" Nghien en cdu - Trao dSi
HOAN THIEN THE CHE PHAP LI Kl£M SOAT QUYEN LLTC NHA NU^6C
TRONG NHA NUOfC PHAP QUYEN XA H O I CHU NGHLA 6 VIET NAM HIEN NAY
NGUYEN H U Y HOAN<'»
Tom tat: Thi che phdp li Id cdn cu quan trgng de thuc hien kiem soat quyen luc nhd nudc trong Nhd nuac phdp quyen xd hgi chu nghia a Viet Nam hien nay. The che phdp li ve Mem soat quyin luc nhd nuac Id nhOng npi dung cdu thdnh trong he thong the che nhd nuac. Ddy la nhOng quy pham phdp lugt quy dinh ve vi tri, vai tro, quyen hgn, nguyen tdc, phuang thirc hoat ddng, mdi quan hi... cua cdc chu the trong he thdng td chuc quyen luc nhd nuac. O Viet Nam, thi chi phdp li kiim soat quyin luc nhd nuac duac the hien thdng qua Hien phdp, lugt td chiec cua cdc ca quan nhd nuac, a Trung ucmg vd dia phuang. Mat trgn td qude vd mpt sd ludt lien quan. Bdi viit niu lin vd phdn tich nhirng ndi dung phdp li kiem soat quyin luc nhd nuac trong cdc vdn bdn phdp ludt neu trin vd de xudt nhirng ndi dung cdn hodn thien.
Tu- khoa: kiim soat quyin luc; thi chi phdp li; Nhd nuac phdp quyen xd hpi chu nghia Viit Nam
I
Vai tro the che phap li vM viec kiem soat quyen luc nha nuac• Thg che phap U la mpt bd phan quan trpng cua co chg phap li kigm soat quygn lyc nha nudc. Dd la tdng the cac quy pham phap luat cd mdi lien he chat che, thdng nhat, quy dinh vl nguyen tac, pham vi hinh thiic va phuang phap kidm soat quygn lyc nha nudc.
"•' Hpc vi^n Chinh tri khu virc III, Hpc vien Chinh tri quoc gia Ho Chi Minh
Sau gan 75 nam xay dyng nha nude ciia dan, do dan, vi dan vdi muc dich phuc vu nhan dan, m tirdng thugng tdn phap luat dugc tbl Men ngay cang ro net. Tir nhimg nam 90 etia thi ki XX, he thdng phap luat nudc ta ngay cang cd CO sd vimg chac, gin vdi viec xay dung Nha nudc phap quyen xa hdi chii nghTa. Chiing ta da dat dugc nhigu thanh nm vd kinh tl - xa hdi van hda, quoc phong, an nmli, trat tu an toan xS hdi Tuy nhien, hien tupng v, pham phap h a t xam pham quydn Iam ehii eiia nhan dan vln dien bign nghiam trpng, te quan ligu, tham nhung da KJiaahoc chinh tri - So 9 + i o / 2 0 1 9
• Nghiin cdu - Trao ddi
trd ngn khd kiam soat lam giam sut long tin ctia nhan dan doi vdi Dang va Nhk nuoc. Cimg vdi su liing doan, Ipi ich nhdm dang d tinh trang bao dpng, tao ra nguy ca suy yeu dat nudc tir bgn trong. Nhiing hien tugng nay da chi ro nhiing ylu kem, han chg trong kiam soat quyin luc nha nudc, trong dd dau tian chinh la su bat cap cua "bd cdng cu" - thg che phap Ii.
Trong kigm soat quygn lyc nha nudc, the chg phap li la bd cdng cu quan trpng dg nha nude thuc hien dong thdi cac hoat dpng theo ddi, giam sat, danh gia hoat dpng cua cac eo quan thyc thi quygn luc nha nudc, vira thyc hien tdt chuc nang dieu hanh va quan Ii xa hdi. Trudc hit, cd thg thay, thd cha phap Ii ve kiem soat quyin luc nha nudc la bd phan eau thanh nan tang ca chg phap Ii kigm soat quyen lyc nha nuoc. Xet theo quan he chiau dpc thi tha che phap Ii la yau td dau tidn tao ngn ca chg phap li kiem soat quydn lyc nha nudc.
Tha cha phap Ii, suy cho cimg la phan anh trinh dp phat triln kinh t l - xa hdi, the hien y chi ciia chu tha cd quydn ban hanh ra nd la Nhan dan - chti thd eao nhit cua quyen lyc nha nuac. Sau khi dupc ban hanh, vdi y nghia la mpt bp phan cua thuong tang kiln tnic va vdi chirc nang kidn tao cac quan he phap luat mdi, the cha phap li tdn tai dpc lap va tac dpng qua Iai giira cac thilt cha "cdng hudng" va ngay ca chil tha da ban hanh ra nd, da chuan muc hda, tao nen sy dn dinh, duy tri boat dpng cua cac thiat cha trong ca cha kiem soat quydn lyc nlia nuac. Trong qua trinh tdn tai ddc lap va tuong hd bien chiing vdi cac thiet chd "cdng hudng", CO liic tha chl cd tinh vuot truac, thtic day viec thigt lap thigt chl mdi. Trong cae yeu td cua ca che kiem soat quyen lyc nha nudc, thd cha ludn ddng vai trd then chdt, la ca sd, can eii phap li chi phdi viec thigt lap cac thigt che va xac lap cac kha nang, dilu kien bao dam cho viec hoan thi?n va hoat dpng cua co chl kidm soat quyan lyc nha nudc.
Trong qua trinh diau chinh cae quan he xa hpi thugc ITnh vuc kiam soat quyen lyc nha nudc, thg chl phap li trd thanh bd cong cy, kilm
soat quygn lyc nha nudc cd hieu luc cao. Hien phap va phap luat xac dinh tbl chl phap li v l kiem soat quyen lye nha nude va bao dam tinh hieu luc cao nhat, cd gia tri phd bien rdng nhat trong cac loai thg che. Thg chg phap Ii ve kiem soat quygn luc nha nudc tao ra sy ranh mach, cdng khai vg thii hac, thdi hieu, khdng gian, thdi gian...; tao ra kha nang ap dung cac chd tai da ngan ngira nhiing sai pham brong td ehiic, thyc hien quydn lue nha nudc. Ngoai ra, ndi dung the chg quygn luc nha nudc edn tao ra sy rang budc, tac ddng giiia cac ca quan trong bd may nha nude ciing nhu trong giai quyit cac vln dl ngi bd cua nha nudc. Nhidu ndi dung thd cha kiam soat quyan luc nha nudc cd pham vi rpng Idn, vdi su tham gia ciia nhilu chii thi cd vj tri, vai trd, tinh chat, nang lyc... khac nhau, thd hien ro mdi Iidn he giiia nhan dan vdi nha nudc. The cha phap Ii va kiam soat quygn lyc nha nudc ddng vai trd quan trpng trong viec gdp phan Iam cho quydn lyc nha nude dupc td chirc, van hanh dn dinh va cd hieu qua, ban che nhiing mat trai cd tha phat sinh khi cac chii thg quyin luc lam dung vai trd kidm soat ddi vdi cac chti thd khac trong qua trinh van hanh quyan lyc nha nudc.
Mdt khi tu hrdng phap quyen va cac gia fri dan chu dupc ghi nhan trong hien phap va phap luat se thanh nhiing gia tri hien hiiu vimg chac, ngan chan lam quyin, tuy tien, tha hda quyen lyc.
Kiem soat quyin luc mdt each hpp Ii, khdng Iam can trd boat dpng binh thudng, dimg phap luat ciia cac chit thd mang quyen ma nham xay dimg, dinh hudng quygn lyc nha nudc theo mue dich xa hpi mong mudn, Iam cho viee quyat dinh eae quyit sach trd nan sang sudt. Sir dung tot thd chl phap li vl kiem soat quyen luc nha nudc se lam eho quyan lyc nha nudc thuc sy la eiia nhan dan, van hanh phii hop vdi nhiem vy va quyin ban dupc nhan dan giao phd, tinh dan ehu va phap quyen dupc giii vimg, bao dam cong bang va trat ty xa hdi.
2. Kilm soat quyen luc nha nudfc tr&n nen tang Hiin phap nam 2013
Thuc tien da mmh chiing, kidm soat quygn Iuc nha nudc la yeu clu khach quan trong xay
KhoaJ^pn rhinh tri - So 9+10/2019
56 • Nghien cdu - Trao doi dung Nha nudc phap quygn xa hdi chu nghTa d
Viet Nam. Ciing vdi sy phat trien tu duy li Iuan ve nha nudc phap quygn, tu duy Ii Iuan vg kigm soat quygn luc nha nudc da cd nhidu thay ddi tieh cyc.
Digu 2 Hign phap nam 2013 khang dinh"
"Nudc Cpng boa xa hpi chii nghTa Viet Nam do nhan dan Iam chti; tat ca quygn lyc Nha nudc thudc vg nhan dan ma ngn tang la lign minh giira giai cap cdng nhan vdi giai cap ndng dan va dpi ngii tri thiic. Quyen Iuc Nha nudc la thdng nhat, cd su phan cdng, phdi hpp, kidm soat giiia cac ca quan nha nudc trong viec thyc hien cac quygn lap phap, hanh phap, tu phap"'". Trong do, mdt trong nhiing tu tudng cdt Idi dugc dd cao va the hien xuygn sudt, nhat quan do la van de ehu quygn nhan dan. Van de quygn con ngudi, quygn cdng dan cang dupc md rdngva kem theo dd la trach nhiem ciia nha nudc trong mdi quan he vdi nhan dan dupc quy dinh ro rang han. Vdi quan diem coi nhan dan la chii thg ciia quydn lap hien, nhan dan quy dinh gidi ban quyan Iuc nha nudc va thuc hien viec phan cdng quydn luc cho cac ca quan nha nudc thong qua hian phap, da tao tidn dg quan trpng ciia ca cha kigm soat quyen lyc nha nudc mdt each toan dien.
Diau 69 Hign phap nam 2013 quy dinh:
"Qude hdi la ca quan dai bieu cao nhit ciia nhan dan, co quan quyen luc nha nudc cao nhit ciia nudc Cpng hda xa hdi chii nghTa Viet Nam.
Qude hdi thuc hien quyen lap hiin, quyin lap phap, quygt dinh cac van dl quan trpng ciia dat nudc va giam sat tdi cao ddi vdi boat dpng ciia Nha nude"'^'. Theo dd, Quoc hpi kilm soat quygn hanh phap thdng qua hoat ddng giam sat ciia Qude hdi ddi vdi Chinh phu ddi vdi viec man theo Hign phap, luat va nghi quyet cua Quoc hdi; ddng thdi xet bao cao cdng tac cua Chil tich nudc, Uy ban thudng vu Qude hdi, Chinh phii, Hdi ddng bau cu qude gia, Kilm toan nha nudc va ca quan khac do Qude hdi thanh lap. Quydn kiam soat ciia Qude bdi cdn dupc thyc thi qua hoat ddng bau, mien nhiem, bai nhiem Chii tich nude, Thii tudng Chinh phii,
Chil tich Hdi ddng biu cir qude gia, Tdng Kiem toan Nha nudc, ngudi dung dau ca quan khac do Qude hdi thanh lap; phd chuan da nghi bd nhiem, miln nhidm, each chirc Phd Thu tudng Chinh phu, Bd trudng va thanh vidn khae cua Chinh phu; phd chuin danh sach thanh vien Hdi ddng qude phdng va an nmh, Hdi ddng bau cti quoc gia (Dieu 70 Hien phap nam 2013).
Bdn canh dd, Hiin phap 2013 da bd sung cac hinh thiic nhan dan sir dung quyen Iuc nha nudc khdng nhung bing hinh thiirc dan chu dai dien thdng qua Quoc hpi va Hgi ddng nhan dan, ma cdn bing ea hmh tbiic dan chii tryc tilp: "Nhan dan thuc hien quyen luc nha nudc bing dan chii true tilp, bing dan chu dai dien thdng qua Quoc hdi, Hgi dong nhan dan va thdng qua cac ca quan khac ciia Nha nudc" (Didu 6); "Mat tran To quoc Viet Nam la co sd chinh tri ciia chinh quyen nhan dan; dai dien, bao ve quyan va Ipi ich hap phap, chinh dang eiia Nhan dan; tap hpp, phat huy sire manh dai doan ket toan dan tdc, thuc hien dan chii, tang cudng ddng thuan xahpi; giam sat, phan bien xa hdi" (Dieu 9)...
Tir khi dupc ban banh den nay da 6 nam, Hidn phap nam 2013 da di vao cudc sdng, tac ddng tich cyc den mpi ITnh vuc ddi sdng chinh tri - xa hpi, la co sd phap Ii quan trgng dd nghian ciiu xay dung va hoan thien the chd phap li vg kiem soat quygn lyc trong Nha nudc phap quyen xa hpl chu nghia. Dd dap ting yau d u thilt thyc dd, Qude bdi Khda XIII da uu tidn chuang xay dyng, sua ddi cac van ban phap luat Iidn quan da phu hpp vdi ndi dung cua Hiln phap mdi, dac biet la cac luat v l td chiic va boat ddng ciia bd may nha nudc.
Qua dd, tai ky hgp thir 8 cua Qude hdi khda XIII da cd 18 du an luat dupc thdng qua, bao gdm: Luat Td chirc Qude hdi (sua ddi), Luat To chirc Tda an nhan dan (sira ddi) Luat Td chirc Vien kigm sat nhan dan (sira ddi)..., tdi cac kyhpp tigp theo, Quoc bdi lln luat thdng qua mpt b^t cac dy an luat hdn quan din kilm soat quyen lyc nha nudc nhu: Luat td chirc Chinh phu, Luat bau cu dai bieu Qude hgi va dai bilu Ho, dong nhan dan, Luat td chirc chinh quyin
KhoajTpc chinh tn - So 9+10/2019
• Nghien cdu - Trao c 57 dia phuang, Luat kidm toan nha nudc, Luat Mat
tran Td qude Vidt Nam, Luat trung cau y dan, Luat vl Hgi, Luat bao chi, Luat tiep can thdng tin... Viia qua, tai Ky hpp thir 8 Quoc hdi khda XII (thang 11/2019) tigp tuc bd sung, stia ddi Luat vl td chirc Chinh phii, Luat Td chiic chinh quyin dia phuang, Luat Can bp, cdng chirc, Luat Vign chiic, Luat Kigm toan Nha nudc.
Viec nay da gdp phan quan trgng trong qua trinh hoan thien ngn tang ca sd phap li vd kiam scat quyan luc nha nudc trong Nha nudc phap quyen xa hpi chu nghia d Viet Nam theo ndi dung Hien phap nam 2013.
3. Mpt s6 giai phap hoan thi|n the che phap li trong kiem soat quyen lyc nha nnd'c is Viet Nam hien nay
Sau ban 30 nam ddi mdi va phat tridn, the che phap Ii ve kigm soat quygn lye nha nudc dat dugc nhiing thanh tyu lan: Nhan thiic vg kiem soat quygn lyc nha nudc dugc nang cao va ghi nhan thanh nguygn tac trong Cuong Iinh xay dung va phat trign dat nudc va Hian phap - dao luat co ban cua Nha nudc Cdng boa xa hdi chu nghTa Viet nam, da va dang timg budc dupe cu the hda va td chirc thuc bien. Song, thuc tian trong qua trinh didu hanh, td chiic thuc hien quygn lyc nha nudc, viec kiem soat quyen lyc nha nudc vln cdn bdc Id nhidu bat cap, han chg.
Trong bao cao Tdng ket ve Mdt sd van de li luan - thyc tiln 30 nam ddi mdi dat nudc. Dang ta da nhan dinh: "Viee kidm soat quygn Iuc trong hoat dpng cua cac thidt cha trong he thdng chinh m, nhat la trong bd may nha nudc, ehua dupc cha dinh ro, cdn thilu nhat quan"'^'. Thd chg phap li vg kiem soat quyen lye nha nude da bigu hien nhigu bat cap trong xay dung Nha nudc phap quyen xa hgi chu nghia "chua nhan thiic day dii vg nguyen tic quyen luc nha nude thdng nhat, vg ca che phan cdng, phdi hop, kiem soat quyen lyc nha nudc, nhat la vd kiem soat quygn lyc; v l vai trd cua ca quan tu phap trong viee kigm soat cac co quan nha nudc thyc hien quyen lap phap va quyin banh phap"'"", chua cu thg hda viee trao quyen lap hian cho Nhan dan, vi vay chit thg cua quygn lap hian va
quygn lap phap chua dupc phan dinh ro rang.
Tinh tdi cao ciia Hidn phap da dupc ghi nhan nhung chua cd co chl dit manh d l bao ve Hiln phap; chua cd thiet ehe tai phan hiln phap de xem xet cac hanh vi vi hidn trong cac ITnh vyc lap phap, hanh phap, tu phap eiing nhu trong ddi sdng xa hdi nhu Nghi quyit Dai hdi Dang toan qude Ian thii X da ndu. Nhigu nguyen tac kigm soat quydn lyc nha nudc da dupe ghi nhan trong Hidn phap nhung cham dugc cu thg boa, cd khi cu thg hoa bing luat rdi cdn phai chd hudng dan cua nghi dinh, thdng tu... "Sy tham gia giam sat ciia cac co quan dan cir, cua cac td chtic chinh tri - xa hdi, xa hgi - nghg nghiep va nhan dan trong ngn kinh td thi trudng va trong boat ddng quan li nha nudc cdn ban ehe, bat eap"'^'. Trudc nhiing ban chd, khd khan va thach thiic dd, can phai khdng ngimg nghign cim thao ga, xay dyng va hoan thien the chg phap Ii va kiam soat quyan luc nha nudc trong xay dung Nha nudc phap quyan xa hdi chii nghTa eiia dan, do dan va vi dan. Qua do:
- can khang dinh tinh nhit quan sy lanh dao ciia Dang ddi vdi vide xay dung, hoan thien tha cha phap li vg kigm soat quyen lyc nha nudc trong xay dyng Nha nudc phap quyen xa bdi chil nghta. Can Iam rd mdi quan he giiia Dang va Nha nudc theo nguygn tac Dang lanh dao, Nha nudc quan Ii dl tranh tinh trang chdng cheo, bao bien, Iam thay. Theo do. Dang va dgi ngii can bd, dang vidn can phai khdng ngimg hpc tap nang cao nang Iuc cam quydn, nang cao nang luc nhan thiic Ii Iuan vg phuang thirc cam quyen theo diing dinh hudng chinh tri ciia Dang, bao dam xay dung va dieu banh dat nudc bang phap luat. Dang can lanh dao chat che qua trinh xay dung thg chl phap Ii vg kiem soat quygn Iuc nha nudc tir khau xay dyng kd hoach, trinh du an luat, soan thao luat din to chiic thuc hien phap luat.
- Tilp tuc nghian ciiu xay dung va hoan thien tbl chl phap li vg kigm soat cae co quan quyin lyc nha nudc trong viec thye hien cac quyin lap phap, hanh phap va tu phap. Theo do, cin tilp hie hoan thien ca cha phan cdng.
KilfiiJiec chinh th - S6' 9+10/2019
58 • Nghien cdu -Jrcio ddi phdi hgp va kiem soat giiia cac co quan nha
nudc trong vide thyc hien cac quyan lap phap, hanh phap va tu phap va ca trong mdi nhanh quyan luc. Phan cdng dd chuygn mdn hda cdng viec cua Nha nudc, Iam ro pham vi cdng viec va trach nhiem cua timg ca quan, ca nhan, tranh tmh trang mau thuin, chdng cheo, lan Idn trong viec thye hien quygn luc nha nudc. Phdi hpp dd tao kat ndi trong viec thyc bien cdng viec nha nudc, qua dd, mdi co quan nha nudc thyc hien cac cdng viec khac nhau nhung dgu hudng tdi muc tigu la quan Ii nha nudc cd hieu Iuc hieu qua. Cdn kigm soat dg kip thdi phat bien mau thuan, ehdng cheo, bat cap... kg ca sai pham trong viec phan cdng, thyc hien quygn luc nha nudc d cae cap chmh quyen. Tir dd, ed bien phap digu chinh, xir li kip thdi cac sai pham da xay ra nham dam bao viec thyc tbi quydn luc nha nudc thdng sudt, thdng nhat dimg phap luat, Va mat lap phap, can hoan thien cac quy dinh ve pham vi quygn lap phap ciia Qude hdi theo hudng hoan thien quy dinh ve iiy quyen lap phap cua Qude hdi cho Uy ban thudng vu Qude hdi ban hanh phap lenh va Chinh phii ban hanh nghi dinh.
Ddi vdi ca quan hanh phap, can thidt lap them cac quy dinh dl gia tang quyin kilm soat ciia CO quan quydn luc nha nuoc ddi vdi cac co quan hanh phap, nhu. co chl chiu trach nhiem tap tha ciia Chinh phii tnrdc Qude hpi, bd sung cac quy dinh cu thg nang cao chit lupng, hieu qua boat ddng giam sat ctia Qude hdi; phat huy vai trd Kigm toan nha nudc, tap tmng giam sat viec chl tigu, sir dung ngan sach nha n u d c . Tang cudng su kigm soat eua Chii tieh nudc, cac quy dinh dg tu phap kiem soat quyin hanh phap, nhat la kidm soat quyin hanh phap thdng qua tu phap hanh chinh Ra soat, bd sung cac quy dinh nham tang cudng hieu qua ciia ca chl tu kidm tra brong he thdng ca quan hanh chinh nha nudc ..
Ddi vdi ca quan tu phap, can quy dinh thim quydn giai thich phap luat ciia Tda an nhan dan tdi cao; xay dung co chd bao dam cac tda an d p dudi phai tuan thii quydt dinh giam ddc tham
cua tda an d p trdn va thuc hien nhigu ban nua viec cdng khai cac ban an d l Qude hpi, Uy ban thudng vy Qude hdi, Hdi dong dan tdc, cac Uy ban cua Quoc hdi va Hpi ddng nhan dan cac d p ; cac doan thi nhan dan tiln hanh boat ddng giam sat xet xir mdt each chinh xac, thuc chat va hieu qua.
- can khuyin khich nhan dan tham gia vao quan li nha nudc, su dyng cdng nghe mdi da xac lap mdt he thong giam sat, danhgia ddc lap ciia ca quan hanh chinh d p tren ddi vdi viec thuc hien ciia cac ca quan true thudc. Nghidn cthi ap dung cac cdng cu danh gia ddc lap mdi, nhu: Bp chi sd danh gia hieu qua quan tn va hanh chinh cdng d p tinh (PAPI), chi sd nang lyc canh tranh d p tinh (PCI), chi sd cdng li... dd tang cudng sy tham gia ciia ngudi dan va doanh nghiep trong danh gia chit luong, hieu qua phyc vy eiia cac ca quan hanh chinh nha nudc.
- Day manh cdng tac nghien ctiu, hoan thien thg chg phap Ii vg bao ve Hign phap; xay dyng cac thiat chg vg kigm soat quygn lyc nha nudc;
tang cudng chg tai phap li trong boat ddng kidm soat quyen Iuc nha nudc; bd sung mire dp ap dung nhiing bien phap phap Ii cd tinh chl tai trong qua trinh kidm soat quyen lyc nha nuac de viee kiam soat quygn lyc nha nudc thyc su cd hieu qua.G
*" Dang Cpng san Viet Nam, 2016. Vdn hen Dgi hoi dgihieu todn qude ldn thir XII, Nha x u i t ban Chinh tri quoc gia, Ha Noi
"' Bang C6ng san Viet Nam (2015), Bdo cdo long kit mot so vdn de li luan - thuc nin qua 30 ndm dSi mai (1986 - 2016), Nha xuat ban Chinh t n q u i c gia Ha Noi,tr.4-12-76
'" Nguyin Minh Doan, Vu Thu Hanh (2014) Quan mem ve kiem soat vd ca chS kiim soat quyin luc nhd nuoc. Tap chi Nha nuac va Phdp ludt (9) tr 4
"> Vo Khanh Vinh (chu b.en. 201] iQuyk con ngudi Kh h ' " " \ ^ - ' ^ ° % t ' ' ' " ' ' ' ' ' ^ ^ ' f^ha xuit ban Khoa hoc xa hgi, tr.280
'» Trinh Thi XuySn (2008), Kiim soi, auy^„ ,^- M
% . ™ , , N h a x u a . b a „ C h i „ h . r i , „ 6 o , „ . H l N 6 l K h o a h p c chinh tri - S6 9+10/2019
