NGHIEN CU'U THLfC NGHIEM - KINH NGHIEM
PHAN TICH CAC NHAN TO ANH HlTdNG D £ N THU NHAP CUA HO KHMER TREN DIA BAN HUYEN TRAN t>% TINH SOC TRANG
Diep Thanh Tiing Le Thj Huynh Anh Tom tat: Nghien ciru ndy tim hieu cdc nhan to dnh hudng den thu nhap ciia ho Khmer trong liia a huyen Tran De. Thdng qua so lieu dieu tra tryc tiep tit 150 ho Khmer a cdc xd Tdi Van, Lieu TU, Vien An thugc huyen Tran De, tinh Sdc Trang vd dp diing phuong phdp thdng ke mo td vd mo hinh phan tich hdi quy tuyen tinh, nghien cim cho thdy thu nhdp binh qudn cua hg Khmer van cdn thap so voi thu nhap binh qudn ddu ngudi a dia phuang. Nghien ciru cung xdc dinh cdc nhan to dnh huong den thu nhap ciia ho Khmer trong lua tren dia bdn huyen Tran De la: dien tich dat sdn xudt, gid lua, nghe cua chu ho, da dang thu nhdp, tiep can khuyen nong vd tiep cdn tin dung. Trong do nhan td nghe ciia chii ho vd tiep can tin dung ty le nghich vol thu nhap cua hg, nhan td dien tich dat sdn xudt vd gid lua ty le thuan vd co tdc dgng manh me den thu nhdp ciia hg Khmer trong lua a huyen Tran De
Tir khoa: Da dang thu nhdp; hg Khmer; Soc Trang, trong lua Gidi thieu
Trong nhiing nam qua, Viet Nam da dat dugc nhung thanh tuu dang ke ve tang trudng kinh te va gia tang thu nhap binh quan diu ngudi. Theo du lieu ciia Tong cue thdng ke tinh den nam 2016, thu nhap binh quan dau ngudi 1 thang theo gia hien hanh dat 3.049.000 ddng, tang 119,83% so vdi nam 2010. Trong do toe do tang thu nhap binh quan giai doan 2010 - 2016 cua khu vuc Dong bang song Cim Long dat 2.798.000 dong/ngu'di/tbang, tang 124,38%, (1.551.000 ddng) so vdi nam 2010, tuy nhien van tang cham thir hai trong khu vuc ca nude chi cao ban khu vuc Dong Nam Bg, toe do tang 94,66%) so vai nam 2010 (Tong cue Thong ke, 2016),
Ngoai ra, theo ket qua tir cugc khao sat qudc gia nam 2015 ve tinh hinh kinh te - xa hgi cua 53 dan tgc thieu so (DTTS) tai Viet Nam cua Uy ban dan tgc (UBDT) va Co quan Lien hgp quoc ve binh dang gidi va trao quyen
cho phu nii (UN Women) da cong bo ngay 21 thang 11 nam 2017 van ton tai khoang each thu nhap giiia hg gia dinh DTTS va nguai Kinh, giiia chu hg la nii va nam, giiia ho gia dinh DTTS thanh thi - nong thon, cac viing kinh te - xa hgi. Cu the, thu nhap binh quan 1 nhan khiu/thang cua hg gia dinh DTTS nam 2015 la 1,16 trieu dong, chi tuong duong vdi 45% miic binh quan chung ciia ca nuac la 2,6 trieu dong/ngudi/thang va hkng 41% miic binh quan cua nguai Kinh'.
Trong toan quoc, ngudi Khmer s6ng chii yeu d Dong bang song Cuu Long, noi hg la nhom DTTS Idn nhat so vdi nhiing nhdm DTTS khac trong khu vuc nay va thu nhap trung binh ciia mot hg Khmer sdng d viing
Thu nhap binh quan cua nguoi dan toe thi6u s6 chi bang 40% so voi nguoi Kinh, https://laodong.vn/xa- hoi/thu-nhap-binh-quan-cua-nguoi-dan-toc-thieu-so- chi-bang-40-so-voi-nguoi-kinh-577340,ldo, tmy cap ngay 01/3/2018.
46 PHAT T R I E N BEN V Q N G V U N G Q U Y E N 9, S6 1 (3/2019)
Digp Thanh Tung - Le Thj Huynh Anh Phan rich cac nhan to...
nong thon Dong bang song Cuu Long thap hon nhieu so vdi thu nhap binh quan ciia bp gia dinh trong toan khu vuc, dong deu so vdi ciing cac chi so ciing khu vyc each day 4 nam (Diep Thanh Tung, 2017). Theo Tong dieu tra dan sd va nha d nam 2009 (Ngudi Khmer Viet Nam, 2018), ngudi Khmer d Viet Nam co dan so 1.260.640 nguai, c6 mat tai nhieu tinh d Nam Bg. Trong do tinh co nhieu dong bao DTTS lan nhit la Soc Trang (397.014 ngudi, chiem 30,7 % dan so toan tinh va 31,5 % tong so ngudi Khmer tai Viet Nam), tiep den la Tra Vinh (317.203 ngudi, chiem 31,6% dan so toan tinh va 25,2 % tong so ngudi Khmer tai Viet Nam) va Kien Giang (210.899 ngudi, chiem 12,5 % dan so toan tinh va 16,7 % tong so nguai Khmer tai Viet Nam).
Tran De la mot trong nhirng huyen thugc tinh Soc Trang, la noi co ty le dong bao dan tgc Khmer kha cao tren toan tinh, tinh den nam 2016 ty le ngudi dan tgc Khmer tren dia ban huyen chiem 49,08% tong dan so cua huyen, dan tgc Hoa chiem khoang 3%, con lai la dan tgc Kinh. Ngudi dan tren dia ban huyen sinh song chii yeu bang nghe trong lua, chan nudi va danh bat thiiy hai san, tuy nhien nhiing hg dan ngudi dan tgc Khmer nai day sinh song bang nghe trong lua va chan nuoi la chii yeu trong do trong liia la nguon thu nhap chinh ciia nhung hg dan nay (Chi cue Thong ke huyen TrinDg,2017).
Theo so lieu cua Chi cue Thong ke huyen Trin D§, tinh d6n ngay 31 thang 12 nam 2016, tong dien tich dat san xuat nong nghiep ciia huyen Trin De la 32.801 ha, chiSm 86,78%
tdng dien tich dit dai va khoang 104.690 ngudi sdng d khu vuc nong thon (chiem 77,89% tdng dan s6 cua huyen). Trong nhting nam trd lai day dien tich trong liia ca nam tren dia ban huyen ngay cang giam dan hi 47.931 ha (nam 2012) xuong cdn 45.530 ha (nam 2016). D6ng thdi nang suat liia giam hi 60,62
ta/ha (nam 2012) xu6ng con 58,79 ta/ha (nam 2016), giam 3% trong 5 nam (Chi cue Thdng ke huyen Tran De, 2017).
Tir thuc te tren, nghien ciin "Phan tich cdc nhan to dnh huang den thu nhap cua ho Khmer tren dia bdn huyen Tran De, tinh Soc Trang" dugc thuc hien nhim tim ra dugc cac nhan to co anh hudng den thu nhap cita nong hg Khmer, ddng thdi d6 xuat dugc nhiing ham y chinh sach nham nang cao thu nhap ciia nong hg Khmer tren dia ban huyen ndi rieng va tren ca nuac noi chung trong thdi gian tdi.
1. Phirffng phap nghien cihi
Dii lieu dugc thu thap bang phuang phap khao sat phi ngau nhien, chgn mau dinh ngach va phong van true tiep bang bang cau hoi doi vdi 150 hg Khmer tai 3 xa ndi tren. Mau ciia moi xa dugc tinh toan dua tren ty le ciia hg doi vdi tong so hg Khmer trong 3 xa. Thdi gian thuc hien vao dau thang 5 nam 2018 den cuoi thang 6 nam 2018. Sau do su dung phuong phap thdng ke mo ta de danh gia thuc trang cita hg Khmer trong liia tren dia ban huyen.
Kk qua khao sat 150 hg dan trong liia d cac xa tren dia ban huyen cho thay, moi hg gia dinh c6 the thu Igi nhuan tir liia vdi dien tich trung binh la 1,46 ha chi c6 39,51 trieu dong vdi so thanh vien trung binh ciia hg la 4,44 nguai thi thu nhap binh quan/ngudi/vu ciia hg la 8,9 trieu dong/vu.
Thong qua cac phuong phap phan tich tan suat, thong ke md ta,... nham danh gia thuc trang thu nhap cua hg Khmer trong liia d huyen Tran De. Sau do sir dung mo binh hoi quy tuyen tinh de danh gia cac nhan to anh hudng den thu nhap ciia hg Khmer trong liia noi day. Mo hirrh hoi quy tuyen tinh dugc thiet lap vdi bien phu thugc la thu nhap ciia hg Khmer (Thunhap) va cac bien so dgc lap bao gom giai tinh (Gioitinh), tuoi ciia chii hg (Tuoi), hgc van ciia chii hg (Hocvan), so thanh
PHAT TRIEN BEN VU'NG VUNG QUYEN 9, S6 1 (3/2019) 47
NGHIEN CU'U THUG NGHIEM - KINH NGHIEM
vien song phu thugc (Pthuoc), nghe ciia chu hg (Nghe), dien tich dat san xuat (Dtich), da dang trong cac boat dgng tao thu nhap (DM), hgp dong tieu thu san pham (Hdong), gia lua (Gialua), tiep can khuyin nong (TCKN), tiep can tin dung (TCTD). Mo hinh thuc nghiem trong nghien cuu dugc trinh bay duoi dang tuyen tinh nhu sau;
Thunhap - BQ + B|Gioitinh + BiTuoi + B3Hocvan + B4Pthuoc + BsNghe + BfiDtich+
B7DM+ BsHdong + BgGialua t- B,oTCKN+
BiiTCTD
2. Ket qua va thao luan
2J, Thuc trang thu nhap cua ho trong lua
Ket qua khao sat ciia cac tac gia vao nam 2018 cho thay, udc tinh moi nam san xuat 2 vii Ilia thi thu nhap binh quan ca nam cua ngudi trong liia cung chua tdi 20 trieu dong, con thap hon nhieu so vdi thu nhap binh quan dau nguoi cua tinh Soc Trang la 34 trieu dong/nam. Va thu nhap binh quan dau nguoi
Bang 1: THU NHAP BINH QUAN CUA H O KHMER T R O N G LUA Ci HUYEN TRAN D £ THEO SO T H A N H VIEN PHU THUOC (trieu ddng)
cua huyen la 44 trieu dong/nam (hrong duong 2.020 USD) nam 2016 (Chi Kha, 2016). Hg Khmer trong liia d huyen Tran De ciing nhu hg Khmer trong lua d cac tinh Dong bang song Ciru Long co thu nhap con thap hon nhieu so vdi thu nhap binh quan dau nguoi d dia phuong.
Nghien ciiu con xem xet thuc trang thu nhap ciia hg Khmer frong liia d huyen Tran D6 theo so thanh vien song phu thugc gia dinh, so lieu tai Bang 1 cho thay, ty le hg co so thanh vien song phu thugc tir 2 ngudi trd len c6 thu nhap duoi 50 trieu chiem kha cao (75.65%), trong khi so hg cd thanh vien song phu thugc duai 2 ngudi co thu nhap tren 50 trieu cao dang ke so vdi hg co thanh vien song phu thugc tren 2 nguai (30,55% hg c6 thanh vien song phu thugc dudi 2 ngudi so vdi 24,36%
cua nhom hg co thanh vien song phu thugc tren 2 nguai). Dieu nay cho thay hg cang co nhieu thanh vien song phu thugc thi thu nhap thap hon hg cd it thanh vien song phu thugc.
Thu nhap binh quan ciia ho Duai 30 trieu Tir 30 - 50 trieu Tit 50 - 80 trieu Tren 80 trieu T6n>>
Thanh vien phu thuoc Duoi 2 nguoi (72)
48,61 20,83 20,83 9,72 100
Tir 2 nguoi t r * len (78) 47,44 28,21 14,10 10,26 100
Chung(150)
48,00 24,67 17,33 10,00 100 Nguon: So lieu dieu tra cita nhom tdc gid (2018).
Xet theo nhom nghe nghiep, so lieu tai Bang 2 cho thay, co hon 60% nhom hg gia dinh CO chii hg chi lam nghe nong co thu nhap tir 30 trieu dong trd xuong. Ket qua con cho thiy su khac biet ro hon giiia hai nhom nghe nghiep, cu thS nhom hg chi lam nghe nong cd thu nhap tir 50 d^n 80 trieu dong chua dugc
10% tren tong so hg, con nhom lam nghS nong kiem nghg kliac thi chiSm ban 2 5 % tdng s6 hg.
Dieu nay ndi len rang, chi lam nghS nong thi kho CO the lam giau va chi lam ndng thi se khong du de trang trai cugc song cho gia dinh, nen phin Idn hg se tim them thu nhap hi nhiing nghe khac de co cugc sdng d i y dii ban.
48 P H A T T R I E N B E N VU'NG VUNG Q U Y E N 9, SC 1 (3/2019)
Di^p Thanh Titng - Le Thj Huynh Anh Phan tich cac nhan to...
Bang 2: THU NHAP BINH QUAN CUA HO KHMER TRONG LUA 6 HUYEN TRAN DE THEO NGHE NGHIEP (trieu ddng)
Thu nhap binh quan ciia ho Duai 30 trieu Tir 30 - 50 trieu Tir 50 - 80 trieu Tren 80 trieu Tong
Nghe cua chu ho Nghi n8ng (68)
63,24 19,12 7,35 10,29 100
Nghe nong kiem nghe lihac (82) 35,37 29,27 25,61 9,75 100
Chung (150)
48,00 24,67 17,33 10,00 100 Nguon: So lieu dieu tra cua nhom tdc gid (2018).
Ngoai ra, nghien cuu con xet theo tinh p-ang da dang thu nhap cua hg trong lua, s6 lieu tai Bang 3 cho thay thu nhap da dang co quan he cimg chieu vdi thu nhap cua hg, cu th^
hg CO thu nhap da dang thu nhap tir 50 trieu dong trd len chiem 38,71% cao hon hg khong CO thu nhap da dang (24,37%). Trong khi do, hg khong co thu nhap da dang co thu nhap
dudi 50 trieu dong chiem ty le kha cao (74,63%). Neu chi trong liia thi ba con nong dan khong the dam bao mire song trung binh cho gia dinh, dieu d6 doi hoi hg phai tim each tao ra thu nhap them ngoai trong liia thi thu nhap mai co the cai thien hon, tuy nhien thu nhap van rat thap so vai miic birrh quan dau ngudi cua dia phuang.
Bang 3: THU NHAP BINH QUAN CUA H O KHMER TRONG LUA 6 HUYEN TRAN DE THEO THU NHAP DA DANG (trieu ddng)
Thu nhap binh quan ciia ho Duai 30 trieu Tit 30 - 50 trieu Tir 50 - 80 trieu Tren 80 trieu T6ng
Thu nha Da dang (31)
32,26 29,03 25,81 12,90 100
p da dang
Khong da dang (119) 51,10 23,53 15,13 9,24 100
Chung (150) 48,00 24,67 17,33 10,00 100 Nguon: So lieu dieu tra cua nhom tdc gid (2018).
Ben canh do, nghien cim ciing xem xet moi tuong quan giiia mot so yeu to dau vao va dau ra cho cay lua vdi thu nhap binh quan ciia hg nong dan. Trong nghien ciiu nay, yeu to dau vao dugc dirrh nghTa bao gom dien tich dat san xuat yeu to dau ra la hgp dong tieu thu va gia lua. Xet theo dien tich dat san xuat, ket qua khao sat tai Bang 4 cho thay hg gia dinh co dien tich dit san xuat duai 1 ha vdi thu nhap
dudi 30 trieu dong/vu chiem ty le kha cao (90,91%). Trong khi d6, hg gia dinh co dien tich dat canh tac tir 5 ha tra len co thu nhap binh quan tren 80 trieu dong. Cac nhom hg gia dinh CO dien tich dat san xuat tir 1 den dual 5 ha CO thu nhap binh quan tir 30 den 80 trieu dong. Dieu nay cho thay, dien tich dat san xuat ty le thuan vdi thu nhap ciia nong hg.
PHAT T R I E N B E N V L / N G V U N G Q U Y E N 9, SO 1 (3/2019)
NGHIfN CCfU THl/C NGHIEM - KINH NGHIEM
Bang 4: THU NHAP BINH QUAN CUA HO KHIMER TRONG LUA 6 HUYEN TRAN BE THEO DIEN TICH DAT SAN XUAT (trieu d6ng)
Thu nhfp binh quan cua ho
Duai 30 trieu Tit 30 - 50 trieu Tit 50 - 80 trieu Tren 80 trieu Tong
Dien tich dat san xuat Diroi 1 ha
(44) 90,91
6,82 2,27 0,00 100
Tif 1 ha - 3 ha (87)
35,63 36,78 24,14 3,45 100
Tif 3 h a - 5 ha (16)
6,25 12,50 25,00 56,25 100
Tren 5 ha (3)
0,00 0,00 0,00 100,00 100
Chung (150)
48,00 24,67 17,33 10,00 100 Nguon: So lieu dieu tra cua nhom tdc gid (2018).
Gia lua duoc xem nhu mot ySu t6 dju ra '^^ '"' ""^"8 Wa cang cao. Do do, gia liia la eiia san phim, g6p p h k mang lai thu nhap cho ™'' '^""S "I^^S ^^^ '° g°P P"^^" """"S lai thu nguai nong dan trong liia. 0 Bang 5, ket qua
cho thay rang, gia liia cang cao thi thu nhap
Bang 5: THU NHAP BINH QUAN CUA HO KHMER TRONG LUA 6 HUYEN T R A N DE THEO GlA LUA (trieu ddng)
nhap cho ngudi trong liia.
Thu nhap binh quan cua ho
Dudi 30 trieu Tir 30 - 50 trieu Tir 50 - 80 trieu Tren 80 ttieu Tong
Gia lua Dirdi 5,5 ngan
(60) 56,67
25,0 13,33 5,00 100
Tir 5,5-6,5 ngan (60)
50,00 25,00 16,67 8,33 100
Tren 6,5 ngan (30)
26,67 23,33 26,67 23,33 100
Chung (150)
48,00 24,67 17,33 10,00 100 Nguon: So lieu dieu tra cita nhom tdc gid (2018).
Ben canh gia liia dugc xem nhu la mot yeu t6 dau ra cua san xuat thi nghien ciiu con danh gia them yeu to ky hgp dong tieu thu trudc khi thu hoach liia cua ba con, so Heu d Bang 6 cho thay, da so hg trong liia khong ky hgp dong tieu thu trudc khi thu hoach, chiem 86% tong so hg dugc khao sat, ty le nhom hg khong ky hgp ddng tieu thu co thu nhap tir 50 trieu dong trd xudng chiem dai da so (75,97%) cao hon
so voi nhom hg co ky hgp ddng trudc (52,39%). Con ddi voi nhdm hg c6 ky hgp dong tieu thu c6 thu nhap hi 50 trieu ddng tra len chiem ty le kha cao (47,62%) so vdi nhom hg khong ky hgp ddng tieu thu (24,03%). Qua ket qua khao sat co th§ thiy ring: viec ky hgp dong tieu thu se mang lai thu nhap cao ban cho hg trdng liia vi co thi tranh dugc nii ro mat gia khi vao vu dong (thu hoach 6 at).
SO PHAT TRIEN B £ N V Q N G VUNG QUYEN 9, S6 1 (3/2019)
Diep Thanh Tiing - Le Thj Huynh Anh Phan tich cac nhin to...
Bang 6: THU NHAP BINH QUAN CUA H O KHMER TRONG LUA 6 HUYEN TRAN DE THEO HOP DONG TIEU THU (trieu ddng)
Thu nhSp binh quan cua ho
0irai 30 trieu Tir 30 - 50 uieu Tvr 50 - 80 trieu Tren 80 trieu Tong
Hop done tieu thu Co ky hop a6ng(21)
38,10 14,29 23,81 23,81 100
Khong ky hop diing (129) 49,61 26,36 16,28 7,75 100
Chung (150)
48,00 24,67 17,33 10,00 100 Nguon: So lieu dieu tra cua nhom tdc gid (2018).
Ben canh cac yeu to dac trung ve nhan khau, yeu to dau vao, dau ra cho cay Iiia, cac tac gia con nghien ciru cac yeu to ve tiep can chinh sach cho hg nhu tiep can khuyen nong, tiep can tin dung. Viec tiep can yeu to khuyen nong giup ba con dugc bo trg ky thuat trong Ilia, Cling nhu nang cao kien thiic ve giong liia minh dang trong g6p phan nang cao nang suat Ilia tir do tang thu nhap cho gia dinh. Ket qua
khuyen nong co thu nhap tir 30 trieu dong trd len chiem ty le kha cao (53,98%), trong khi do nhdm hg khong dugc tiep can khuyen nong co thu nhap duai 30 hrieu dong chiem ty le cao ban 50% tong so hg trong nhdm. Dieu nay noi len giua tiep cap khuyen nong va thu nhap c6 mdi quan be cimg chieu, nhom hg dugc tiep can khuyen nong co thu nhap cao han nhom ho khong dugc tiep khuyen nong.
Bang 7 cho thay, nhom hg dugc tiep can
Bang 7: THU NHAP BINH QUAN CUA H Q KHMER TRONG LUA 6 HUYEN TRAN D £ THEO Tl£P CAN KHUYEN NONG (trieu dong)
Thu nhap binh quan cua ho Duoi 30 trieu Tit 30 - 50 trieu Tit 50 - 80 trieu Tren 80 trieu l o n g
Tiep can khuyen nong Duffc tiep can (113)
46,02 26,55 17,70 9,73 100
Khong dirffc tiep can (37) 54,05 18,92 16,22 10,81 100
Chung (ISO)
48,00 24,67 17,33 10,00 100 Ngudn: So lieu dieu tra cua nhom tdc gid (2018).
Kit qua khao sat tai Bang 8 cho thay, nhdm hg trong liia khong dugc tiep can tin dung c6 thu nhap dudi 30 trieu dong chiem ty le kha cao (60,94%), nhom cac hg dugc tiep can tin dung c6 thu nhap hi 30 din 80 trieu ddng chilm ty le hon 50%, ngoai ra nghien cuu con cho thiy, nhdm hg c6 thu nhap tir 80 trieu trd len thi nhom hg dugc tiep can tin
dung chiem im the ban nhom khong dugc tiep can tin dung (12,79% doi vdi nhom hg dugc tiep can tin dung so vdi 6,25% cua nhom khong dugc tiep can tin dung). Dieu nay cho thay, trong viec trong liia hg dugc tiep can tin dung CO uii the ban nhom hg khong dugc tiep can tin dung.
PHAT T R I E N B E N VU'NG VUNG Q U Y E N 9, S6 1 (3/2019) 51
NGHIfN CIJU THU-C NGHIEM - KINH NGHIEM
Bang 8: THU NHAP BINH QUAN CUA HO KHMER TRONG LUA 6 HUYEN T R A N DE THEO TIEP CAN TIN DUNG (trieu d6ng)
Thu nhap binh quan cua ho Duoi 30 trieu Tir 30 - 50 trieu Tit 50 - SO trieu Tren 80 trieu Tong
Tiep can tin dung Duoc tiep can (86)
38,37 31,40 17,44 12,79 100
Khong dutfc tiep can (64) 60,94 15,63 17,19 6,25 100
Chung (150)
48,00 24,67 17,33 10,00 100 Nguon: So lieu dieu tra cua nhom tdc gid (2018).
Qua ket qua khao sat 150 hg Khmer trong lua tren dia ban huyen Tran De, cac tac gia nhan thay rang thu nhap binh quan ciia hg Khmer trong lua van con thap so vdi thu nhap binh quan dau nguai cua huyen Tran De va tinh Sdc Trang. Hg trong liia van con chiu tac dgng ciia bien dgng gia liia, ngoai ra, qua ket qua phan tich cho thay co su khac biet giiia cac nhom xa hgi theo dac trung nhan khau, yeu to dau vao, dau ra cho cay liia va tiep can cac chinh sach ho trg, Nhin chung, ngudi dan trong liia kho cd the lam giau tren chinh manh rugng cua minh neu khong co them thu nhap tir nhirng nghe khac hay khong co sy ho trg ve ky thuat va von de dau tu san xuat. Vi the, viec phan tich cac yeu to anh hudng den thu nhap ciia hg Khmer trong liia tren dia ban huyen la can thiet de kjp thiri dua ra nhirng chinh sach hieu qua hon nham nang cao thu nhap cho nhiing hg dan nay.
2.2. Cdc nhan to anh huang den thu nhap cua ho Khmer trong liia
Qua cac ket qua ciia cac nghien ciru trudc (Nguyen Quoc Nghi va Bui Van Trinh, 2011;
Dinh Phi H6, 2012; Nguyen Trgng Uyen va Le Tiln Diing, 2012; Nguygn TiSn Dung, 2014.,,) cho thiy, co kha nhieu nhan td anh hudng den thu nhap cua hg trdng liia nhu do tuoi, trinh do hgc v^n, gidi tinh, chi phi san xuat, san lugng lua, dien tich d4t san xuit,... va trong nghien
cim ve thu nhap ciia hg Khmer trong lua tren dia ban huyen Tran De, tinh Soc Trang cung se chii y den cac yeu to nay.
Til' thuc trang ciia nghien cim da neu tren cho thay, thu nhap cua hg Khmer trong liia d huyen Tran De con kha thap so vai thu nhap ciia dia phuong, va con tiiy thugc vao yeu to dau ra trong san xuat liia. Ket qua qua kiem dinh gia tri trung binh (T-test), cho thay, gia tri Sig^0,112 >5% khong co su khac biet ve phuang sai giua hai lua chgn ky hgp dong tieu thu, hay nhien gia tn Sig(2 J a i l e d ) - 0,008 <5%
nen c6 su khac biet ve y nghia thong ke giiia hai nhom ky va khong ky hgp dong tieu thu ve thu nhap. Cu the, nhom hg co ky hgp dong heu thu CO thu nhap cao ban nhdm hg khong ky hgp dong tieu thu.
Ben canh do, tinh hinh gia lua luon len xuong that thuong, khong on djnh h-ong khi liia thi chi co the thu hoach vao mot thai diem nhat dinh, neu khong ban thi nguoi trdng liia Cling khong co dieu kien du trii cha ngay gia len de ban dugc, gay kho khan cho hg Xxmg Ilia. Tir do khi hg trong lua tinh toan dugc chi phi san xuat va biet dugc miic gia ca nhu the nao la co Idi thi viec ky hgp ddng tieu thu trudc khi thu hoach c6 thg dam bao dugc Igi nhuan va tranh dugc rui ro mit gia khi vao vu.
Tuy nhien, su khac biet nay van chua dii kit luan rang yeu td hgp dong tieu thu co anh
52 PHAT TRIEN BEN VLTNG VUNG QUYEN 9, SO 1 (3/2019)
Diep Thanh Tung - Le Thj Huynh Anh Phan tich cac nhSn to...
hudng den thu nhap cua hg Khmer trong liia tai huyen Tran De vi moi tuong quan nay d miic y nghia Sig - 0,228>0,05.
Ket qua hoi quy tai Bang 3.2.1 cho thay, mo hinh hoi quy udc lugng cac nhan to anh hudfng den thu nhap ciia hg Khmer trong liia
CO y nghia ve mat thong ke vdi gia tri Sig = 0,006<0,05. Nhu vay thu nhap cua hg Khmer trdng lua chiu anh huong ciia cac nhan to nhu:
Dien tich dk san xu4t, gia liia, nghe ciia chii hg, da dang thu nhap, tigp can khuyen nong va tiep can tin dung.
Bang 9: CAC NHAN TO ANH HUONG DEN THU NHAP CUA RO KHMER TRONG LUA Ci HUYEN TRAN D £
Bien so Hang so
Dien tich dat san xuat Gia lua
Nghe ciia chit ho Da dang thu nhap Tiep can khuyen nong Tiep can tin dung
B -43.076
22.139 10.728 -9.145 8.076 7.501 -6.155
Beta
0.777 0.251 -0.146 0.105 0.102 -0.097
Sig.
0.006 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.015 0.022 0.042 Nguon: So lieu XH' ly ciia nhom tdc gid (2018).
Mo hinh hoi quy cho thay, cac hg gia dinh CO dien tich dat cang lan thi thu nhap dugc cang cao, nguyen nhan la do hieu qua kinh te tang theo quy mo. Nhiing hg cd quy mo dien tich Ion thuang ton nhieu chi phi san xuat hon nen hg rat can than trong viec chi cho san xuat va danh nhieu thdi gian tap trung cho viec h-6ng Ilia. Nhiing hg co quy mo dien tich san xuat nhd hg se tim them thu nhap tir nhiing cong viec khac va khong chii tam vao viec trong Ilia. Tuy nhien nhin chung chi phi san xuat cho mot dien tich trong liia giira hg c6 quy md dien tich Idn va quy mo dien tich nho la khac nhau do giong lua trong cua moi hg khac nhau, nen dac tinh, gia ca va each cham sdc ciia moi loai cung se khac dan den thu nhap giiia cac hg cung vay. Ben canh do yeu td ky thuat trong liia cung rat quan trgng gop phan lam tang nang suat cay lua.
Ngoai ra, nhan to gia liia ciing co anh hudng manh me den thu nhap ciia hg trong liia, ma nhan to nay dugc quyet dinh bdi giong liia ma hg quyet dinli trong va thi trudng cung chi lua tren ca nude. Tir ket qua tai Bang 9 cho thdy, gia liia cang cao thi thu nhap ciia hg trong Ilia cang cao, tuy nhien theo ket qua thong ke tai Bang 10 cho thay, gia liia trung binh tai huyen Tran De vao thcyi diem khao sat chi khoang 5.770 dong/kg. Vdi miic gia nay so vdi gia cua mot so giong liia dugc thong ke tai bao cao cua Uy ban nhan huyen Tran De vao thang 01 nam 2018 van con rat thap, cu the mot so giong liia c6 gia cao nhu RVT co gia tir 7.800-7.000 ddng/kg hay Dai Tham c6 gia hi 6.500-6.600 dong/kg. Ben canh do gia liia van luon bien dgng theo timg vu, tirng nam nen khien cho hg trong liia khong an tam trong viec trong liia.
PHAT TRIEN B E N V Q N G VUNG Q U Y E N 9, SQ 1 (3/2019) 53
NGHIEN C&U THI/C NGHIEM - KINH NGHIEM
Bang 10: THONG KE GIA TRI TRUNG BINH CUA GlA LUA
Gia lua N
150
Muiimum 4.50
Maximum 7.90
Mean 5.7663
Std.Deviation 0.75346 Nguon: So lieu xit ly ciia nhom tdc gid (2018).
Dong thdi, theo ket qua phan tich d Bang 9, nghe nghiep cua chii hg ciing anh hudng tich cue den thu nhap cua hg trong liia. Co the thay nhiing chii hg lam nghe ndng kiem nghe khac se co thu nhap cao hon nhiing hg chi lam nghe nong, thu nhap tir nghe trong liia khong the dam bao cugc song cua gia dinh, nen da phan cac hg deu tim them nghe khac de tang them thu nhap ciia gia dinh. Cu the trong ket qua khao sat co 82 hg co chii hg lam nghe nong kiem nghe khac. Deu nay ciing phii hgp vai chinh sach dja phuang dang dan chuyen sang mo binh tir nong nghiep sang nong nghiep cong nghe cao, chuyen dan dien tich dat san xuat liia kem hieu qua sang trong cd de phuc vu cho chan nudi giiip tang them thu nhap cho gia dinh.
Ben canh d6, nhirng hg gia dinh co nguon thu nhap da dang thi thu nhap cao hon so vdi nhung hg khong co thu nhap da dang, cu the trong Bang 9 cho thay, nhirng hg gia dinh co thu nhap da dang thi se co thu nhap cao hon nhung hg khong co thu nhap da dang la 8,076 trieu dong. Dieu nay cho thay, chi trong iiia ba con khong the lam giau dugc ma phai tim them nguon thu nhap de dam bao cugc song va theo kip mire song binh quan dau ngudi d dia phuang.
Hon niia, theo ket qua phan tich, kha nang tiep can khuyen nong ciing co anh hudng khong nho den thu nhap ciia hg trong liia, bdi do la nhan to quyet dinh den ky thuat trong liia ciia ngudi dan, ky thuat trong liia tdt thi liia mdi cho nang suat cao, tii' do tang thu nhap cho gia dinh, ket qua phan tich con cho thay, nhung hg trdng liia dugc tiep can khuyen nong
c6 thu nhap cao hon nhiing hg chua dugc tiep can khuyen nong la 7.501 trieu dong.
Ngoai cac nhan to tren thi kha nang tiep can tin dung ciia hg trong liia cung co anh hudng tdi thu nhap ciia hg, theo nhu ket qua phan tich thi nhirng hg c6 kha nang tiep can tin dung CO thu nhap thap hon nhung hg khong dugc tiep can tin dung la 6,155 trieu dong. Ket qua cho thay kha nang tiep can tin dung co anh hudng ngugc chieu vdi thu nhap ciia nong hg, tire la ngugc lai vdi ky vgng ciia tac gia, can cd danh gia chi tiet ve hieu qua sir dung von ciia nong hg de lam co sd nang cao hieu qua tin dung.
Cuoi cimg, nghien ciin nay thong nhat voi cac nghien ciiu hirdc d6 (Nguyen Quoc Nghi va Bui Van Tnnh, 2011; Dinh Phi H6, 2012;
Nguyen Trgng Uyen va Le Tien Dung, 2012;
Nguyen Tien Dung, 2014,...) do la, cac hg gia dinh CO dien tich dat san xuat cang Idn thi thu nhap ciia hg trong liia cang cao va hg cd ky hgp dong tieu thu c6 thu nhap cao hon hg khong ky hgp dong tieu thu, ben canh do gia liia ty le thuan vdi thu nhap ciia nong hg.
Ket luan va de xuSt
Nhin chung, thu nhap ciia ba con trdng liia d huyen Tran De van con thSp so vai thu nhap binh quan ciia huyen. Nghien cuu con cho thay, cac nhan to quan trgng anli hudng din thu nhap cua hg Khmer trdng liia nhu dien tich dat san xuat, gia liia, nghg cua chii hg, da dang thu nhap, tiep can khuyen nong va tiSp can tin dung. Phat hien nay khong chi co su th6ng nhat voi cac nghien cim truoc do ma con bd sung them cac yeu td dSu ra anh hudng din
54 PHAT T R I E N B E N VU'NG V U N G Q U Y E N 9, S O 1 (3/2019)
Diep Thanh Tung - Le Thi Huynh Anh Phan tich cac nhan to...
thu nhap ciia ba con trong lua. Nghien ciiu con cung cap them bang chung thuyet phuc ve cac nhan to anh hudng den thu nhap ciia hg Khmer trong Ilia d Tran De hien nay. Qua ket qua khao sat con cho thay, ba con trdng lua con chua that su an tam canh tac do gia liia con bap benh, nang suat thi khong on dinh, da so ba con co dien tich trdng liia it va theo dinh hudng ciia huyen ngay cang thu hep dien tich trong lua kem hieu qua de tap trung trong nhirng giong liia cao san va trong co de phat trien chan nuoi. Dieu nay lam cho ngudi dan cang mat di dien tich dat de san xuat, ngoai ra trinh do ky thuat cua ngudi trong liia con ban che do da phan ba con trong theo kinh nghiem, it quan tam tdi viec hgc tap nang cao trinh do khoa hgc - ky thuat trong trong lua. Ben canh d6 con mot so ba con con chua dugc tiep can tin dung de dau tu cho san xuat nen chua the tang dau tu de tang thu nhap cho gia dinh.
Do do, de nang cao thu nhap gop phan cai thien cugc s6ng cho hg Khmer trong liia d huyen Tran De, nghien ciru de xuat mot so giai phap sau:
Thie nhdt, giai phap ve gia liia, ngudi nong dan CO the xem xet chuyen doi giong liia mang lai gia tri cao hon, tinh toan hgp ly trong viec chi tieu cho san xuat. Dong thdi cac nha quan ly nong nghiep, nong thon can dinh huong va tu van cho ngudi dan trdng liia ve each tinh toan dSu tu sau cho dat hieu qua cao nhat. Ben canh do chinh quyen dia phuong va cac nha khoa hgc c^n co nhiing bien phap nham hudng dan ba con trdng lua each chgn giong phii hgp vdi hmg miia, timg nam de giam riti ro ve dich benh va chi phi san xuat.
Thu hai, giai phap ve hgp dong deu thu, nguai nong dan nen quan tam den tinh hinh gia ca trong nam dl co bien phap de phong gia
len xudng that thuong, co thi chgn each ky hgp ddng tieu thu trudc khi thu hoach nham de phong tinh trang gia giam khi vao vu thu hoach dong loat.
Thu ba, hi kit qua phan tich cho thSy nhom hg CO da dang thu nhap va chii hg lam them nghi khac ngoai nghe nong thi c6 thu nhap cao ban so vdi nhiing hg cdn lai, Vi the de tang thu nhap cho hg Khmer trong lua d Tran De can CO su phdi hgp giiia ngudi dan va chinh quyen dia phuang, nguiri nong dan nen tich cue tham gia cac lop dao tao nghe va tang cuong tham gia cac boat dgng tao thu nhap ngoai nghe nong nham phat huy nguon luc co san ciia gia dinh. Ben canh d6 chinh quyen dja phuang nen md nhieu lop dao tao nghe phii hgp vdi tinh hinh kmh te cua dia phuong, chu trgng dao tao nghi theo don dat hang hon la dao tao theo chi tieu lam lang phi kinh phi dao tao, ddng thdi tao dilu kien ho trg ve hgc phi hgc nghe cho hgc vien ngheo, tao dieu kien cho hgc vien co viec lam ngay sau khi ket thuc khoa hgc.
Thir tu, ve tiep can khuyen nong, ngudi nong dan cdn phai thay ddi phuang phap san xuat theo truyen thong truac day, tich cue hgc tap cac phuang phap khoa hgc ky thuat mai, hien dai tir cac trung tam khuyen nong va theo hudng dan ciia chinh quyen dia phuong ve thai vu, loai giong gieo trong va tranh tinh trang lam vu ba. Tich cue tham gia cac to chiic doan the dia phuang va thuong xuyen cap nhat thong tin cua nha nude va chinh quyen dia phuong de kip thai nam bat thong tin ho trg.
Thit nam, giai phap ve tiep can tin dung, mac dii ket qua phan tich cha thay tiep can tin dung ty le nghich vdi thu nhap ciia hg nhung can CO nhung bien phap de danh gia hieu qua sir dung von de lam co sd cho nang cao hieu
PHAT T R I E N B E N V Q N G VUNG Q U Y E N 9, S6 1 (3/2019) 55
NGHIEN CU'U THyC NGHIEM - KINH NGHI$M
qua tin dung hon. Nghien cim ciing de xuat muc dich tranh dung so tien vay dau tu dai tra giai phap nhu sau: Nha nude can md rgng cac lam giam thu nhap. Ngoai ra can van dgng boat dgng cho vay ddi vai hg Khmer trdng lua nguoi dan tich cue tham gia cac to chirc doan ve so lugng tiln vay, lai suSt, thii tuc va thai the dia phuang de dugc ho trg thong tin, chia han vay gan chat vai cac doan the dia phuong, se cac nguon luc tai chinh va ky thuat khi can giiip ngudi trong liia su dung so tien vay dung thiet.
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Chi cue Thong ke huyen TranDe (2017). Nien gidm thong ke huyen Tran De 2016, huyen Tran 0e.
2. Chi Kha (2016). Huyen Tran De: Vicng vang tien budc tren con dirang ddimai, www.vccinews.vn.
Tmy cap ngay 01/3/2018.
3. Diep Thanh Tung (2017). Poverty and ethnic minorities; The case of Khmer households in the mral Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Economics and Sociology, 10(2), 21-32. doi:10.14254/2071-789X.2017.
4. Dinh Phi Ho (2012). Phuang phdp nghien cuu dinh luong vd nhimg nghien ciru thuc tien trong kinh te phdt trien -nong nghiep, tr, 211-227,Nxb Phuang Dong.
5. Nguyen Quoc Nghi va Bui Van Trinh (2011). Cac yeu to anh hudng den thu nhap cua ngudi dan tgc thieu so d Dong bang Song Ciru Long, Tap chi Khoa hgc Truong Dqi hgc Cdn Tha, So 18a, tr. 240 - 250.
6. Nguyen Tien Dung (2014), Cac yen to anh hudng den thu nhap cua ngudi nong dan trdng liia tai Can Tha. Tap chi Khoa hoc Truong Dai hoc cdn Tho; So 31, tr. 117-123.
7. Nguyin Trong Uyen va Le Tien Diing (2012). Phan tich cdc yeu to tdc dong den ndng suat lao dong cua ho sdn xudt nong lam nghiep vd thuy sdn a thdnh pho Cdn Tha.
https://sites.google.com/site/letiendungqli/home/bai-viet/phantichcacyeutotacdhongdhennangsuatl aodhongcuahosanxuamoiig%E2%80%931amnghiepvathuysanothanhphocantho, tmy cap ngay 01/12/2017.
8. Tong cue Thong ke (2016). Thu nhdp binh qudn ddu ngiroi tren 1 thdng theo gid hien hdnh phan theo khu vuc Nxb Thong ke,
9. Uy ban nhan dan huyen Tran De (2018). Bdo cdo tinh hinh kinh te - xd hgi thdng 01 vd phuang huang chii yeu thdng 02 nam 2018 nam 2018 (2018), Tran De.
Thong tin tac gia:
1. Diep Thanh Tung, TS Ngay nhan bai: 15/12/2018 - Don vi cong tac: Trudng Dai hgc Tra Vinh Ngay nhan ban siia: 6/1/2019 - Dia chi email: [email protected] Ngay duyet dang, 30/1/2019 2. Le Thi Huynh Anh
- Dan vi cong tac: Ban To chiic Huyen iiy Tran De, tinh Soc Trang
55 PHAT TRIEN BEN VLJNG VUNG QUYEN 9, SC 1 (3/2019)
