• Nghien cUu - Trao doi
GIAI QUYET VIEC LAM CUANONG DAN a VIET NAM TRONG QUA TRJOSH C 6 N G NGHIEP HOA, HIEN DAI HOA
N6NG NGHIEP, N6NG THON
ThS. DANG THANH PHI/ONG <*>
Tom tat: Trong giai dogn cong nghiep hoa, hien dgi hoa nong nghiep. nong thon, xdy dung nong thon mai gdn v&i phdt trien kinh ti thi tru&ng vd day mgnh do thi hoa nong thon hiin nay, d&i song vat chdt vd tinh thdn cita nong ddn ngdy cdng duac ndng cao. Tuy nhiin, vdn di viic ldm cua nong ddn dang ddt ra nhieu thdch thirc. Trin ca s& nghien cuu li lugn vd thirc tiin, bdi viit di xudt gidi phdp gidi quyet vdn di viec ldm cho nong ddn, gop phdn giir virng on dinh chinh tri, phdt trien kinh te - xd hgi ddt nuac.
Tir khda: viic ldm; nong ddn Viet Nam; cong nghiep hoa, hien dgi hoa nong nghiep, nong thon
I
Quan niem ve viec lam va giai quydt vi^c lam cua ndng dan# Theo Bd luat Lao ddng nam 2012, vide lam la boat ddng lao ddng tao ra thu nhap ma khdng bi pbap luat cam. Viic ldm la hogt dgng lao dgng co chu dich ciia con nguai.
khong biphdp lugt cdm, tgo thu nhdp hoac lai ich cho bdn thdn, gia dinh vd cgng dong. Cac hoat ddng Iao ddng duoc xac dinh la vide Iam gdm: Iam cac cdng vide dupc tra cdng dudi dang tien hoac bidn vat; lam cac cdng vide gia dinh de thu Igi nhuan cho ban than boac tao ra tiiu nhap cho gia dinh nhung kbdng dupc tta cdng (bing tidn hoac hien vat) cho cdng vide dd (vide lam khdng dupc ha cdng).
Gidi quyet viec ldm Id qud trinh tgo ra diiu kien vd moi tru&ng bdo dam cho mgi ngu&i co khd ndng lao dgng diu co ca hgi ldm viic vd
'•'HQC vi6n Bdo chi va Tuyen truyen, Hpc \ tri quoc gia H6 Chi Minh
CO thu nhdp v&i chdt lugng viic ldm ngdy cdng cao. Theo nghia rgng, giai quydt vide Iam la tong the chu tmong, chlnh sach cua he thdng chinh tri tac ddng ddn cac ITnh virc cua ddi sdng xa hdi, nhim bao dam cho ngudi cd kha nang lao ddng ddu cd vide Iam dap img nhu cau va lpi ich cua hp. Theo nghia hep, giai quydt vide lam chu yeu hudng vao ddi tiipng that nghiep va thidu vide lara nhira tao ra viec lam cho ngudi lao ddng, ban che tinh hang that nghidp.
Chil thd cua vide Iam la ngudi lao ddng phai duoc dao tao, cd trinh dp chuydn mdn, hpc van, tay nghd cao, Iao ddng cd ki Iuat, ki thuat, nang suit, chit lupng va hidu qua, cd nang luc tu duy kinh td thich iing vdi nen kmh te img dung khoa hpc - kl thuat va cdng nghd ngay cang bidn dai.
Thdng qua dd, ngudi lao dpng cd muc sdng cao va chit Iupng cudc sdng tdt han nhd cd thu nhap cao.
Ndng dan la lyc lupng iao ddng sinh sdng ttdn dia ban ndng thdn, san xuit ndng nghidp
hor- ^ 1 " " -vhf«K tr-i _ Q r i R/C?ni9
la chit ydu vdi tu lieu san xuit la dat dai, sdng, bidn, tao ra cac san phim ndng nghiep dap irng ydu cau ciia thi trudng vd luong thuc, thyc phSm, nguydn lidu cho cdng nghidp va xuat khau. Viic ldm cua nong ddn la todn bg hogt dgng lao dgng co chu dich cua nong ddn, khong biphdp ludt cdm, tgo thu nhdp hoac lai ich cho bdn thdn, gia dinh vd cgng dong. 0 ndng thdn, rapt sd Iupng ldn cdng vide tai nha khdng tinh thdi gian nhu: hdng nha, hdng con chau, npi ttp, lam vudn... nhung cd tac dyng hd h p tich cyc tang thdra thu nhap cho gia dinh. Thdng kd cho thay, 1/3 quy thdi gian ciia ndng dan lam vide phu mang tinh hd h p cho kinh td gia dinh, thyc chat day ciing la cdng vide cd kha nang tao thu nhap va Ipi ich dang kd cho ndng dan.
Gidi quyet viic ldm cua nong ddn Id tong the chu truemg, du&ng loi, chinh sdch. biin phdp cita Ddng. Nhd nu&c, cdc to chirc chinh tri - xd hgi tdc dgng lin cdc Unh vuc cua dm song xd hgi nhdm tgo ra ca hgi di nong ddn chit dgng tao viec ldm vd tdng thu nhdp phii hap v&i lai ich cua hg vd xd hgi
Theo quan didm hidn dai, giai quyet vide lam cho ngudi lao ddng khdng chi dimg lai d cd vide lam, ma phai hudng tdi nang cao chat lupng vide Iam, tiic la vide lara pbai dat hieu qua cao, mang tinh ben vung, do vay, thuat ngii
"vide lam ben virng" xuat hidn. Theo Td chicc Lao ddng qudc te (ILO), viic ldm bin vihig la CO hdi cho nam gidi va nii gidi cd dupc vide Iam dn dinh va nang suat trong didu kien ty do, birtii ding va nhan pham dupc tdn hpng;
la cdng vide dem lai tidn luang du sdng, hop li va cdng bing; la khat vpng cua con ngudi ttong cudc sdng Iao ddng vd co hdi va thu nhap, quydn loi, tidng ndi va su thira nhan; sy dn dinh gia dinh va phat hidn ca nhan; sy cdng bing va buih ding nhu nhau.
Cac khia c^nh dd nhan bidt viic ldm ben virng la: Co hdi vide lam, lara vide hong didu kidn hi do, lam vide nang suat, binh ding hong cdng vide, an toan va dupc bao dam nhan p h i m tai noi lara vide. Tir dd, cd thd hidu, gidi quyet viec ldm bin vieng ciia nong ddn la tgo
dieu kien. ca hgi cho nong ddn co viec ldm on dinh. bdo dam cugc song cua bdn thdn, gia dinh. phdt huy toi da khd ndng ciia cd nhdn, ldm viic ddng khd ndng, sa tru&ng, phii hgp v&i sice khoe, gi&i tinh.
Ngudi ndng dan dupc bao vd gia tri ban than, cd thdi gian hpp li dd nghi ngai, tai san xuat sice lao ddng, cd mdi trudng lam vide bao dam an toan lao dpng, dupc cham sde sue khde, dd phdng nii ro, dupc quyen hpc tap nang cao trinh dp chuydn mdn, tay nghd; xda bd sy phan bidt ddi xu vd nghd va bdc lot sire Iao ddng; viec Iam cd nang suat, bieu qua, canh hanh dupe hong ndn kinh te thi trudng, khdng roi vao tinh trang thieu vide lam hay that nghidp. Quan nidm vd giai quydt vide lam bdn viing ciia ndng dan can dupc nhan thiic d mdt sd khia canh sau:
- Tgo diiu kiin cho nong ddn co viic ldm on dinh, bdo ddm cugc song. Can cii theo quy dinh ciia Bd luat Lao ddng, ngu&i lao dgng co viec ldm on dinh bdo ddm thoi gian lien tuc toi thiiu phdi trin ba thdng, luong toi thieu vupt miic can ngbeo theo chuan quy dinh cua Chinh phu. Theo quy djnh ve chuin ngheo mdi tidp can da chidu, hd ngheo d ndng thdn la hd cd muc thu nhap binh quan tu du 700.000d/ngudL/
thang h d xudng; hd can ngbeo la hdn 700.000 ddn l.OOO.OOO/ngudi/tiiang'".
- Tgo viic ldm vira ddp img nhu cdu ciia ngu&i nong ddn, vua gop phdn thdc ddy xd hgi phdt trien ben vimg. Tao vide Iam va xiic tidn vide lara khdng cbi la nhu ciu cua ndng dan ma cdn la ddi hdi khach quan cua xa hdi, gdp phin nang cao nang suit Iao dpng, tao tbu nhap dn dinh, giai quydt tinh ttang thit nghidp va cac te nan xa hdi nay sinh tu tinh ttang dd, thu hep khoang each giau ngheo, hudng tdi binb ding ttong tbu nhap. Tir dd tao ddng lyc gdp phin giii viing sy dn dinb chinh tti - xa hdi va thiic day xa hdi phat ttidn bdn viing.
- Bdo trg' xd hgi vd doi thogi xd hgi tao su dong thudn trong ddn, dgng luc quan trgng thuc hien muc tieu dgc lap ddn tgc vd chii nghia xd hgi Bao ttp xa hpi tao didu kidn cho ndng dan dupc hudng cac nhu cau toi thidu dua tten Khna hnr. nhinh t r i ^ R r i R/or)-|g
• Nghien ciiu - Trao doi 63 cac quydn co ban ciia con ngudi, xuat phat hi
nhu ciu dupc tao co hdi tidp can vide lam va tiiu nhap; dich vu giao dye, y td, nha d, dinh dudng... Thyc thi cac hoat ddng bao trp xa hpi ddi hdi su ttidn khai ddng bd cac chinh sach tii Trung uong den dia phuang, cac td chuc xa hpi, ca nhan hong cdng ddng nham tao ra cac dieu kidn can thidt giup ndng dan vupft qua khd khan tam thdi ttong cudc sdng. Ddi thoai xa hdi bao gdm cac hinh thirc thuong luong, tham van, dam phan, tu van, frao ddi thdng tin giiia hai hoac ba bdn: dai dien cua Chinh phii, ngudi su dung lao dpng va ndng dan vd nhiing van dd chung can quan tam. Myc dich cua ddi thoai xa hpi la thiic day sy ddng thuan va tham gia dan chil cua cac bdn lidn quan.
2. Vai trd cua cac chii the trong giai q u y i t viec lam cua ndng dan
(-) Ddng Cgng sdn Viet Nam: Vdi tu each la chu the tham gia giai quydt vide lam cua ndng dan. Dang giii vai trd lanh dgo hi thong chinh tri vd todn xd hgi dap img nhu cau, lpi ich cua ndng dan. Dang nhan thirc sau sac vd vai tro to l&n cua nong ddn trong sir nghiep cdch mgng cua ddn tgc; la luc lugng chinh tri - xd hgi, luc lugng sdn xudt. lire luang gin giic, bdo luu vd phdt trien nen van hoa ddn lgc.
Sy lanh dao cua Dang thd hien d viec dinh ra quan didm, dudng ldi, chii truong, cbi thi, nghi quydt hen cac Urtii vyc xa hdi nham tao didu kidn, CO hdi dd ndng dan cd vide lam bdn viing.
Td chirc tuydn tmydn, van ddng, tap hpp giac ngp ndng dan nhim xay dyng giai cap ndng dan theo muc tieu ciia Dang; lanh dao he thdng chinh tri, dpi ngii can bp, dang vidn cua Dang va cac td chiic kinh td, xa hdi thara gia vao qua tiinh giai quydt vide lam cua ndng dan; gdp phan cung cd vung chac khdi lidn minh cdng nhan - ndng dan - tri thiic, ndn tang ciia khdi dai d o ^ ket dan tdc, la ndi lyc, ddng lyc ciia sy phat ttidn dit nudc.
(-) Nhd nu&c phdp quyin xd hgi chii nghia:
Theo Didu 9 Bd luat Lao ddng; "Nha nudc, ngudi sir dung lao dpng va xa hpi cd hach nhidm tham gia giai quydt vide Iam, bao dam
cho ngudi Iao ddng cd kba nang lao ddng ddu cd CO hdi cd vide lam".
Nha nudc xac djnh chi tidu tao vide Iam mdi trong kd hoach phat tridn kinh td - xa hdi 5 nam va hang nam, tao didu kidn cin thiet, bd ttp tai chinh, cho vay vdn hoac giam, midn thue va ap dyng cac bidn phap khuyen khich khac de ngudi cd kha nang lao ddng tu giai quydt vide lam, de cac td chuc, don vi va ca nhan thudc mpi thanh phan kinh td phat tridn nhieu nghd mdi nham tao vide Iam cho nhidu ngudi lao ddng; cd chinh sach uu dai vd giai quydt vide Iam dd thu hiit va su dyng Iao ddng la ngudi dan tdc thidu sd; cd chinh sach khuydn khich, tao didu kidn thuan Ipi cho cac td chirc va ca nhan ttong nudc va nudc ngoai dau tu pbat tridn san xuat - kinh doanh, dd giai quydt vide Iam cho ngudi Iao ddng...
Dd giai quydt vide lam ciia ndng dan, Nha nudc the chd hda quan didm, dudng Idi, myc tidu cua Dang thdng qua be thdng phap luat, chinh sach, kd hoach, quy hoach gdp phan gitr viing dn dinh chd dp chinh tri, bao dam sy lanh dao ciia Dang, tao ca bdi, didu kidn cho ndng dan cd vide lam ben vung. Nha nudc day manh cai each hartii chinh, nang cao chat Iupng dpi ngii can bd, cdng chiic dd giai quydt nhirng van dh lidn quan den Ipi ich cua ndng dan; td cbiic tiiyc hidn cac chinh sacb, chuong trinh, dy an phat hidn kinh td; thanh lap cac td cbuc kinh td, cac doanh nghiep nha nudc d dja phuang hoac dau tu von chu ydu; quydt dinh cac quy hoach pbat trien kinb td - xa hpi va quydt dinh dm tu cho khu vyc ndng nghidp, ndng thdn nham tao ra sd lupng vide lam cho ndng dan; dau tu phat ttien kdt cau ha ting ndng thdn, tang cudng ap dyng khoa hpc - cdng nghd vao s ^ xuat ndng nghidp, chd bidn va tidu thu san pbam...
(-) Doanh nghiip, doanh nhdn: Doanh nghidp tao ra vide lam mdi va dn djnh vide lam cho ndng dan. Doanh ngbidp_ va ndng dan la hai tac nhan chinh ciia cac mdi lidn kdt ttong san xuit ndng nghidp. Trong dd, doanh nghidp la "diu tau", la ddng co cua raoi lien kdt. Doanh nghidp giii vai trd quan trpng lidn
- qX c/on-19
ket "ba nha" (Nha nudc, nha ndng, nha khoa hpc) de hinh thanh vung nguyen lieu san xuat;
hd trp dau vao va thu mua san pham cho ndng dan; timg budc tidn tdi xay dung thuong hidu ndng san; tham gia vao qua trinh dao tao nghd, hd tro hpc nghd, giup ndng dan cd nhidu co hdi tim kidm vide lara phu hpp vdi kha nang, trinh dp dem lai thu nhap dn dinh, bao dara cudc sdng.
(-) Dgi ngu tri thirc. nhd khoa hgc Tri thiic di dau trong phong hao tien quan vao khoa hpc - cdng nghd; sang tao, phat minh, thiet kd nhiing day chuyen cdng nghd mdi iing dung hong ndng nghidp, cdng nghidp, thuc day san xuat phat trien. Tri thuc nghidn cuu, lai tao cac gidng cay trdng, vat nudi mdi cd nang suat cao, chat Iupng tdt phii hpp vdi didu kidn sinh thai va thd nhudng cua timg viing, midn; nghidn ciiu quy trinh kT thuat canh tac cdng nghd cao; dua may mdc, cdng cu phii hpp vdi timg ddi tupng cay trdng va didu kidn cua ndng nghidp Viet Nara de nang cao nang suit lao ddng, ba gia thanh san pham; chuyen giao cdng nghe chd bidn va bao quan ndng, lam, thuy san cho ndng dan dd nang cao gia tri hang hda, nghidn ciiu s^n xuat cac loai vac xin, cac chd pham chan doan bdnh nhanh va chinh xac, phat tridn cac cdng nghe xir li d nhiera mdi trudng cd hidu qua; tham gia xda ddi giam ngheo, day manh chuang trinh dinh canh dinh cu, day manh cac boat ddng khuydn ndng vdi hinh thiic thich hpp.
(-) Ngu&i nong ddn
Vdi tu each vua la chu the, vira la ddi tupng ciia giai quyet vide lam, theo phuong chara "tu lyc canh sinh" ngudi ndng dan phai cbii ddng ty giai quydt vide ISm va tim kidm co hdi vide lam cho rainh. Mudn vay, ban than hp phai ty tich luy kidn thiic, kT nang lam vide; tii minh boac dya vao cac ngudn tai h p khac tii gia dinh hay cac td chiic xa hdi tham gia dao tao dd cd thd til kidm vide lam. Vdi ndng dan hidn nay, ngoai vide tham gia san xuit ndng nghidp, hp cdn cd thd tham gia nhidu boat dpng kinh td khac dd cd viec lam tang thu nhap...
3. C^c giai phap giai quydt van de vi^c lam cua ndng dan
Mgt la. gidi quyet viec ldm thdng qua dudng loi. chu truang cua Ddng vd chinh sdch, phdp ludt cua Nhd nuac nham phdt triin kinh ti - xd hgi nong thon, gidi phong nong ddn
Giai quydt vide lam cua ndng dan thdng qua dudng Idi, chu truang, nghj quyet, chi thi diing dan vd ndng nghidp, nong dan, ndng thdn ciia Dang la van de dat ldn hang dau nham tao su thong nhat vd tu tudng, nhan thiic, hanh dpng cita ca he thdng chinb tri, giai cap ndng dan, toan xa hdi ve vi tri, vai hd ciia ndng dan va giai quydt vide lam ciia ndng dan ddi vdi sy nghiep cdng nghidp hda, hidn dai hda ndng nghidp, ndng thdn. Dang xay dyng dudng ldi phat tridn dling dan, dac bidt la phat tridn ndng nghidp, ndng dan, ndng tbdn, lanh dao thing Ipi vide thyc hidn dudng Idi do; ddng thdi, thdng qua cdng tac kidm ha, giam sat va tim guong ciia dpi ngu can bd, dang vidn dd xSy dung, cimg cd nang cao uy tin cua Dang trong giai quyet vide Iam cua ndng dan. Nghi quydt Trung uang 7 khda X xac dinh: "cdng nghiep hda, hidn dai hda ndng nghidp, ndng thdn la mdt nhidm vy quan hpng hang dau ciia qua trinh cdng nghidp hda, hidn dai hda dat nudc"'^'.
Nhd nu&c hogch dinh, trien khai cdc chinh sdch phdt triin kinh te - vdn hoa - xd hgi, boat ddng kinh td cua cac td chiic va ca nhan, xde dinh cdc hinh thuc s& hint, gdp phin tao co hdi vide lara va giai quydt vide lara cua ndng dan mdt each thong nhit, nhanh cbdng, liidu qua tten quy md ca nudc. Thdng qua cac chinh sach, phap luat, Nha nudc cin phdt hiin. bd sung, dieu chinh nhiing bat cap, chdng cheo ttong qua tiinh phat tridn, tgo ra ca chi ndng dgng. sdng tgo vd hiiu qud nham pbat huy nguon nhan lyc; hgn che nhirng khuyit tat cua kinh td thi ttudng; phd ho dug'C nhimg tr& nggi ttong tien hinh phat ttidn kinh td - xa hdi, gdp phin giai quyet vide lam bdn vimg cua ndng dan. Ddng tbdi, Nha nudc can tidp tuc hoan thidn be thdng chinh sach, phap luat lao ddng, chmh sach dao tao nghd, thyc tbi nhidu chuang ttinh dy an vd
'. nhinti_tri - .cift' R/O. 0 1 9
• Nghiin ciiu - Trao doi
kinh td - xa hdi tac ddng ttyc tidp ddn thi trudng hang hoa va dich vu d ndng thdn, thyc chat la nhim tao viec lam cho ndng dan.
Hai Id. gidi quyet viic ldm ciia nong ddn thong qua chuyen dich ca cdu kinh ti theo hudng cong nghiip hoa, hiin dgi hoa
Giai quyet vide lam ciia ndng dan thdng qua chuydn dich ca cau kinh td theo hudng cdng nghidp hda, hidn dai hda dupc hidu hdn 2 gdc dp: 1) Chuydn dich ndn kinh td ndng thdn tir ndn kinh td thuan ndng gia hi thap, nhidu Iao dpng, nang suat thap sang ndn kinh te cd co ciu tidn bp theo hudng dich vu - cdng nghidp - ndng, Iam nghiep. Tang ti hpng vd gia hi va Iao dong hong cdng nghidp, dich vu d ndng thdn, giam ti hpng vd gia tti va Iao ddng hong ndng nghiep ti^n ca sd bao dam an ninh luong thyc va dn dinh chmh tii - xa hdi. 2) Chuyen dich CO cau kmh td ttong ndi bp nganh ndng nghidp, thay ddi co cau cua cac bd phan tao thanh ndn san xuat ndng nghidp theo yeu cau cua san xuat hang hda, phat tridn bdn viing gan vdi phat tridn kinh te ndng thdn dd cd the dat hidu qua, chat Iupng san xuat cao hon. Bidu hidn cy thd bao gdm: thay ddi ti ttpng hdng ttpt, chan nudi, dich vu, thay ddi ti hpng cac san pham ndng nghidp cdng nghd cao ttong tdng gia tri san xuat ndng nghidp.
Ba Id, gidi quyit viic ldm cua nong ddn qua hogt dgng ddo tgo nghe
Kinh td cang pbat tridn, ndng dan mudn tdn tai dupc hdn thi tmdng pbai hoan thidn chmh minh, nang cao trinh dp hpc van, chuyen mdn, kl tiiuat. Ban than cac doartii nghiep hay ndng dan muon phat tridn san xuat, tang nang suat lao dpng, nang cao thu nhap, cd vide Iam bdn viing... ddu phai lam chii khoa hoc - kT thuat, cong nghe tidn hen. Do dd, ndi dung dao tao nghd cho ndng dan pbai hudng ddn chuyen giao, ung dung khoa hpc - cdng nghe, kT thuat hien dai. Vi vay, can diy manh boat ddng tuyen huydn tu vin hpc nghd va vide Iam; didu tra khao sat dy bao nhu ciu day nghd cho ndng tian; thi didm cac md hinh day nghd; dau tu co so vat chit, ttang thidt bi day nghd; xay dung
chuang trinh dao tao va dpi ngii giao vidn, can bd quan li day nghd.
Bon la. gidi quyit viec ldm ciia nong ddn thong qua hinh thirc liin minh cong - nong - tri thirc do Ddng ldnh dgo
Giai quydt vide lam ciia ndng dan thdng qua khdi lidn minh cdng - ndng - tri thiic chinh la huy ddng mpi ngudn lyc cua giai cap cdng nhan va dpi ngii tri thiic vdi cac hinh thirc va bidn phap khac nhau nham giai quydt cac van dd cua ndng nghiep, ndng thdn va ndng dan nhu:
chuydn giao khoa hpc, kT thuat, cdng nghd; dao tao tay nghd, dau tu vdn, gidng, hang bi cdng cu lao ddng tidn tidn, hidn dai, thdng qua hinh thiic phat tridn cac hop tac xa, lidn minh hop tac xa, cac md hmh lidn kdt, cac chuong hinh phat tridn kinh td - xa hdi... gdp phin nang cao nang suat lao ddng, tao nhieu vide lam mdi, dem lai thu nhap cao dap iing nhu cau vat chat va tinh than cua ndng dan, nit ngan khoang each giau ngheo va su chenh lech giiia ndng thdn vdi tbanh tbi.
Vide ling dung kboa hpc - cdng nghd ttong san xuat ndng nghidp can su tham gia khdng chi ridng cac to chiic nha nudc va nghidn ciiu khoa hpc, ma cin ca sy tham gia ciia ndng dan va doanh nghidp.
Tom lgi, giai quydt vide Iam cho ndng dan la mdt chinh sach Idn, khdng chi anh hudng ddn sy phat tiidn kuih te, ma cdn lidn quan ddn dn dinh chmh tii - xa bdi, ddi bdi sy tham gia tich cyc ciia cac to chiic hong he thdng chinh hi va cac doanh nghidp. Day ciing la tiiudc do tinh uu viet cua che dp xa bdi chu nghTa ttong thdi ki cdng nghidp hda, hi$n dai hda hidn nayQ
">Quyadinhs6 59/2015/QD-TTgngay 19/11/2015 cua Thil tuong Chinh phii ve viec ban hdnh chudn ngheo tiep cdn da chiiu dp dung cho giai dogn 2016 - 2020 ''' Dang Cong san Viet Nam, Vdn kiin Hgi nghi ldn thic bdy Ban Chdp hdnh Tnmg uang khoa X, Nha xuat ban Chinh tri quoc gia, Ha Npi, 2008, tr.l24
' i ^ h f i a h n i - n h i n h t r i - .Qn R / P f l l Q
