chilm ti lfi 3,26% So "ldm" dung ddc lap gom cd 4 cau tyc ngtt, chilm ti lfi 25%' Bau due chdng den bdn tku tdm, cdm nkd ckdng den mieng lgn se: An tdm lgng, trd nua cdn.
s l "tdm" kit hop vdi so "haf' cd mit trong 4 can tuc ngft, chilm ti Ifi 25%: Gdi thdng hai, trat thdng tdm; Cd ro thdng ldm chang ddm bdo ai.cdro thdng hai bdo ai thi bdo.
s l "ldm" kit hpp vdi so "tdm" ehi cd 2 cau bic ngtt.
chilm ti lfi 12,5%, so "ldm" kit hpp vdi so "ndm" chi cd 1 ciu tuc ngfi, chilm ti lfi 6.25%; so "tam" kit hpp vdi sl
"bd' cd 3 cau tyc t ^ , chilm ti lfi 18.75%; so "tdm" kithpp vdi so "mudi ldm" chi cd 1 cau tuc ngft, cbiem ti lfi 6,25%, sl "ldm" kit hpp vdi s6 "fcoy" cung chi cd 1 ciu tyc ngft.
chiem ti le 6,25% Vi dy: Thdng Idm Ire non ldm nkd.
thdng ndm tre gid ldm lgt; Mong ldm tkdng ldm khdng mua, bd cdy bd biia md nho lua di; Thdng ldm chua qua, thdng ba da den.
s l "tdm" xuat hifin hong tyc ngtt vdi hai bien ttie
"thdng ldm" Khi xuit hifin vdi biln till l i "tkdng
24
H.Q.Nang/tio 08June 2018|p.21-28
ldm", cac cau tpc ngtt hiu nhu chi xuit hifin vdi nghTa den. neu len nhttng hifin tupng thdi tilt hojc nhftng kinh nghiem hong lao ddng sin xuit Thdng bdy mua gdy cdnh trdm, thdng tdm ndng rdm trdi budi; Thdng tdm gid may tudi ddng; Thdng ldm dn dc trdng trdng.
Con so "bdn" xuit hifin hong 16 ciu tuc ngtt, chilm U lfi 3,26 So "bdn" kit hpp vdi so "mgf ed d 3 cau tuc ngtt, chilm ti le 18,75%, Mgi lan nggi tdn, bdn idn chdng xong: Mgt ldi irdl dd ndi ra, dii rdng bon ngua Idid md dudi theo. So "bon" kit hpp vdi so "bd' chi co 1 cau tuc ngtt, chilm ti le 6,25%' Thdng ba ddu Iron, thdng bdn dduve.
So "bon" xuit hifin hong tuc ngfl vdi 2 biln thi' lu, thdng tu Khi xuit hifin vdi biln the "tkdng It/', ciu tyc ngtt cd y nghia nen lfin mdt hien tuong hole mpt kinh nghiem san xuat cfia cha dng ta xua: Mua tkdng lu ku dat: Thdng giing trdng cu lit. tkdng tu trong eu la. Khi xuit hifin vdi bien till "lu^', ciy hic ngtt thudng liet ke cac hien tupng, ngudi hole dia danh dupc xIp logi theo tifiu chi nao dd Ti'c hdi giai kuynh di.
3. Kha nang ket h ^ cua so tir trong tuc ngw s l bi hong tyc ngtt cd thi dung d nhilu vj hi khic nhau Dau cau, gitta ciu hay cuoi cau. Vi d y Mgt cdi tdc, mgt cdi tgi, Budn cd mgt, bdn cd mudi; Ddi na tkdng ba, ddt nhd thdng tdm; Hai vg chdng son, de mgt con thdnh bdn. S l bi khdng chi xuit hifin mpt lin ma cdn cd the xuat hifin nhieu lan hong mdt ciu tuc ngtt ngin gpn' Nhdt -vg, nki trdi; Nhdt duyin, nki phgn, tam phong thd; Nhat mf, nhi cha the ba bd ngoai. So tfi hong tyc ngtt khdng chi kit hop linh boat vdi so tfi tao nfin nhChig cap con so gdp phin tgo nfin nghia bilu trung cua tpc ngft ma nd cdn ed kha nang ket hpp vdi cic tfi loai khac nhu danh bi, ddng tfi, tinh hr,
3.1, Khd ndng kit hgrp v&i danh tic s l tfi la til logi cd kha ning ket hpp pho bien trudc danh tfi. Dieu niy cfing thi hifin rit ro hong tyc ngfl, con s l kit hc^ vdi danh tfi chilm so lupng Idn. 383 cau tue ngtt hen tong s l 490 ciu, chilm t j lfi 78,16%, Trong dd con s l kit hpp tiiidc danh tfi la 350 cau, chiem ti le 91,38% S l tfi cd the kit hop trudc danh tfi ting hop Cling nhu cac tilu loai khac cfia danh tfi dl han dinh y nghia so lupng cho danh tir dd Vi du-
Hai vg ckong son, de mgt con thdnh bdn (Danh tfi tong hop);
Ba ndm d vdi ngucri don, ckdng bang mgt liic d gdn ngudi khon (panh tfi thdi gian);
Mpi con tdm cd chdt gi song, mgt cdi cdi long cd chdtgi 16 (Danh bi chi loai);
An tdm lgng, trd nira cdn (Danh tfi don vi);
Cd bfnh bdi tu phuang, Ididng benh ddng luang khdng mdt (Danh tir vj tri);
Nam nhdn tay cd ngdn ddi ngdn ngdn (Danh tfi chi bd phgn CO thi ngudi),
Mgt mf nuoi chin mudi con; chin mudi con kkong nuoi (Sipc mp/mf Panh tfi dli ngudi);
Nhat duyin, nhi phdn, tam phong tho (Danh tfi trim tuong);
Thu nhat then tai. thu hai hod hogn (Danh tfi chi flidi tilt);
Nhdt nudc. nhi phdn. lam cdn. lu giong (Danh tfi ehi chit lifiu);
Trdm trdu cUng mgt cong ididn; Mgt ckgch Ididng day ddng Panh tfi dii dpng vgt).
s l tir ciing cd the dimg sgu danh tfi nhung vdi so lupng it hon rit nhieu' 33 cau, chilm ti lfi 8,62% -va tiiudng xuat hifin hong cac kit hpp cd tinh In dmh. Vi dy: Trai con mgi thi lay. gdi con mgt thi dimg (chi xuat hien trong trudng hpp con mdt mi khdng cd con bai, con ba).
Hoic cic kit hpp danh tfi - s l tfi hong cau tyc ngfl cd tic dyng nhan manh vao c i cym danh tfi - so tfi dd Vi dy: Khdck mgt chu nhd ba; Con mgt chd di do day;
Dong mgt cua ngudi. ddng mudi cua la.
3.2. Khd ndng kit hap vdi dgng tk Trong tuc ngtt, s l bi kit hop vdi dpng bi chiem so lupng it hon rit nhilu so vdi khi ning kit hpp vdi danh tfi Trfin tong so 490 cau hic ngtt chfia con so, chi cd 80 cau hie ngft cd su kit hpp vdi ddng tfi, chiem ti IS 16,32% Trong dd, s l tfi kit hpp trudc dpng tfi la 48 ciu, chilm tl Ifi 60% Khi so tfi kit hpp vdi ddng tir d l nfiu lfin nhttng nhan xet v l each fing "Xd cfia con ngudi trong x i hpi hoic nfiu Ifin nhflng kinh nghifim cfia nhin dan hong lao ddng sin xyat, Vi dy Chin nkm.
mudi dn; Mgt mai mudi ngd; Nhat ckai tiin, nki gian lien; ThU nhat leo ri. thii nhi Ire ednh; Thdng hai trdng cd. thdng ba trdng do.
Trong nhfing kit hop niy -^ nghTa cfia dong tfi dupc chuyin hoa gilng danh tfi do khi ning kit hpp sau so tfi (Trdm nghe kkdng bdng mgt tkay)
s l tfi dfing sau dpng tfi xuit hifin vdi tan so it hon 32 cau, chilm ti Ifi 40% Khi so tir dfing say dong tfi till y nghia nhin manh thudng roi vao v l say, cai phy
H.Q.Nang/bio OSJune 2018|p.21-28
nhily hon cai chinh, Vi d u Ong thdy dn mgt, bd cdt dn hai: Ciia Bgt mat mgt den mudi, cua ngudi mdt mudi din mgt; Me ddnh mot trdm khdng bang cha ngam mgt tieng.
3.3. Khd ndng kit hap vdi tinh tir Trong tuc ngft, so tfi cflng co kha nang ket hop vdi tinh tfi, nhung so lupng it hon nhieu so vdi sy kit hop vdi danh tfi va ddng tfi. Theo thong ke cua chfing tdi, hong tong so 490 ciu tue ngtt chfia con so tbi chi co 24 ciu tuc ngtt co sy kit bop gifta so tfi v i tinh bi, chilm ti lfi 4,9% Trong dd so tir dfing trudc tinh tfi la 16 cau mc ngft, chilm ti le 66,67%. S l tfi dfing sau tinh tfi la 8 ciu tuc ngtt, chilm ti lfi 33,33% Khi s l tfi dung sau tinh tfi thudng neu lfin su danh gii vl die diem cfia su vgt, doi tupng nhu: Dii dep tdm van nghin tu, md kkdng cd nil cUng hu mgt ddi
Vdi kit hpp niy thi y ngbia cfia so ttr tuang duang cac phy tfi mfic dfi dl chi J nghia li nhieu, rdt nhieu. Neu thieu net thi du rit d^p dng cha ta ciing xem Ii khdng cd gii tri Hoic so tfi difi tir cd khi nang kit hop vdi tinh tfi theo quan he de - tiiuyet de danh gia tinh chit, mfic do ,.
cfia sy vat, hien tuong Vi dy: Nhdt / cgn thf, nhi / cgn giang; Nhdt / le. nhi / hn; Nhdt / anh hiing. nki / cd ciing; Nhat / can tkdn. nhi / cgn Idn.
Qua vific khio sit sy kit hpp cfia cac con so vdi cac tfi logi dfing trudc va sau nd, chfing tdi nit ra duoc nhihig nhgn xet say:
- Cung nhu hong thinh ngft, so tfi hong tuc ngtt cd khi nang kit hpp vdi nhilu tfi logi khac nhau So tfi con cd thi kit hpp duoc vdi nhieu tilu loai cfia mpt tfi loai, chang han, kit hpp dupe vdi 11 hlu logi cfig danh tfi.
- Khi so tfi kit hop vdi cac yeu to khic don vi tfi vung khac (phin Idn l i cae thyc tfi) m i trong tyc ngtt CO hifin tupng chuyen hoa hi loai Cu the li'
- Danh tfi ehi do dung, vat dyng cua nghi ndng chuyin hoi thanh danh tfi chi dan vj tinh toin, do ludng nhu;
Chen (Thi mgt chen nudc, pkudc ckai bdng non) Bat (Mdl bdt cam cha bdng ba bdt cam ri; Mgi bdi com rang bdng sdng cemi thdi)
Dpi (Mgt Idi ndi, mgt dgi mdu)
Ginh (Mgt mieng lgc ihdnh bdng mgt gdnh lgc trdn) Sang (Dl mgt ngdy ddng. kgc mgt sdng khon) Gianh. sot (Gdi dd mgt gidnh. gdi Idnh mgt sgl) Nieu, Ip (Gidu mgt lg, khd mgt miu)
N i l (Vet ndi ba muai cUng day niiu mdl) Kho, nang (Mgt kho vdng bdng mdt nang ehu) Thung, dau (Mgt thung cung vdo mgt ddu) Nong (Mgt nong tdm bdng ndm nong ken, mgt nong ken Id chin nong ttr)
B I (Worn md mgt bd dao gdm)
- Dpng tfi chi hogt dpng tip hpp cic e i the thanh mpt chinh the chuyin hoa thanh danh tfi don vj mang y nghia tap hop nhu
Nim (MOT n^idi mgt ndm thdi ddm dd ong) Nam (Mgt ngm gid bdng mgt bd eheo) Bfi. nen (Con gidu mgi bd, eon khd mgi nen) G6i (M^/ meng kh ddi bdng mdl gdi khi no) Ganh (Mp( gdnh vdng, mgt nang chU).
Nhu viy. sl tfi cd vai hd chuyin boa mdt danh ttr chi vgt thinh danh tfi chi don vi hoic chuyin hoi mdt dpng tfi thanh danh tfi don vi. Su chuyin hoi hen cfing the hifin dupc loi tu duy dan gian chat phic, cy the m i bien hoa Iinh hoat cfia ngudi Viet.
Mfit dilu thfi vj ntta la, hong tuc ngft, de thi hifin y nghTa ting tiln v l s l lupng, v l mfic dd. ngudi ta khong cin dfing cic phd bi chi mfic dp cao nhu: rdt, qud, ldm mi sfi dung su kit hop gitta so tfi vdi cac danh tfi chi don vi d l bilu trung cho so nhilu. Su kit hpp nhu v§y dem din nhttng kilu ndi cd ve phi logic nhung lai the bifin each nhin ddc dio v l doi tupng Vi dy Mp( dim ndm, mgt ndm a; Mgt con ngga dau, cd ldu bd cd; Mgt ke diing ddng, cd ldng nham mdt; Mgi ngoi sao. mdt ao udc
M5t khac, sl tfi cdn gitt mot vai tro nfla la Igo kha nang ket hpp sang tao cho cac danh tfi khic, ma nhm be ngoii co ve phi logic song lai hpp Ii khi ngudi ndi hirang den mfit nhan thux: nao do Vi du. Mgt ngm gid bdng mgt bo eheo.
Tnang Uiuc te, "nam" khdng flie dfing de do gio vi "ngm" la danh tfi don vi cbi mpt lupng vgt chit rdi cd the nim bang bin tay, Cdn "gid" li sy chimin ddng cua khdng khi Chung thudc hai phgm hfi khic bin nhau v i khong ai cd the Itq' tay de nhlt gid 0 day, vdi s l tfi "mgt" a phia hude, ciu tuc ngtt da kit hpp dupc hai phgm hu iy Igi, dem din mpt kinh nghifim cua n ^ l song nudc: Thuyen be g^ gid se thudn Igi rat nhieu vdi sue ngudi bd ra eheo lay.
Dieu dang ndi Ii khi kit hpp vdi so tfi, cac ylu to kit hpp vdi nd thudng mang mghTa mdi khac vdi nghia von cd cfia nd, lim cho ciu hic ngtt mang nghia dl dien dgt trpn ven npi dung, dung y cfia ngudi ndi Liic dd, so tit khdng cdn de chi so luong hay flifi tu ma mang nghia bieu
2 6
H.Q.Nang/iio OSJune 2018|p.21-28
hung Ching ban, trong ciu hie ngtt Mgt tiin gd. ba Uen ikdc, khi s l ttr "mgf kit hpp vdi "tiin gd" va so ttr "ba"
ket hop vdi "tien thdc" tgo nfin ciu hfic sdng doi thi "lien gd'l "lien thdc", till lien khdng cdn l i danh tfi chi tien le ndi diung dupc dfing de tinh toan ntta m i di chimin sang nghia k h i c Tiengd (ch phi cho vif c ckink), tien thdc (chi phi cko -vifc phg) Nghia cfia ea cau nay la Chi phi eho vific phy tin kem hon c i vific chinh Lfic n ^ , so ttr "mgf vi "bd' khdng phii ehi mpt so lupng cp the, cbinh xac m i nd chi su dli lip gifta it va nhieu,
Khdng bi han che ve vi hi dfing, so tfi hong tuc ngtt cd the kit hpp linh hogt vdi nhieu tir logi, h i n bi logi khic nhay (chfi ylu la thuc ttr) dem den nhieu md hinh cau trfic sdng ddi can doi, hai hoa. D i e bifit, chfing cdn tgo rg nhilu kieu kit hpp sang tgo. mdi me.
lam phong phfi thfim kho ting tuc ngft cfia ngudi Vifit Diy l i mfit hong nhfing truyin thing ngtt vin tifiu bilu cfia ngudi Vifit xua, U'a su doi xfing, nhip nhing, thich ndi eu the bing nhflng con so,
4. Ket lu^n
Tfi ket qua khao sat va mifiu ta hogt dpng cic con so xuat hifin hong hie ngfl cd flil nfiu Ifin mfit s l nh^in xfit nhu sau'
- Cac con so xuit hifin phong phfi, hogt dfing cfia cic con s l trong tyc ngtt li rat linh hogt, Chiing cd flie kit hop vdi chinh chfing hoic cac con so khac d l tgo ra nhflng e|p doi xfing, Cac con so hong tyc ngtt dly cd thi kit hpp vdi cic ttr logi khic nhu danh tfi, ddng bi, tinh tfi nhim the hifin rd han ham nghTa dupc biln hifin, Trong tyc ngtt, s l tfi kit hpp vdi danh ttr cd ti le xuat hifin nhieu hon sy kit hpp cua chung vdi dpng tfi v i tinh tfi, bdi Ifi danh bi dfing de gpi tfin c i c sy vat, hifin tupng hong thuc t l khich quan (mi cac su vgt, hifin tupng thi vd cung phong phfi), ddng tfi dung dl dinh danh hoat dpng, tinh tfi dung d l dmh danh phim chat nen so lupng cfia chfing it hon
- So lupng cae eau tuc ngtt chfia con so kha nhiln Tin s l sfi dung, y nghta bilu hifin cua cic con s l trong thanh ngtt v i tyc ngft cfing khic nhau, Neu d thinh ngft con so "ba" - con s l gin liln vdi sy thifing lifing, ttian bi - li con so dupc ua dfing, d|c bifit li c i p kit hpp c i c con so "ba" va "bdy" hay dupc dfing hon c i . thi hong tyc ngtt nhttng dilu nhan dan muln khing djnh, nhin manh hay gfii gim thudng roi vao con so
"mpt"- con so cin ban cfia mpi sy tiln hoi, con s l khdi diu, lydn dem Igi nhflng diln mdi me, t i t dpp, dem den sfic song mdi cho mpi ngudi
Cac con s l cd t h i dfing dpc lap hoac cd thi kit hop vdi nhau thinh tfing cap Cic con so hong tuc ngtt dgc bifit la con so "mgt" tuy cd su kit hop rit da dang nhung chfing ta van cd thi quy ve nhihig mo hinh ca ban, thing nhit.
Cac con s l hong thanh ngtt hau nhu deu duoc sfi dung vdi y nghia bilu tnmg, cdn hong tuc ngtt, do die hung phan inh nhttng quy luat. nhftng kinh nghifim v l thdi tilt, kinh nghifim hong lao ddng san xuit nfin cd mpt bp phin c i c cau tuc ngtt, con so chi don thuin mang y nghia dinh lupng chinh x i c hoic goi ten thing, chu khdng cd nghia bilu hung.
Trong tpc ngft cd mdt bd phin c i c con so duoc sfi dung li c i c so thfi ty (//(«• nAo/, thitkai, thu ba..,)vdi chfic ning de lifit ke cac su vgt hifin hrpng hojc phan anh thfi bx danh gia, phan logi
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Tran Gia Anh (2007), Con sd ddn gian, Nxb Vin hda Sai Gdn,
2, Difip Quang Ban (2008), NgU phdp tiing Vifi, Nxb GD.H;
3 Lfi Bifin (1999), Tii logi Uing Viet hen dgi. Nxb GD,H,
4 D6 Hihi Chau (1962), Gido trink Viet ngU (tap 2, tfi hpi hpe), Nxb GD.H,
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7 Tmong Quang De (2004), Con sd Irong ddi sdng quanh /fl,Nxb GD,K
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NgavdAnh". Thdng bao khoa hoe, so 6, h, 100 - 105;
zfi
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12. Nguyen Xuin Kinh (1996), "Hai khuynh hudng trong ca dao ngudi Viet vi su chinh xdc cua "con sd"". Tap chi Van hoi din gian. so 3, h.73 - 83, 13 D6 Thi Kim Lien (2002), "Ngft nghia cfia kit hop cd cac tfi bieu tuong chi con so chi luong "mdt" trong hic ngtt Viet Nam", Tgp chi Ngdn ngii, s l 15, h 11 -19, 14 D l Thj Kim Lien (2005). "NgU nghia cua nhiing
"con so " trong Ika Nguyen Binh ", Tgp chi Ngdn ngU vd ddi song. so7, h,I3 - 17,
15. Do Thi Kun Lien (2006), Tgc ngii Vifl Nam dudi goc nhin ngir nghTa - ngU dgng. Nxb DHQG, H.
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The activation of numerals in Vietnamese proves
Ha Quang Nang
A b s t r a c t
Recieved:
25/12/2017 Accepted:
12/6/2018
Keywords:
Proveb, numeral, activation of numeral in proveb.
The paper surveys, describes and analyzes flie acting charactenstics of flie numerals in the heasure of Vietnamese proverbs Basing on the statistics of proverbs containing numerals in the heasure of Vietnamese proverbs, the paper determines the quantity, the frequency of usage of the numerals in proverbs.
Besides that, the paper descnbes. analyzes the acting of numerals on two aspects the combination between numerals in the proverbs and the ability of combination of Uie numerals with other parts of speech as nouns, verbs and adjectives.
