KHOA HOC CdNG NGHE
GIAI P H A P PHAT TRIEIV SAIXI XUAT BUOI TREIXI D!A BAIXI HUYEIXI LUC IXIIiAIXI, TilXIH BAC GIAIXIG
Nguyen van SongS Lam Van Hoc^, Nguyen Xukn Huu^
T6MTAT
Ket qua nghien cmi da danh gia, phan tich thuc trang phat tnIn buoi tai huyen Luc Ngan: Su phat tri^n ve dien tich, nam 2016 la 1323,9 ha, nhung den nam 2019 dien tich da tang len va dat 2598 ha; su phat tnen ve nang suat binh quan nam 2016 la 3,83 tan/ha, den nam 2019 dat 20 tan/ha; su phat trien ve co ciiu giong buoi, nam 2016 bum dien 65,04% (816 ha), buoi da xanh 19,03% (252 ha), cac gidng buoi khac chifem 15,93%
(211 ha) va hieu qua san xuat buoi Dien va buoi Da Xanh da tao thu nhap lon cho ba con nhan dan trong huyen Luc Ngan noi chung va tinh Bdc Giang noi rieng. Tong thu cho 1 ha trong buoi DiSn dat tren 1 ty dong va buoi Da Xanh dat tren 590 trieu dong. Da phan tich cac nguyen nhan anh hucmg chu yeu la: Dieu kien tu nhien nhu khi hau, thai tiet, vi tri dia ly, dia hinh, dia mao dat dai. moi truong, sinh thai. Dieu ki^n san xuat nhu trinh do ciia nguoi san xuat, nang luc cua nguoi san xuat, quy mo von ke ca bang tien, bang vat tu ky thuat, lao dong co ky thuat, lao dong co kinh nghiem to chiic san xuat, hinh thiic hop tac to chiic san xuat va de xuat mot sd giai phap nham thuc day phat trien san xuat buoi tren dia ban huyen Luc Ngan hieu qua.
Tir Idiod: Phat triin sin xuat buoi, Luc Ngan.
I.DATVANDE
Luc Ngan la mot huyen mien nui cua tinh Bic Giang, duoc thien nhien tru dai tao nen mgt vung khi hau tho nhuong dac biet thich hgp cho vi6c phat trien cac loai cay an qua hang hoa chat lugng cao nhu vai thieu, buoi, cam, nhan, tao. Luc Ngan con dugc biet den voi cac loai cay co miii khac nhu: bum Da Xanh, bum Di6n Luc Ngan, cam duong canh, cam long vang, cam V2. Vm tren 20.000 ha cay an qua, Luc Ngan da tro thanh viing cay an qua tap trung lon nhat mi^n Bac. Hang nam cac ho dan tren dia ban huyen san xuat tren 100 nghin tan vai thieu, gan 30 nghin tan trai cay c6 mui. Gia t n san xuat tu cay an qua dem lai doanh thu hon 3000 ty dong/nam cho nguoi dan dia phuong. Chuong trinh phat frien nong nghiep theo huong san xuat hang hoa ben vung da dugc tinh Bic Giang chii trong dau tu voi quy mo lon, quy hoach timg vung san xuat va tro thanh vung trong, san xuat cay an qua lon thii 3 toan quoc voi nhieu loai san pham co thuong hieu noi ti^ng khap trong va ngoai nuoc nhu: vai Luc Ngan, buoi Luc Ngan. cam Luc Ngan. Theo thong ke dien tich trong biroi cua huyen Luc Ngan nam 2019 la 2598 ha, nang suElt binh quan dat tren 20 tan/ha (UBND huyen Luc Ngan, 2019).
Tuy nhien trong qua trinh hinh thanh va phat trien, nganh trong buoi b Luc Ngan cung gap phai mpt s6 kho khan thu thach nhu thi6n tai, sau benh hai, chat luong giong, thi tnrong canh tranh gay gat, phat trien biroi khong theo quy hoach... Ngoai ra do viec quang ba san pham buoi chua dung huong nen ngu6n tieu thu chu y^u la do cac thuong lai, gia ca bap benh, kho canh tranh voi cac san pham buoi khac nhu buoi Di§n, buoi Doan Hiing, biroi Tan Lac, buoi Luan Van...va chua duoc phan phoi rong rai den nguoi tieu diing, tieu thu buoi bi bo hep trong mot pham vi nhat dinh.
Van de dat ra b day la can lam gi de day manh va phat trien nganh san xuat buoi tren dia ban huyen Luc Ngan cung nhu tim each ma rpng thi truang cho san pham buoi dem lai hieu qua kinh t^ cao, nham on dmh phat trien san xuat buoi tren dia ban huyen Luc Ngan. Ciu hoi dat ra la: Thai gian qua huyen Luc Ngan da va dang thuc hien nhirng giai phap nao nham phat trien san xuat buoi tren dia ban? Nhiing thanh tuu, kho khan va han che trong phat trien san xuat buoi tren dia ban la gi? Thuc trang phat trien san xuat bum tren dia ban huyen Luc Ngan, Bac Giang dang di6n ra nhu the nao? Nhung y^u t6 nao anh huong toi hoat dong phat trien san xuat buoi tren dia ban huyen Luc Ngan, Bac Giang? Nhtmg giai phap nao can duoc hoan thien nham phat trien san xuat buoi tren dia ban huy^n Luc Ngan, Bic Giang?
' Hoc vien Nong nghiep Viet Nam
-UBND xa San Hai, huyen Luc Ngan. tinh Bac Giang -^ Trung tam Nghien ciru Kinh te Lam nghiep, Vien Khoa hoc Lam nghiep Viet Nam
NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 2 - THANG 5/2020
KHOA HOC C 6 N G NGHfe
Miic tifeu cua bai bao la danh gia thtre trang, phan tich cac nguyen nhan anh huong, di xuat giai phap nham phat tnen san xuat buoi tren dia ban nghien ciiu.
2 . PHUONG PHAP NGHBV CUU 2.1. Nguon s6li$u 2.1.1. Nguon so'hiu thu cap
Ckc tai lieu khoa hoc, sach, cong trinh nghidn ciiu, cac ket qua nghifin cuu da cong bo ciia cac c a quan nghien ciiu, cac nha khoa hgc, so lieu cua Chi cue Thong ke, thong tin tren Website ve phat trien san xuat buoi, phat trien buoi, Nien giam Thong ke huyen Luc Ngan va cac bao cao tong ket cua UBND, Phong Nong nghidp... huyen Luc Ngan.
2.1.2. Nguon sdhiu sacap
Thu thap so Heu so cap thong qua phieu dieu tra dugc thiet ke sSn phii hpp voi muc dich di^u tra. Cac xa cua huyen Luc Ngan dugc chia thanh ba viing chinh g6m cac xa vimg thap, cac xa viing d6i nui, cac xa vimg mii cao. De tai chgn nghien cihi 90 ho dan trong buoi tai 3 xa la: Quy Son, Tan Quang, Cam Son. Day la cac xa co day dii cac tinh ch^t dai dien v^
tinh hinh phat trien san xuat buoi cua ba khu vtrc trong huyen nhu dieu kien thoi ti^t, quy mo va tinh chat dat dai, lao dgng, kinh nghiem san xuat, cac dieu kien phuc vu san xuat (dat dai, cung iing vat tu, thi trucmg...).
2.2. Phuong phap phan tich v^ xtr ly s6 li6u Su dung phuang phap phan to thong ke, phuang phap so sanh, phuong phap thong k^ mo ta, phuang phap hach toan kinh t^, phuang phap phan tich k^nh tieu thu.
3 . KET qUA NGHDI CUU VA THAO LUAN
3.1. Thuc trgng p h i t triln san xuat buoi trftn dia ban huy^n Lye N g ^ , tinh Bac Giang
3.1.1. Tinh hmh phat trien san xuat bum trin dia ban huyen Luc Ngan
Trong nhirng nam gan day, dien tich trong bum tang khong nhieu, co xu huong giam do mgt so dien tich tr6ng dat khong phii hgp, nang suat thap cho n6n nguoi san xuat giir lai nhirng di^n tich co nang suat va chat luong cao. Nang suat buoi tren 1 ha tang nhanh trong nhiing nkm gan day la do hai nguyen nhan chinh: thii nhat, do dien tich buoi tir thai gian xay dung co ban vuon cay chuyen sang giai doan
kmh doanh; thu hai, mgt s6 dien tich bum tren ^^ac loai dat khong phii hop dugc pha bo OBangD-
Bang 1. Nang mit vk sSn lupng buoi ciia huyen qua
Chitieu D T cho qua
Nang suat San lucmg
D V T Ha T a n / h a
Tan 2016 1.323,9
3,83 5070
2017 856.9 l,3,-'l' 113(^.5
1095,5 r ll.:i8 12.463,5
BQ -9 72 57 (Nguon: Phdng Ndng nghiep va PTNT huyin Luc Ngan, 2017, 2018, 2019)
3.1.2. Diin tich dat san xudt budi cua cac ho dieu ti-a
Huyen Luc Ngan la noi co du cac dieu ki&i vk.
dat dai, khi hau phii hgp trong phat tri^n cac loai cay an qua cho nang suat, chat lugng cao, trong do c6 dien tich trong buoi tuang d6i lon, buoi cho qua ngon, ngot dat chat lugng cao nhung dien tich phan bd khong d6ng deu, chu yeu bum dugc trong tai cac xa vimg thap, viing ven song, sudi. Cay buoi chu yeu tap trung nhieu tai cac xa co dien tich lon nhu Quy Son, Tan Mgc, Kien Lao, Kien Thanh, Phugng Son, Thanh Hai...
Nhiing nam gan day, trong bum tren dia ban huyen Luc Ngan ngay cang phat trien manh ca ve dien tich cung nhu trinh do tham canh, qua do hinh thanh len viing san xuat quy mo lon.
Ben canh cay vai la cay an qua chu luc cua huyen thi hien nay cay hum dang la cay trong chu luc (diing thii 3 ve dien tich) va mang lai hieu qua kinh te cao cho cac hg nong dan. Thuong hifeu bum Luc Ngan dang dugc cac cap tinh, huyen va ngiroi dan trong buoi tap tnmg xay dung.
Bang 2. Difin tich san xuat buoi ciia cac hO tr6ng biroi (ha/h6)
Chi tieu
T o n g difin tich dat cua ho 1. Dien tich dat tronfi buoi 2. Dien tich dat tronir cay Ithac
Phan theo quy mo QIML (n-9) 3,69 3,34 0,35
QIWTB (n-27) 1,94 1,63 0,31
QIMN (n-54) 1,91 0,09
Chung (n.90) 2,51 1,88 (1,63 (Ngudn: Tdng hpp sdlieu dieu tra.
mg)
KHOA HOC C 6 N G N G H E
Qua bang 2 cho thay, dien tich tr6ng btioi theo quy mo lon m6i ho trong 3,34 ha, cac hp co quy mo trang binh m6i ho trong 1,63 ha, ym quy mo nho ra6i hp trong 0,69 ha. Di6n tich dat con lai chu yeu la trong cay vai thieu, da sd cac ho co quy mo lon va quy md trang binh da pha hit vai de frdng bum.
Nhin chung, dien tich frdng bum chung binh ciia mdi hd la 1,88 ha, chiem 74,9% tdng dien tich dat ndng nghidp cua hd, tii dd cho thay fren dia ban huyen Luc Ngan hien nay khdng chi phat trien cay an qua chu llic la cay vai thieu ma dien dch cay cd mtii ngay cang phat trien.
Ket qua tdng hpp a bang 3 cho thay binh quan mdi hd cd 1,88 ha dat frdng budi frong dd fren 89,36%
(99,9/111,8 ha) dien tich cua cac ho frdng buoi da di vao boat ddng san xuat kinh doanh, cdn 10,64% dien tich cdn lai cua cac hd dang frong thdi ky kien thiet CP ban.
Ket qua dieu fra 90 hp cho thay cac gidng buiM ma cac hd nong dan fren dia ban huyen Luc Ngan dang frdng dd la giong budi cd chat lupng cao nhu budi Didn, budi Da Xanh. Trong dd gidng budi Didn duoc cac hp dan lua chon frdng nhieu nhat vdi dien Bang 4. K^t qua v^ hidu qua kinh t^ sa
(Tinh cho 1
tich binh quan dat 1,64 ha/ho, gidng budi Da Xanh 0.24 ha/hd. Day la hai gidng budi cd chat luong tdt, dupe danh gia la ngon nhat, cho nang suat rat cao, gia cao song lai la hat gidng budi yeu cau rat cao vd ky thuat cham sdc va chat dat.
Bang 3. Thdng Un vi vudn buoi ciia hO nSjn 2019
Di&n dch Tdng dien tich
I. Phan theo giong buoi
Ll. Da Xanh 1.2. BumDiSn
II. Phan theo giai doan SX
2.1. Dien tich SXKD 2.2. Dien tich KTCB
QM Lon (n-9) 3,34
0,4 2,94
2,96 0,38
QMTB (n-27)
1,63
0,19 1,44
1,52 0,11
(DVT: ha/hd) QM Nho (n-54)
0,69
0,15 0,54
0,57 0,12
Chung (n- 90) 1,88
0,24 1,64
1,68 0,2 (Nguon: Tong hop tir so Uiu dieu tia, 2019) 3.1.3. Kdt qua va hiiu qua kmh td trong phat trien san xuat buoi trin dia ban huyin Luc Ngan xu^t buoi Da Xanh ciia hd trong nam 2019 ha buoi da xanh)
sn
I 1 2 3 4 5
6 II 1 2 3 4 5 6
Chi tieu Ket qua san xuat Gia tn san xuat (GO) Chi phi trang gian GC)
Gia tri gia tang (VA) Cdng lao ddng (LD)
Khau hao Khau hao TSCD Khau hao vudn cay Thu nhap hdn hpp (MI)
Hieu qua kmh te GO/IC VA/IC MI/IC GO/LD VA/LD M i / m
D V T
Trieu ddng Trieu ddng Trieu dong
Cdng Tneu ddng Trieu ddng Tneu ddng Trieu ddng
Lan Lan Lan Trieu ddng Tneu ddng Trieu ddng
Quy md hd QML
599,50 134,58 464,92 70 40,14 26,00 14,14 424,79
4,45 3,45 3,16 8,56 6,64 6,07
QMTB
565,00 122,26 442,74 77 32,89 18,66 14,23 409,85
4,62 3,62 3,35 7,34 5,75 5,32
QMN
527,85 113,45 414,41 86 27,69 13,50 14,19 386,71
4,65 3,65 3,41 6,14 4,82 4,50
BQ
546,16 118,20 427,96 81,7 30,50 16,30 14,20 397,46
4,62 3,62 3,36 6,68 5.24 4,86 (Nguon: Tong hop so Uiu diiu tra. 2019)
NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 2 - THANG 5/2020
KHOA HOC C 6 N G M S H J
Qua nghien cuu cho thay hien nay vai gia dau ^ ^^ <5"Pc 397,46 trieu dong, thu nhap h6n hdP ^^^
vao ciing nhu khau hao tai san co dinh cua hg da diu hg quy mo lon cao nhat frong cac nhom ho vm hr vao san xuat buoi hang nam gia tii san xuat ciia 424,79 tneu dong, ho quy mo nho dat iS6.'^ • cac hg trong buoi Da Xanh binh quan trong nam ^^ng. Cac chi tieu hieu qua phan anh mbc ^^ "5^"
2019 dat 546,16 trieu d6ng/l ha. Nhu vay co the thay ^"a "^au tu ciia hg vao trong buoi Da Xanh, chi tieu dugc tong thu lon tu tr6ng buoi Da Xanh, ho quy mo ^^^^^ cho thay khi ddu tu 1 dong IC se thu duoc bao lon CO gia tri san xuat dat 599,5 trieu dong, ho quy
mo nho co gia tri san xuat thap nhat chi dat 527,85 trieu d6ng. Chi phi trung gian cua hp quy mo lon dimg cho san xuat 1 ha buoi Da Xanh co chi phi lon nhat voi 134,58 tneu dong. Cong lao dgng bo ra de san xuat 1 ha buoi Da Xanh trong nam 2019 binh quan h6t 81,7 cong trong khi do ho quy mo nho bo ra nhieu cong nhat voi 86 cong, hg quy mo lan bo ra it c6ng lao dgng hon voi 70 cong. Thu nhap hdn hgp
nhieu ddng thu nhap h6n hop. Hg quy mo Ibn co chi tieu MI/IC dat 3,16 lan cho tiiay khi ddu tu 1 dong IC vao san xuat buoi Da Xanh, hg quy mo lon se tiiu lai duoc 3,16 dong tiiu nhap hdn hgp. Hg quy mo nho co chi tieu MI/IC la 3,41 cao han so voi hg quy mo lon.
Nhu vay co th^ thay duoc hieu qua dau tu ciia hg quy mo nho cao hon so voi hg quy m6 lan nhtmg khflng nhi^u, viec phat trien san xuat quy mo lon vdn cdn duoc thiic day do thu nhap h6n hgp cua ho quy mo lon cao hon so voi hg quy mo nho.
MI ciia cac ho trong buoi Da Xanh khi san xudt tren
Bang 5. K^t qua v^ hi6u qua kinh te san xuat buoi Dl&n cua ho trong nam 2019 (tinh cho 1 ha buoi Dien)
STT I 1 2 3 4 5
6 II 1 2 3 4 5 6
Chi tieu Ket qua san xuat Gia tri san xuat (GO) Chi phi trung gian (IC)
Cdng lao ddng (LD) Gia tri gia tang (VA)
Khau hao Khau hao TSCD Khau hao vudn cay Thu nhap hdn hpp (MI)
Mdt sd chi tieu HQKT GO/IC VA/IC MI/IC GO/ID VA/U) M I / U )
D V T
Trieu ddng Trieu ddng Cdng Tneu dong Trieu ddng Trieu ddng Trieu ddng Trieu ddng
Lan Lan Lan Trieu ddng Trieu ddng Trieu ddng
Quy md hd QML
1.160,00 175,25
90 984,75
50,25 26,00 24,25 934,50
6,62 5,62 5,33 12,89 10,94 10,38
QMTB
1.124,80 159,20
101 965,60
43,23 18,66 24,57 922,37
7,07 6,07 5,79 11,14
9,56 9,13
QMN
931,00 147,74 113 783,26
38,94 13,50 25,44 744,32
6,30 5,30 5,04 8,24 6,93 6,59
BQ
1.012,04 153,93
107.1 858,11 41,36 16,30 25,06 816,75
6,57 5,57 5,31 9,45 8,01 7,63 (Ngudn: Tdng hpp sdhdu dieu tra, 2019) 2019 binh quan het 107,1 cdng frong khi do hd quy md nhd bd ra nhieu cdng nhat vdi 113 cong, hd quy md ldn bd ra it cdng lao ddng hon voi 90 cong. Thu nhap hdn hop MI cua cac hp frdng buoi DiJn khi san xuit fren Iha duoc 816,75 frieu dong, thu nhap hdn hpp cua hd quy md ldn cao nhat frong cac nhdm hd vdi 934,5 tiieu ddng, hd quy md nhd dat 744,32 trieu ddng. Cac chi tieu hieu qua phan anh muc do hieu NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 2 - THANG S/ZOJQ Qua nghien cuu co the thay dugc doanh thu lon
tu trong buoi Diln, hg quy mo lon co gia tri san xuat dat 1.160 trieu d6ng, ho quy mo nho co gia tri san xuat thdp nhdt chi dat 931 trieu ddng. Chi phi trung gian cua hg quy mo lon dimg cho san xuat 1 ha buoi Didn CO chi phi lon nhdt vdi 175,25 trieu dong. Cdng lao dong bo ra de san xudt 1 ha budi Dien trong nam
KHOA HOC CONG NGHE
qua dau tu ciia ho vao trong buoi Di^n, chi tieu MI/IC cho thay khi ddu tii 1 dong IC se thu duoc hao nhieu ddng thu nhap hdn hop. Hd quy md lan cd chi tieu MI/IC dat 5,33 ldn cho tiiay khi dau tu 1 ddng IC vao san xuat buoi Diln, ho quy mo lan se tiiu lai dugic 5,33 dong tiiu nhap hon hgp. Ho quy md nho cd chi tieu MI/IC la 5,04 cao hon so voi hd quy md ldn.
Nhu vay co tiie tiidy duoc hieu qua ddu tu san xuat budi diln cua hO quy md ldn cao hon so vdi hd quy md nhd.
3.2. Giai phdp phat tii^n san xuat buoi ti-en dia bdn huy^n Luc Ngan, tinh Bac Giang
3.2.1. Giai phap vS quy hoach
Can quy hoach vimg san xuat tap tiimg, chuyen canh, tao dilu kien ddu tir dp dung ky tiiuat. Tiln hanh xay dung quy hoach viing san xuat bum b-en pham vi toan huydn. Buoi duoc phat tnen theo vung tap trung, phu hgp vdi dilu kien tho nhudng, khi hau, trinh dp tham canh cua nhan dan. Tren ca sd dd, xay dung k l hoach phat trien trong timg giai doan d l chi dao va to chuc thuc hien. Truoc mat, khdng n l n md rdng dien tich tiong budi ma cdn tap trung dau tu tham canh nham nang cao nang sudt chat lugng san pham, tap trung vao nhimg giong budi chin sdm va chin mudn nham dai vu, keo dai thdi vu thu hoach.
Do duoc thidn nhien uu dai vl chat dat va thdi tiet nen day la cay trong co lgi t h i tuyet doi ciia vimg dat Luc Ngan. Va qua qua tiinh phan tich ndi tien cd the thay va khang dinh cay budi la cay tiong da va dang lam giau cho ngudi dan tien dia ban huyen Luc Ngan. Vi vay tiong tuong lai chinh quyIn dia phuong cdn phoi hgp vdi cac Hgp tac xa, doanh nghiep, cac xa ddy manh phat tnen san xuat buoi. Tuy nhifin, trong qua tiinh day manh phat triln san xuat cdn phai chii y khdng d l pha vd quy hoach, d l ngudi dan trong 6 at gay du thira ndng san, huyin can cd k l hoach md rdng san xuat gdn voi yeu to nhu cdu thi trudng, gdn voi nguon luc sdn co ciia dia phuong.
Vay de day manh phat tiien san xudt bin vimg tiong thdi gian tdi can hen hanh cac bien phap sau:
Thir nhdt: Huyen cdn chi dao sat sao viec phat trien dien ti'ch cay an qua, nhat la cay an qua cd mui nham han che tinh tiang phat trien 6 a t Chii tigng tap tnmg vao cac vung tiong tam, tigng dilm d l khang dinh thuong hieu, bao dam cho cay an qua Luc Ngan dugc thi trudng chap nhan, tin diing.
Thu hai: Tiln hanh ra soat, phan loai diln tich ddt phii hop ddi vdi cac loai cay tidng lam tien de quy hoach xay dung vimg san xudt hang hda cho timg loai cay tidng.
Thu ba: De cd t h i hinh thanh cac viing san xudt hang hda dilu cdn thilt tiong thdi gian tdi chinh quyIn dia phuang cdn quy hoach viing san xudt budi bang each chgn nhimg viing cd diln tich ldn dang san xudt, nhimg viing cd tilm nang ddt dai va dilu kiln thuan lgi d l hinh thanh cac viing san xuat tap trung. Dau tu ca so thilt ylu vd tac ddng cac giai phap ky thuat, quan ly nhdm duy tri phat triln san xudt budi d cdc vimg cdn lai cd du dilu kiln san xudt budi. Ddi vdi nhirng viing cd dieu kiln san xuat budi nhung phat tiiln cham, dien tich san xudt nhd, tiem nang cd thi khai thdc cdn ldn thi can tiep tuc dau tu, quy hoach vao san xuat budi.
Ben canh dd cdn tao dieu kien de thi trudng ddt dai hoat ddng linh boat, hinh thanh khung phap li de cac hd cd thi chuyen ddi diln tich san xuat, tao dilu kien cho ngudi dan chuyen nhtmg chan rudng khdng an chdc, khdng chu ddng dugc nude tudi sang tiong budi, hinh thanh thiia vudn cd dien tich Idn d l cdc ho tap trung rudng ddt hinh tiianh cac khu san xudt d l thuan lgi cho viec ddu tu may mdc, cdng cu, dung cu d€ san xuat, nang cao ket qua san xudt budi va giam thilu chi phi san xuat.
3.2.2. Giai phap vekhoa hoc cdngnghe - Giai phap ve giong
- Phdng ndng nghiep va PTNT huyen phoi hgp vdi Trung tam Giong cay h-dng tien hdnh tuyen chgn va xay dung vudn gidng budi ddu ddng sach benh, dat chat luong: duy tri nhimg cay budi ddu ddng hien cd, tuyen chgn va bo sung cay giong de dam bao dap img cho viec lay mdt ghIp nhan gidng.
- Tang cudng nang luc cho can bp trong san xuat, nhan nhanh gidng budi chat luong cao va tiang bi cac thiet bi cdn thiet phuc vu cdng tac san xudt gidng, nhan gidng, kilm dinh gidng cay an qua.
- Hd tio cac hd ndng dan dp dung cdc qui tnnh ky thuat xay dimg vudn budi nang suat, chat lupng (VietGAP): tir ky thuat cai tao, tidng mdi, bdn phan, cham sdc, tirdi nude, thu hoach, bao quan, ddng gdi san phdm,... Td chuc cac hg san xuat theo md hinh nhdm ndng hd cimg sd thich va ho tig nhdm phat tnen cac mdi hen kit vdi cac nha doanh nghiep, cac
NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 2 - THANG 5/2020
KHOA HOC CONO N f t H *
nha khoa hgc; khai thac cd hieu qua nhan hieu hang hda da dugc xay dung.
- Tiep tuc khao nghiem mdt so gidng budi mdi d l bo sung gidng mdi cd chat lupng, rai vu budi nhu cac gidng budi chin sdm hon hoac chin mupn hon d l dam bao dau ra cho san pham.
- Thudng xuyin td chuc cac doan kilm tra viec san xudt kinh doanh gidng cay an qua, thudc BVTV... d l ban che cac loai gidng cay an qua, thudc BVTV chat luong kem, ngoai danh muc cdn liru thdng tiln thi trudng lam thiet hai cho ngudi san xuat.
- Giai phap ve ky thuat cham sdc
Ve bdn phan, hien nay phdn ldn cac hd trdng budi sii dung k i t hpp phan bdn hun co va phan vd cho cay budi. Day la hai loai phan bdn cd hieu qua cao, chat lugng tdt. Qua dilu tia thuc tl, cac hd san xuat sii dung phan hiru co la nhilu nhdt, hg chu ylu su dung phan gia sue, phan ga, cung cdp mgt phan hiiu CO cho dat.
Ngoai phan hiiu co, phan vd co ciing ddng vai trd quan trgng ddi vdi su sinh trudng va phat triln cua cay. Vi vay, de tao dieu kiln thuan lgi cho ba con ndng dan tiong viec ddu tu, cham sdc thi cac td chiic nhu Hdi phu nU, Hdi ndng dan huyen phdi hgp vdi cac doanh nghiip td chiic ban phan tia cham cho nhan dan giiip dd" cdc hd tiong vile bdn phan diing va du d l cay phat trien diing vdi ky thuat d l ra.
Cac nganh chuc nang can quan tam kiem soat chat che lugng du phan bdn tiong dat, du thudc bao v l thuc vat, de cd bien phap kip thdi khuyin khich su dung phan hiru co, chan chinh thdi quen lam dung thudc bao ve thuc vat, phan bdn...
Vl ky thuat thu hoach cdn cd hudng ddn cu thi bien phap thu hoach ciing vdi phuong phap cham sdc budi sau thu hoach.
3.2.3. Giai phap velao ddng
Huyen Luc Ngan la huydn cd truyen tiidng san xuat ndng nghiep, dac biet la cay an qua nen cac hg cd thuan lgi rat ldn vl kinh nghiim san xudt. Song mdt dieu thuc t l khdng franh khdi dd la sau benh hien nay diin biln rat phtic tap. Trong dieu kiln dd, cac hd san xuat dua vao kinh nghiem la chinh, viec tilp can khoa hoc ky thuat cdn nhieu han che. Vi vay van de dao tao ky thuat la yeu td tdt yeu khdch quan va can thiet de tiln hanh kip thdi.
Can bd khuyin nong ca sd cdn tiiuong 5^5^^" ,.
chiic cd hieu qua cac ldp tap huan ky tiiuat cho ngum dan, dua tiidng tin vl cac tien bp ky thuat den vm ngudl dan, lam thi nao de ngudi tidng hilu duoc quy tiinh ky thuat, nhung quan tipng ban la nhung kien tiiuc dd phai dupe ngudi dan dp dung vao thuc te san xuat. Phai nang cao nhan tiiiic cua ngudi dan la muc tieu quan tigng cua budi tap huan ky thuat.
Cac chuong tiinh dao tao tap hudn chu yeu bao gdm: hudng ddn quy tiinh san xudt budi; cham sdc, phdng trir dich binh hai ddi vdi budi; td chiic cho nhan dan tham quan md hinh tao dilu kiln cho ba con dugc thao luan va tiao ddi van d l .
Hd tio phdt triln ngudn nhan luc: Khuyen khich va hd tip kinh phi cho cdng tac tap huan ky thuat cho ndng dan, dao tao cong nhan ky thuat cho cac to chiic kinh t l , ngudi san xudt budi. Dao tao ddi ngu can bo ky thuat chuyen sau tiong linh vuc san xuat budi cho hd gia dinh tiong huy$n.
3.2.4. Giai phap phat triSn thucmg hiiu Chinh quyIn dm phuang cdn xay dung thirong hieu cho budi Luc Ngan d l tu khang dinh chdt lucmg Cling nhu su Idem chiing tir thi tnrdng.
Budi la cay an qua cd lpi t h i canh tianh viec chi dao, hudng ddn nhan dan san xuat theo chudi khep kin la rat cdn thiet; lay chat luong vd ve sinh an toan thuc pham lam muc tieu phan dau ma nen tang la VietGAP, cac tieu chuan khac chi thuc hiln theo ylu cdu thi trudng dupe xac dmh.
3.2.5. Giai phap ve ca s& ha tang phuc vu ski xuat va bao quan
Ket hop nhilu kenh huy dgng vdn de xay dung va nang cap mang ludi giao thdng tiong vimg bao gdm dudng Hen tiidn. Hien nay theo danh gia cua cac hd dan thi h i thdng giao thdng dang xudng cap, dudng ndng thon hep, dudng ndi ddng di lai kho khan va chua dugc be tong hda, gay khd khan tiong viec di lai va tieu thu san pham.
Theo danh gia cua cac ho trdng buoi h i tiidng dien khdng dam bao, cdn ylu vdo cac gia cao dilm.
Trong tiidi gian tdi chinh quyen cd k l ho^ch nang cap he tiidng dien de phuc vu tot hon nhu cau su dung cac hp.
Ddi vdi LMC Ngan hien nay muc nude ngam ve mua mua tiii nhilu, v l miia han ban tiii it. ^^^ ^^^
ngdm xudng sau. Do dd de dam bao nu6c sin^ ^^^^
KHOA HOC C d N G NGHE
cho con ngudi va phdt tiiln cay budi thi ddi hdi chinh quyIn phai cd chiln lupc xay dung thuy lgi trude tiln. Vdi dilu kiln dia hinh cd khe, sudi, gilng nude ngdm... dan ddn dau tu nang cdp, cai tao hd chiia nude tien dia ban huyen.
Ddi vdi nong dan cdn cd y thiic bao ve xay dung cac he tiidng ao hd, he thdng kenh muong. Tilt kiem ngudn nude nggt sdn cd tien dia ban dam bao ve sinh chung cho toan khu vuc.
3.2.6. Giai phap ve thi trudng
Da sd cac hd duoc dilu tia ddu khdng thay gap khd khan khi tilu thu san pham cua minh. Tuy nhien chiing tdi nhan thay khau thi tiirdng cdn nhung han c h i CO ban nhu: khdng biet chdc chdn gia ca, phdn ldn gia deu xuat phat tii doanh nghiep hay cac tir thuang khi thu mua. Do vay can cd nhimg giai phap cu t h i sau:
Chinh quyIn dia phuong can hep tuc tap trung triln khai cac giai phdp nhu liln k i t "bdn nha", xay dung chudi gia tri cho cay an qua theo hudng bin vimg, ddng thdi tang cudng thdng tm, tuyen truyen, quang ba, kit ndi cung - cau, md rdng thi trudng tieu thu cho san pham; xda bd rao can ddi vdi su phat triln cua ndng san nhu nguyin lilu, gidng, siic canh tianh v l gia, chdt lugng, bao dam an toan ve sinh thuc pham... Huyen cdn giup ngudi dan md rdng thi trudng tilu thu ndi dia. Thuc hiln ky hpp ddng, lien doanh. Hen k i t vdi cdc co sd san xudt va kinh doanh san pham de thuc hien viec tilu thu san pham qua cac khau dau mdi dd.
Chinh quyen dia phuong can phai quan tam cung cap thdng tin mdt each kip thdi din ngudi dan vl gia ca. Dam bao chudi cung thi trudng on dinh tir ngudi san xuat den ngudi tilu dimg.
Td chirc thi trudng san pham nong san ndi chung va san pham budi ndi riing phu hpp vdi xu the phat trien kinh te. Viec san xuat budi phu thudc rat nhilu vao thi trudng tieu thu. Cd nhimg vu budi ban vdi gia dn nhimg cd nhung vu budi cd gia thdt thudng, gia khdng cao do dd ngudi dan ludn d tiong tiang thai hi ddng tiong san xudt.
Xay dung mang ludi thdng tin hd tip cdng tac quang ba thuong hieu, xiic tiln thuong mai.
Cac vung tidng budi cung nhu cac to chuc kmh t l lam dau mdi tieu thu san pham cho ngudi san xuat can phai quan tam dau tu xay dung bao ve nhan hieu
budi cho san pham ciia minh, Thuong hieu se mang lai cho cac doanh nghiep sd hiiu thim nhieu loi nhuan hon niia tao mgt thi trudng tuong ddi dn dmh.
Dl san pham budi tilp can dupe vdi cac nude cd nhu cdu tieu dimg thuc pham khd tinh thi cdn phai nhanh chdng day manh viec tuyen truyin, quang bd san pham tiln tdt ca cac thi trudng tiong va ngodi nude. Dau tu d l dua cac ddng san pham mdi, cac gidng budi mdi, cd chat lugng cao hon, giam gia thanh san pham thich hpp vdi thi hiiu ciia ngudi tieu dimg.
Thanh lap mot trung tam giao dich xuat khau budi. Day se Id trung tam tap kit bao quan, giao dich va ky ket cac hgp ddng xuat khau budi sang thi trudng nude ngoai vd cac tinh ban nhdm giam thieu tinh tiang hu hai san phdm vd tranh nguy ca bi Ip gia. Trung tam nay dupe xay dung he thdng kho de bao quan budi eho khach hang tir cdc noi den day thul lam ddu mdi giao dich, mua ban, ke ca cdc tien ich khac nhm chi nhanh ngan hang, dodn xe van tai, ddi bdc vac, noi an ehdn nghi.
4. KETLUAN
Nang sudt san xuat budi cua cdc hp dieu tia ddi vdi budi diin dat 50,6 tan/ha, thu nhap hdn hpp dat 816,75 trieu ddng/ha, budi Da Xanh tuy cd gia cao hon nhtmg nang suat chi dat 18,2 tan/ha, thu nhap hdn hpp dat 527,85 trilu ddng/ha; vdi gidng budi Da Xanh tidng tien huyen Luc Ngan cho nang xudt thap hon rdt nhilu so vdi budi Diin.
Co edu gidng budi cua cae hp dilu tia: budi Diin chilm 82,23%, budi Da Xanh chilm 15,16%, cac gidng budi khac chiem 2,61%. Nhu vay, cd the thdy gidng budi Diln dugc da sd nhan dan tiong huyin tidng vi gia tn mang lai ciing nhu hpp vdi dieu kien thd nhudng tai dia phuang.
Giai phap v l quy hoach tiong phdt trien san xuat birdi: cdn quy hoaeh vimg san xudt tap tnmg, chuyen canh. Tiln hanh xay dung quy hoach viing san xuat budi tiln pham vi toan huyen; giai phap ve khoa hpc, cdng nghi tiong san xuat budi: chgn gidng, ky thuat cham sdc, giai phdp tap huan cho ngudi san xuat; giai phap vl lao ddng: nang cao trinh dp ky thuat lao ddng, md nhiiu ldp tap hudn; giai phap ve vdn:
khuyen khich hd dau tu vdn cho san xuat birdi; giai phap ve ca sd ha tdng phuc vu san xudt: tang cudng hoat ddng cac cho ddu mdi, xay dtmg cac trung tam thuong mai, xay dung cac kho lanh de bao quan san
NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 2 - THANG 5/2020
KHOA HOC C 6 N G NGHi
pham; giai phap vd thi tiTidng heu thu: cung cap 3. Phdng N6ng nghiep •.„ , . . ,
thdng tin mdt each kip thdi den ngudi dan ve gia ca, Ngan (2018). Bao cao tdng Icet"nginh'nong nghiep dam bao chudi cung thi tmdng on dinh tii ngudi san nam 2017 va phuang hudng nhiem vu nam 2018- xu^t ddn ngudi tieu dting. 4. ph6„g Nong nghiSp va PTNT huyW ^'^
Ngan (2019). Bao cao tong Icdt nganh ndng " « * " » TAI UEU THAM KHAD " ^ ^ ^"^^ ™ phuong hudng nhiem vu nam 2019- 1. Nguydn Duy Nam (2013). Phat h-ien san xuat 5. UBND huyen Luc Ngan (2018). Bao cao tinh budi Situ tai huyen Doan Himg, tinh Phu Tho. Luan hinh phat tridn kinh te - xa hdi va su chi dao difa van Thac si kmh td, Trudng Dai hoc Ndng nghiep Ha hanh a i a UBND huyen nam 2017; phuong huong.
Ndi. muc tieu, cac giai phap phat tnen kinh te - xa hdi
nam 2019.
2. NguySn Hiiu Tho (2015). Nghien cim dac
diem ndng sinh hoc va mdt sd bien phap ky thuat ddi 6- UBND huyen Uc Ngan (2019). Bao cao hiih vdi gidng budi Didn (Citrus grandis) tai tinh Thai hinh phat trien kinh td - xa hoi va su chi dao dieu Nguyen. Luan an tidn si ndng nghiep, Trudng dai hanh cua UBND huyen nam 2018; phuong hudng, hoc Ndng Lam Thai Nguyin. mue tieu, cac giai phap phat tnen kinh t l - xa hgi
nam 2020.
SOLUTIONS FOR DEVELOPING POMELO PRODUCTION AT THE LUC NGAN DISTRICT, BAC GIANG PROVINCE
Nguyen Van Song, Lam Van Hoc, Nguyen Xuan Huu Summary
The research results of the authors evaluated and analyzed the status of grapefruit development in the study area: area, in 2016 was 1323.9 ha, but by 2019 the area of pomelos increased and reached 2598 ha, the average productivity growth in 2016 was 3.83 tons/ha by 2019, the average yield reached 20 ton/ha, the development of pomelo-like structure in 2016 grapefruit pomelo 65.04% (816 ha), green grapefruit 19.0356 {252 ha), other grapefruit varieties accounted for 15.93% (211 ha) and the performance of Dien and Da Xanh pomelos has created a big income for people in Luc Ngan district in general and Bac Giang province in particular, according to the research results of the authors' total revenue for 1 ha of pomelo planting, di o reaches over 1 billion dong, blue pomelo earns more than 590 million dong. The research team analyzed the main causes of influence: natural conditions such as climate, weather, geographic location, topography, soil geomorphology, environment and ecology. Production conditions such as qualificanons of producers, capacity of producers, capital scale including cash, technical materials, skilled labor, expenenced workers organizing production, figures cooperation method of production organizaUon and proposmg some solutions to promote the development of pomelo production in Luc Ngan district effectively.
Keywords: Grapehuitproduction development, Luc Ngan.
Ngudi phan bi^n: PGS.TS. Dao Thi Anh Ngdy nhdn bai: 17/3/2020 Ngdy tiidng qua phan biln: 17/4/2020 Ngdy duylt dang: 24/4/2020
