24 SO 09-2019 CHAU MY NGAY NAY
CHINH TRI - LUAT
s d HtTU VA KIEM SOAT SUNG DAN TRONG XA HOI HOA KY
Nguyen Anh Hiing*
Tdm tat." Sa hieu vd sic dung simg Id mgt truyen thdng lau dai, gdn chat v&i tieng cd nhdn, gia dinh trong xd hgi Hoa Ky. Tuy nhien, thai gian qua, tgi Hoa Ky viic sic dung simg dgn hiea bdi da gdy nen nhiiu tdc dgng, dnh huang lieu cue. Trin ca sa phdn tich ngudn gdc vd hau qud viec nguai ddn sd him simg dgn, ddng thai ddnh gid nhiing chinh sdch vd biin phdp kiim soat simg dan cua Chinh quyin Hoa Ky nhiing ndm gdn ddy, bdi viet dua ra mgt sd nhdn xet vi tinh trgng s& hiru vd kiim sodt siing dan trong xd hdi Hoa Ky hien nay.
Tir khoa: Hoa Ky, chinh sach, xa hdi, sd hiru siing dan, kigm soat siing dan.
1. Nguon gdc va hau qua viec so*
huu Sling d^n d Hoa Ky
Ngay tir thdi ky kham pha, chinh phyc va banh trudng lanh thd d Bac My, siing da la cdng cu hd trp hieu qua nhat trong qua trinh di dan tir chau Au. Sung cung la vO khi hang dau, phd bien trang hi cho luc lupng vii trang va dan chiing, dung Ign chdng ddi sy dd hp, dan ap cua Vuong qudc Anh, gianh dpc lap dan tdc, lap ngn Hpp chung qudc Hpa Ky tir nam 1776, ban hanh Hiln phap nam 1787, thiit lap he thdng eae co quan chinh quyin mdi, ty dp va dan chii. Digu bd sung thir II (Quyin giO va mang vii khi) cua Hiln phap Hoa Ky dupe thdng qua ngay 15/12/1791, quy dinh dam bac che mpi cdng dan My dupe cd quyin sd htm va su dyng siing: "Xet thdy lye lupng dy bi cd to chuc nghiem chinh la rdt can
thiet cho nen an ninh ciia mpt qudc gia ty do, quyin eiia dan chiing dupe giii va sir dung vii khi se khdng bi vi pham"' Ciing vdi sy phat triln, ldn manh, quan trpng vg vi thg, vai trd va Jnh hudng, Hoa Ky sdm trd thanh qudc gia hang dSu thi gidi ve tigm lye quan sy, sd hCm sd lupng khdng Id vu khi va trang bj sung rpng rSi cho ngudi dan. Tinh din cudi nam 1996, tai Hoa Ky ed khoang 232 trieu khau siing dupe biy ban hpp phap hoac dupe ngudi dan sd hiru, sii dung. Nam 2000 la 259 trieu kh4u sung, nam 2007 la 294 tri?u khSu siing, nam 2009 la 310 tridu khSu siing^ nam 2018 la 393 trieu khiu sung', va nhu vay, trung binh ngay nay mdi ngudi dan My cd mdt khau sting.
Cude tham dd do Vien Gallup tiin hanh nam 2004 eho thiy tai My khi do
' Vim nghien cicu Chdu My
CHAU MY NGAY NAY S6 09-2019 25 nguoi sd hOu sung chiim ty le 49% nam
gidi, 33% phu nil, va 44% ngudi da trang, 24% ngudi da mau. Dong thdi, gia nua sd ngudi (56%) d ndng thdn sd hiru Sling, so vdi 40% ngudi ngaji thanh va 29% ngudi sdng trong dd thi. Cdn v l dang phai, cung cd tdi hon mdt nua thanh vien dang Cdng hda (53%) sd hiru sung, cac thanh vign dang Dan chu sd hilu Sling chigm 31% va nhimg ngudi ddc lap (khdng thupc dang phai nao) cd Sling la 36%'.
Da sd hp tin Hoa Ky cd mdt ngn van hda - truyin thdng siing dan rdng ldn, viing chac, dupe kign taa va gin giii bdi cac ygu td: (1) Sy chinh phyc, xay dung vung dit mdi, diu tranh giai phdng, gianh ddc l|p dan tdc; (2) Su gia tang, phd bien vg sd lupng, tinh chat vii khi tai My theo thdi gian; va (3) Quyen sd hilu vii khi la mdt quyen con ngudi va tu do ca nhan ca ban, dupe Hien phap va phap luat ghi nhan, bap ve, duy tri.
Viec sd hilu va sii dyng siing cua ngudi dan Hpa Ky, tuy cd nhimg tac dung nhat djnh, nhimg cung dua tdi nhiiu hSu qua nghigm trpng - dac bi?t la gan vdi tinh trang bao luc tran lan.
Theo thdng kg, cd khoang 1,4 trieu ngudi da chit vi sung d My trong thdi gian tir nam 1968 din nam 2011'. Ngay nay, tai My mdi ngdy trung binh ed ban 30 ngudi chit vi siing dem tin cdng, 60 ngudi tu sat bang siing dan; ban 70% sd ngudi dupe hdi timg bi dpa giet bdi ke cim Sling, ty le ty sat bang siing cao nhat thi gidi (29,7 trudng hpp/l hieu dan);
da sd ngudi dan ung hd sd hiru va sir dung Sling, doanh thu ban sung dan cho ca nhan mdi nam dat khoang 3,5 ty USD, 40% lupng Sling dan ban ra tir nhung cila hang chua dupe cap phep, 32/50 sd bang khdng yeu cau kiim tra ly lich khi mua Sling ddi vdi khach mua le, va Hoa Ky ehi chigm 4,43% dan sd the gidi nhung lai chiem tdi 42% lupng sdng d?n do dan thudng sd him, su dung'...
Mac dil luat le ciia ca cip lien bang lan bang va dja phuang dgu cd tihiing quy dinh kiem ehi, gidi ban nghigm ngat ddi vdi ngudi mua ban, sd huu va sir dung sung, nhung xem ra chua hieu qua bdi: (1) Tinh trang bao lye, bat dn xa hdi da dang va gia tang; (2) Sung dan la phuang tien hiiu hieu, nhanh gpn bac nhit dl giai quyit dut dilm/chim diit nhiiu xung dot, bl tic; va (3) Chinh quygn khdng thg kigm soat ndi y chi, nhu ciu cua ca nhan ngudi su dung mdi khi ngudi dd su dung siing dan.
2. Mdt $6 chinh sach va bien phap kiim scat siing dan d Hoa Ky nhirng nam gin day
Ngay 16/1/2013, Tdng thdng Obama da ky ban hanh 23 lenh hanh phap (executive orders) d l giai quygt van dg bao lye ttr sung tai Hoa Ky'. Gdi lenh nay gdm cac bien phap: yeu cau cac ca quan lign bang thigt ISp mpt he thdng dii lieu lien quan sin cd dg tao digu kien thuan Ipi chp he thdng kiem tra nhan than toan lign bang, giai quyet nhiing vin dl phap ly khdng can thigt.
26 S6 09-2019 CHAU MY NGAY NAY tao thuan loi cho cac bang trong viec
ctmg cap nhilng ngudn thdng tin sin cd cho he thdng kiim tra ly lich cua hen bang, khuygn khich cac bang chia se thdng tm cho he thdng nay, quy dinh kigm tra nghidm ng?t hd so nhung vy mua ban sung dan, ddng ciia vTnh vign mdt sd digm ban le va cac phdng trung bay sung dan, gidi han sd dan tren mdi bang (khdng qua 10 vign), cim tang tru cac lo?d dan cd kha nang xuyen thiing ao giap, bai bd Ignh cam cac co quan nha nude tign hanh nghign cuu vg bao lye Sling dan, tang cudng djch vy y tl tam thin, keu gpi Qudc hOi sdm thdng qua dy luat eSm cdc loai vu Idii tan cdng (vdn dS hit han ttr nSm 2004). Gdi lenh ciing tSip trung vao cac vin dl: tang cudng kiim tra ly lich phd quat, cam vii khi tin cdng va bang d?n nhigu vign, bao ve tre em va tang cudng an toan trudng hpc, gia tang tiip cjn cac dich vy site khde tam than...
Ngay 5/1/2016, Tong thdng Obama ban hanh them kg hojch quan ly va kiim soat siing dan vdi 5 digm chinh:
(1) Kiim tra ly Ijch toan bd nhitag ngudi ban Sling dan - k l ca nhitng ngoai 1?
hien thdi danh cho mdt sd ngudi ban siing dan trgn mang va tsii triln lam; (2) Cac bang cung cip thdng tin nhilng ngudi khdng du dieu kign mua sung do bi benh than kinh hoac cd yeu td bao lye gia dinh; (3) Tang cudng lye lupng cho Cyc Diiu fra lign bang (FBI) d l tiin hanh kiim tra ly Ijch, thue them 230 nhan vien kiim tra; (4) Quoc hpi dupe
ygu cau dau tu thgm 500 tri^u USD dl cai thien dich vu cham sdc sire khde tam thin tai Hoa Ky; va (5) Cac bd lien quan (Qudc phdng, Tu phap. An ninh npi dja...) nghign cilu thgm cdng nghf
"sung thdng minh" de cai thien an toan sd dung Sling*.
Mac dil, Tdng thdng Obama cd ging ban hanh nhitag lenh hanh phap, ke hoach va cac quy dinh, phu hpp vdi Hign phip Hoa Ky va quygn dupe sd hiru, sit dung silng d^n cua ngudi dan, nham cai thidn tinh trang su dyng sling d ^ bira bai va xa siing tham sat hang loat d My trong thdi ky nay. Tuy nhien, dng sdm gap phai sy chi trich, phan ddi tit phia dang Cdng hda, nhit la khi tir diu nam 2015 din cudi nam 2018, dang nay dS ehilm da sd trong ca Thupng vi?n va Ha vien. Ho cho ring Tdng thdng, trong viec nay, da vi pham mdt sd dap luat, tham chi vi hiln, vi: (1) Mpi khao s4t, tham dd, trung cau y Iciln gan day cho thay vin cdn gia nda (52- 58%) ngudi My ung ho sd hOu vi sir dung sung ma it bj chinh quyin gidi h?n, kiim soat; (2) Phai hd trp viec giam thigu bao lye, ngan chSn cae vy tan cdng ngudi dan bing viec cho hp ty do mua, mang va sd dyng vii khi dl ty V?; (3) iing hO quygn ty do ea nhan trong viec mua ban, lim trir sung djm ma khdng can dang ky; bao vg cdc nhj san xuat, phan phdi sung dan v4 phan ddi vi?c chinh quyin lien bang cip phep, dang ky cho nhitag ngudi sd dung sung (dd phai la quyin cda chinh quyin bang
CHAU MY NGAY NAY 27 hojc dia phuang); v i (4) Viec kiem soat
mua ban, luu trii, sii dyng sung dan la trai vdi quy dinh trong Hiln phap (vi hiln), ngn ngu Tdng thdng mudn viec dd dupe thyc hien hieu qua thi budc phai sua ddi bd sung nhilng quy dinh lidn quan trong Hiln phap - mdt vin dl bit khi thi vdi thue trang hi$n nay.
Sau eudc xa sung kinh hoang sang 12/6/2016 tai thanh phd Orlando (thii pham Omar Saddiqui Mateen xa siing bira bai, gigt chgt 50 ngudi, lam bi thuang 53 ngudi), vi?c tranh cSi trong kiim soat sii dyng sung lai birng Ign.
Cuong l&ih tranh cir tdng thdng nam 2016 cua ca hai dang Dan chu, Cdng hda dgu rit luu y dgn van dg nay. Ung vign tdng thdng Rodham Hillary Clinton ciia dang Dan chii img hd kg hoach kiem soat Sling cua Tdng thdng Obama va tuygn bd ngu dac cu, sS dimg djc quygn hanh phap d l giai quyit van dg kiim soat sdng khi Qudc hdi khdng hanh ddng phu hop hojc kip thdi. Cdn iing vign tdng thdng Donald Trump cda dang Cpng hda thi ung hd quygn sd hiru vd khi cua ngudi dan, nhung cho rSng phai cd bien phap ngan chSn, kigm soat hieu qua trong thue trang su dyng siing va khiing bd tai Hoa Ky ngay nay.
Dupe cho la ngudi hay thay ddi va ed nhitag quyit dinh khd doan trudc, nhung Donald Trump sudt trong qua ttinh ttanh CUT, tdi luc die cil, rdi nham chile tdng thdng td ngay 20/1/2017 din nay, diu thi hien quan dilm kha nhit quan ddi vdi vin dl su dung va kiim soat sung.
Trump phan ddi m ^ h me chinh sach Icigm soat gat gao siing dan.
Theo dng, nguygn nhan gay ra nhilng vy xa siing kinh hoang tai Hoa Ky khdng phai do siing ma do "vin de sure khde tinh than ky 1?". Ong cam kit giam bdt viec kiim soat sung djn, cho hop phap hda viec mang siing d nhieu noi - kg ca tai cac can cd quan su va trudng hpc. Ong cho ring, dl giam bdt bao lye sung dan, cac lye lupng chuc nSng can manh tay han trong vige trin ap, xd ly tinh hudng; ddng thdi, luat phap cung can cho phgp nhitag ngucri sd hiiu sung dupe quyen "ty ve va dd la mdt each de chdng tdi pham"
Tdi ngay 28/2/2017, ngay trudc khi dpc bai phat bilu dau tign trudc hai Vign eua Qudc hpi Hoa Ky, Tdng thdng Trump da lang le ky Ignh hanh phip cho ap dyng trd lai djo lu?t cho phep mdt sd trudng hpp bi benh tam thin nh§ dupe mua sung. (Dao luit nay trudc diy timg dupe ap dung, nhung din cudi thdi Tdng thdng Obama bj bai bd khi thang
12/2016, Tdng thdng Obama ban hanh lenh hanh phap bupc cac co quan an sinh xa hpi My (SSA) phai chuyin toan bd danh tinh nhimg ngudi dang dupe hudng trp cip do b?nh tam thin din co quan lien bang NCIS cd trach nhiem kiim tea tiin su b?nh tat va phdp ly cua nhiing ngudi mudn mua sung ca nhan).
Day la mdt sy ndi rdng dang kl vi?c eho cac ci nhan su dyng sdng, dii theo thdng kg, chi khoang 4% sd vu bao lye lien quan tdi sung dan d My la do benh
28 CHAU MY NGAY NAY nhan tam than thue hien va tdng sd
ngudi My bi tam than hien chi khoang la 75.000'"
Dem ngay 1/10/2017, xay ra vu xa sung ghe rpn tai Las Vegas d Paradise (bang Nevada). Thu pham Stephen Paddock tren ting 32 khu nghi dudng Vinh Mandalay gan dd trudc khi ty sat da dung hang chuc khau sung vdi rat nhigu dan ban- xa bira bai va lien tiep xudng Ig hdi am nhac ddng que cd khoang 22.000 ngudi tham dy, khign 59 ngudi chit va it nhit 527 ngucri bi thuang. Ngay 11/10/2017 (10 ngay sau vy viec) tham dd cua Politico/Moming Consulting cho thiy 64% ngudi My iing hp luat vl sung dan phai nghigm ngat hon, trong khi chi 29% phan ddi; sy ung hd cua dang vien Dan chu la 83%, cao hon bin dang vign Cdng hda (49%) va nhung ngudi ddc Ijp (58%)"
Ngay 21/2/2018, sau vu xa sung tai Trudng Trung hoc Stoneman Douglas d Parkland (bang Florida), Tdng thdng Trump da td chuc tai Nha Tring eudc gap gd giao vign, hoc sinh, phu huynh cua trudng va dua ra 4 giai phap kiem soat chat che ca nhan sd hilu va su dyng sung dan, gdm: (1) Diy manh viec kigm tra ly lich cua ngudi mua sung; (2) Thigt lap cac quy dinh mdi cam viec sua ddi tinh nang vti khi (djc biet cim cai bign sung ban tu dpng thanh sung ty dpng);
(3) c i n cd nhirng ngudi bi mat mang vfl khi trong trudng hpc (nhu giao vien, bao ve) dl ngan chan, khdng chg viec sii dyng sung dan cua hpc sinh, sinh vign
va ngudi la vao ti-udng; va (4) Cin tang tudi tdi thigu dupe mua siing dan (phap lu$t lign bang hign hanh quy dinh khdng dupe ban sdng ngin cho ngudi dudi 21 tudi va sung trucmg cho ngudi dudi 18 tudi; vay cin quy dinh lai la chi ban cac loai sung dan cho ngudi binh thudng va tu 21 tudi trd Ign). Tuy nhien, ngay 4/5/2018, Tdng thdng Trump vin thi hien sy ung hd ddi vdi Hiep hdi Sung trudng qudc gia Hoa Ky (NRA) khi cam kgt khdng sigt ch?t them cac dao lu?t kigm soat sung d?n...
Theo thdng ke, trong ca nam 2018, tren loan nude My vin da xay ra hon 300 vy xa sung dam mau
3. Mot so nhan xet
Thyc tiang viec kigm soat sd bdu va su dyng sung d My hien cho thay: (1) Kha ddng ngudi phan ddi ca nhan sd hiiu sung dan rieng. Nhiiu ngudi din va hpc sinh, sinh vien yeu ciu chinh quygn lien bang bai bd quyen ca nhan sii dyng sung hoac phai cd cae dao luiit kiim soat sung dfin that chat che dg khdng xay ra nhitag vy tham sat; (2) Tdng thdng Trump cung cac nghi si, quan chuc dang Cpng hda dang phai ddi mat vdi sdc ep ngay cang ldn cua du luan cdng chung ve muc dp kiim soat ca nhan sd hiiu va su dyng sung dan; (3) Vi?c kiim soat sir dyng sung d?n khdng thg thyc hien ngay va sudn se bdi vip phai sy can trd, phdn ddi manh tit nhilng dang vidn, quan chuc Cpng hda bao thu va cac doanh nghiep, hiep hdi sung dan (nhit la NRA)
CHAU MY NGAY NAY S6 09-2019 29 dang rat CO the luc a Hoa Ky; va (4)
Hau qua cua viec su dyng bua bai sung dan van rong Ion, nghiem trong, khien da so ngucfi dan My deu phai quan tam, chia se va chiu tac dong dang kk
Tir dku thang 3/2018 dfin nay, phan Ion nguoi My ung ho luat ve so hmi va su dung sung dan phai nghiem ngat hon, bao g6m h6 tro rpng rai cho ki^m tra ly lich pho quat va thai gian bat buoc cho doi khi mua siing; dong thoi h5 trgr elm vu khi tan cong, them toi pham, benh nhan tam thin vao he thdng kiem tra ly lich va cam ban siing dan cho nguoi duoi 21 tu6i... Ngay 27/2/2019, voi da s6 thanh vien la dang vien Dan chu. Ha vien Hoa Ky da thong qua (bang ty le phi^u 240/190) mot van ban quan trpng la du luat kiem soat siing dan toan dien.
Tuy nhien, du luat nay vin dang cho su ung hp rdt kho khan tir Thupng vien (v6n do dang Cong hoa chiim da so 53 trong 100 thupng nghi sT) cung nhu sir dSng thuan cua T6ng thong Trump •
Tai li?u tham khdo:
1. Do LOc Diep (chii bien), Hoa Ky - Tidn trinh vSn hda chinh tri, Nxb Khoa hpc Xa hpi. Ha NOi,
1999.
2. Nguyin Anh Hung, Chi dQ tdng thong My. Nxb Uo dpng, m Npi, 2010.
3. Donald Trump (Do Tri Vuong dich), Nu&c My nhin tic ben trong, Nxb Thg gi6i, H^ Npi, 2016.
4. Alexander De Conde, Gun Violence in America:
The Struggle for Control, Nxb Northeastern, 2001.
5. Robert J. Spitzer, The Politics of Gun Control, Nxb Paradigm Publishers, 2011.
6. Glen Beck, Control. Explosing the Truth about Guns, Nxb Threshold Editions & Mercury Radio Arts, 2013.
7. Christopher Fox, Guns in America: The Roie cf Interest Groups in Firearms Policymaking, University of Southern California, 2015.
8. Thomas Gabor, Confronting Gun Vifdence in America, Nxb Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.
9. Philip G. Gallman, Gun Control and Gun Right:
Understanding the Debate over Gun Violence, Material, 2017.
10. Ryan Daniels, Gun Control in America: Should Guns be Banned in America?, Amazon Digital Service LLC, 2018.
Chu thich:
1. http://ww.photos.state.gov/libraries/vietnain/8616 /transdoc/constitution.pdf
2. www.gunpolicy.org/firearms/r^ioo/united-states.
3. TrSn Bien, Ngu&i ddn My sa hau sung dgn nhieu nhat tren thi gioi, https://anninhthudo.vn/ the- gioi/nguoi-dan-my-so-huu-sung-dan-nhieu-nhat- tren-the-gioi/771998.antd
4. Darrel K. Carlson, Americans and Guns: Danger or Defense?, https://news.gallup.coni/poll/14509 /americans-guns-danger-defense.aspx
5. BBC New, Guns in the US: The statistics behind the violence, https://www.bbc.com/news/world- us-canada-34996604
6. L§ Thj Thu HJin^, Mgt sd vdn de xd hgi My tru&c bdu cu tdng thong 2016, Tap chi ChSu MJ ngiy nay, s6 6/2016, tr. 32.
7. www.forbes.com/sites/rickungar/2013/01/16/here- are-the-23-executive-orders-on-gun-safety- signed-to-day-by-the-president/.
8. Xem Cha thich s6 5, tr. 32-33.
9. https://lhanhnien.vn/the-gioi/dau-hoi-ve-chinh-sa ch-sung-dan-cua-tong-thong-dac-cu-donald- trump-764731 .html
10.https://tuoitre.vn/ong-trump-ky-luat-cho-nguoi- lam-than-mua-sung-1273538.htm
11 .Steven Shepard, Poll: Majority backs stricter gun control laws after Vegas shooting, https://www.politico.com/stoiy/2017/10/ll/gun- control-vegas-polls-243647
l2.Minh Hanh, Ly giai tinh trang gia tdng cdc vu xd Sling tgi My, https;//anninhthudo.vn/the-gioi/ly- giai-tinh-trang-gia-tang-cac-vu-xa-sung-tai-my/
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