Van de ly khai hien nay - tiF ly luan den thyc tien
NGHIEIM TUAN HUNG
Ngdy nay, su khac biet ve he tu tudng khong con la nguyen nhdn chinh ddn tai xung dot giita cdc quoc gia. Tuy nhien, trong khi cdc nudc dang day mgnh qud trinh hap tdc vd hoi nhdp, nhimg tdc nhdn nhu chu nghia ly khai lgi noi len, de doa su thong nhdt ciia cdc quoc gia doc lap ciing nhu gdy ra hogc ldm trdm trong them nhiing mdu thudn giita cdc nhom ddn toe, ton gido. O nhieu nai, xung dot do hogt dong ly khai da bien thdnh nhimg cuoc chien ddm mdu keo ddi, gdy bdt on xa hoi, de doa tien trinh phdt trien ddt nuac, gdy ra nhirng thdm hoa doi vai an ninh con nguai. Do do, tiep can vdn de ly khai tic gdc do ly ludn, tim ra nhicng nguyen nhdn chit quan vd dieu kien khdch quan, xem xet nhicng bdi hoc kinh nghiem tic thicc tien lich sic se gop phdn gidi quyet vdn de.
I. KHAI LU^OC CHUNG VE VAN DE LY KHAI I.l. Ly khai la gi?
Cung giong nhu nhieu van de khac, co rat nhieu khai niem khac nhau ve boat dgng ly khai, phong trao ly khai. Theo tac gia Graham Evans va Richard Newnham (1998), ly khai la thuat ngir de chi mong muon chinh tri ciia nhiing ngudi dan thuoc mot khu vyc ve viec tach khoi mot cau tnic nha nudc da ton tai'. Hgc gia James Crawford (2006) cho ring, ly khai la
"sy tao ra mot nha nudc bang each sir dyng hoac de dga sii dyng vii lye ma khong nhan dugc sy dong thuan ciia don vi cd chii quyen"^.
* Vien Kinh te va Chinh tri thg gioi
' Evans, Graham & Newnham, Richard (1998): The Penguin Dictionary of International Relations, Penguin Books Ltd., UK, p. 487.
Crawford, James (2006): The Creation of States in International Law (2'"' Edition), Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, p. 375.
Julie Dahlitz (2003) dinh nghTa ly khai nhu sau:
"van de ly khai ndi len khi so dong dan so tren mot don vi lanh thd tach khoi mot nha nudc, nhan manh bang mong mudn hoac hanh dgng, nham trd thanh rngt quoc gia co chu quyen hay sap nhap hoac trd thanh mot bg phan cua mot nha nudc cd chii quyen khac"^.
Nha ngliien ciiu Hao Shi yuan (2003) trong bai viet "Chii nghia ly khai dan tgc va chu nghia khiing bo" cho rang, ly khai dan tgc la thuat ngii chi viec ben trong mot qudc gia dgc lap co chii quyen, co lanh tho toan ven, do mau thuan ve van de dan tgc, dudi tac dgng ciia cac nhan to ben trong, ben ngoai, mot so the luc trong cac dan tgc phi chu the hoac cac dan tgc thieu so dua ra cac yeu sach chinh tri, tien hanh boat dgng bao lye, tham chi thyc hien cac hanh dgng chong doi quan sy de doi thanh lap
•^ Pavkovic, Alexandar & Radan, Peter (2007): Creating New States: Theory and Practice of Secession, Ashgate Publishing Company, Burlington, USA, p. 6.
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Mot s l v i n d l ly luan va thyc tiln v l v i n d l ly khai. Nghiem Tuin Hung nha nudc dgc lap hay quyin ty tri''. Joshua S.
Goldstein (2005) trong cuin sach "kitemational relations" cho ring, no lye nhim tach mot khu virc lanh tho tii mot nha nudc dang tin tai la mot dang xung dot bien gidi dae biet, khong phai bien gidi giiia hai quIc gia ma la nl lye cua mot khu vuc nham ve lai bien gidi xung quanh khu vyc do vdi tu each la mot nha nudc mdi^
Tii' nhiing khai niem tren, chiing ta co the nit ra mot so y chung sau: i) ly khai la hoat dgng dugc tien hanh bdi mot nhom ngudi trong mot quoc gia CO chu quyen; ii) boat dgng ly khai nham tach mot don vi lanh tho ra khoi mot quoc gia co chii quyen (myc tieu sau do eo the la thiet lap mot nha nudc hoac sap nhap vao mot nudc khac); iii) CO nhieu phucmg thiic khac nhau de tien hanli boat dgng ly khai (yeu cau chinh sach, bao lye...). Do vay, ta co the hieu ly khai Id tap hap nhitng hoat dpng dwffc thirc hien boi mot nhom ngirdi nham tach mot dolt vi lanh tho ra khoi mot quoc gia co chd quyen.
1.2. Mot so dang ly khai dien hinh
Dya tren nhiing tieu chi rieng biet, chiing ta CO nhieu each khac nhau de phan loai cac phong trao ly khai. Dii doi khi giiia nhiing each phan loai Cling co nhieu net trimg lap nen sy phan loai chi mang tinh tuong doi, nhung chinh vi vay, chiing ta se thay ro hon sy phuc tap ciia van de.
- Thie nhat, dya tren khia canh chu the thuc hien hanh vi, theo do cac phong trao ly khai co the dugc chia ra thanh ly khai vi van de dan tgc (sac tgc), ly khai vi van de ton giao va cung c6 nhung trudng hgp, nhom vua la ly khai dan tgc, vii'a la ly khai ton giao. Co the noi, day la each phan chia pho bien nhat. Trong mdt the gidi vdi tuyet dai da so cac quoc gia da sac tgc, ly khai vl vdn de ddn toe ciing dugc coi la loai hinh ly khai pho bien nhat. Hinh thuc ly khai dan tgc
"* Hao Shiyuan (2003), Chu nglmi ly liliai ddn toe va chu ngliTa t<hung bo, Tai lieu phuc vu nghien cim - Vien Thong tin Khoa hoc Xa hoi, s6 16 - 17.
^ Golstein, Joshua S. (2005): International Relations, Longman Pearson Publisher, New York, p. 177.
dugc thyc hien bdi mdt nhdm sac tgc cu trii tren mot don vi lanli tho tai mot quoc gia co chii quyen. Hinh thuc ly khai vi vdn de ton gido dugc thyc hien bdi nhiing nhom ton giao trong mot quoc gia da ton giao. Hinh thiic nay se thyc sy manh me neu so lugng ngudi theo mot tdn giao nao do chiem da so trong tuong quan vdi nhirng nhom ton giao khac trong cung mot quoc gia. Ly kliai ton giao ciing co the xay ra trong trudng hgp chinh quyen dan ap ton giao. Thuc te lich sii chi ra rang, khong it lan xung dot ton gido vd sdc toe ket hap vdi nhau. Vi ton giao la sgi day lien ket ve tinh than, nhiing bieu tugng ton giao co the dugc mang ra de kich dgng long thu han. Nhin chung, ly khai dan tgc va ly khai ton giao la nhiing dang pho bien va thudng dugc nhac den nhieu nhat.
- Thie hai, cac phong trao ly khai co the dugc phan loai dya tren tieu chi ve each thiic hoac phuang tien thyc hien hanh vi. Trudng hap thic nhdt, ly khai thudng gan vdi nhiing boat dgng mang tinh vii trang. Day la boat dgng dugc thyc hien bdi nhiing luc lugng quan sy dugc trang bi vii khi tuong doi manh, co mot qua trinh xay dimg lye lugng lau dai, da kiem soat dirge mot khu vyc hoac mot viing lanh tho nhat dinh. Hoat dgng chinh tri va lye lugng vii trang cua cac the lye ly kliai tuy bi nha nudc coi la bat hgp phap nhung thirc sy hg la doi thii chinh tri, quan sy, dam phan, va budc nha nudc phai thiia nhan.
Vi du cho loai hmh nay la Td chiic Nhiing con Ho giai phong Tamil d Sri Lanka. Truang hop thic hai ciia loai hinh sti dung bao dgng la cac nhom ly khai khong CO dii lye lugng cong khai hanh dgng chong doi chinh phti, theo do tiiy tung hoan canh va tinh huong hg co the sir dyng vii trang hoac khong. Phong trao ly khai dang nay co the tien hanh cac boat dgng bao luc chinh tri, thudng nham vao cac muc tieu phi quan sy de gay bat on xa hgi.
Loai hinh nay dac trung bdi to chiic ETA (dau tranh nham tach xii Basque khoi Tay Ban Nha).
Tncdng hap thit ba la boat dgng bao dgng nhung khong sir dyng vii trang, nhiing ngirdi dimg dau hoac lanh dao phong trao ly khai dung dang sau "dao dien", giat day cho cac vu bao dgng dugc tien hanh bdi ngudi dan. Chinh
Nhu'ng vin di KINH it VA CHJNH TRI THE GIOI S l 4(168) 2010- 11
Nghiem T u i n Hung Mot s l v i n d l ly luan va thyc tien v l van d l ly khai
quyen Trung Quoc da buoc tdi nhung ngudi lanh dao phong trao ly khai d Tan Cuong, Tay Tang sir dyng phuong thiic nay. Tuy nhien.
Cling CO nhiing thdi diem cac nhom (hoac to chiic) ly khai chgn phitang thicc hogt dong on hoa han, vi dy nhu dam phan va thuang lugng.
Cung CO trudng hgp, sy thanh cong cua mot phong trao ly khai la ket qua sau mot cugc trung cau dan y dudi sy bao trg quoc te nhu trudng hgp Dong Timor hay Eritrea.
- Thd ba, dya tren muc dich cuoi ciing ciia chu the thyc hien hanh vi. Dgng ly khai thit nhdt theo each phan loai nay la nhiing trudng hgp phong trao ly khai chua thuc su manh me, miic tieu cuoi cung ciia phong trao chi la doi nhung quyen ty tri rgng rai ban. Khi dat dugc miic dich ciia minh, hoat dgng cua phong trao se tam thdi lang xuong. Trudng hgp tinh ty tri Aceh cua Indonesia thuoc dang nay. Dgng ly khai tint hai, a cap do manh hon, la nhimg phong trao co the doi tach khoi mot quIc gia de thanh lap mot quoc gia co chu quyen mdi. Day la muc dich chii yeu eiia nhieu phong trao ly khai tren the gidi hien nay. Loai hinh ly khai nay co the dugc thyc hien bdi mot nhom dan tgc trong mot quoc gia hoac nhilu nhom thilu so thuoc Cling mot dan tgc da tiing thing nhit trong lich sir nhung thyc chat dang bi chia re bdi eac dudng bien gidi chinh tri hien dai.
Ngoai ra, dang ly khai nay eon co thi dugc thyc hien cimg luc bdi nhieU nhdm dan tgc, ton giao trong cung mot quoc gia. Dgng thic ba ciia phong trao ly khai theo each phan loai nay la boat dgng ly khai nham tach khoi mot quoc gia va tien hanh sap nhap vao mot quoc gia khac.
Loai hinh ly khai nay khong chi xuit phat tii' nhung ngudi thieu so trong mot quIc gia muln ly khai ma con chiu tac dgng ciia nhung ylu t l tir ben ngoai. Trong trudng hgp ly khai ciia ngudi Hoi giao d khu vyc Kashmir, da co nhung phe muon ly khai khoi An Do de gia nhap Pakistan.
- Thir tu; co the dya tren trang thai ciia nhung hoat dgng do cac phong trao ly kliai tiln hanh. i) Day la hoat dgng ly Idiai chua bgc phat, tuc la dii da co nliimg manh nha ve y tudng hoac tam ly ly khai da xuat hien nhung con yeu hoac bi
chinh quyen iin at nen mdi chi d dang tilm nang, chua the trd thanh mot phong trao thyc sy. Loai hinh nay co the biing phat len bit cir liic nao, nhit la trong tnrdng hgp chiu tac nhan kich thich tir ben ngoai. ii) Day la nhiing phong trao ly khai dang boat dgng. iii) Day la nhiing phong trao ly khai da thu dugc ket qua cuoi cimg. Thong thudng, ket qua cuoi cimg ciia mot phong trao ly khai la thanh cong vdi sy ra ddi ciia mot nha nudc mdi. Kha nang triet tieu hoan toan mot phong trao ly khai gan nhu la khong the.
Nhung each phan loai neu tren ciing chi mang tinh tuong doi. Thyc chat, giiia nhirng each phan loai deu co mot vai tieu chi chung va dan xen lan nhau. Tuy nhien, ly khai dan tgc va ton giao van la nhiing loai hinh ly khai dien hinh va hay dugc nhac den nhat. Dd ciing la nhiing nguyen nhan rat CO ban dan tdi hien tugng ly khai ma se dugc phan tich ky hon d phan sau.
II.
N H L T N GNGUYEN NHAN CO BAN
DAN DEN Sir RA DOI CUA CAC PHONG TRAO LY KHAI
Co nhieu nguyen nhan khac nhau dan den sy ra ddi va thiic day cac phong trao ly khai. Neu can cir vao cac ITnh vyc, nguyen nhan ly khai co the dugc tap trung vao mot so van de co ban nhu xung dot sac tgc, kinh te, van hoa....Tuy nhien, trong khuon kho bai viet nay, chiing toi se phan tich nhirng nguyen nhan va dieu kien dan den sir ra ddi ciia cac phong trao ly khai dudi bon cap: ca nhan, quoc gia, lien quoc gia va he thong quoc te.
II.l. Nguyen nhan thuoc cap do ca nhan - Thie nhat, ly khai xudt phdt tic y chi ciia con ngitdi, do c6 the la mot nhom sic tgc/dan tgc, ton giao hoac mot (nhom) ca nhan. Chii nghia dan tgc eye doan, chu nghia lap quoc va quyen dan tgc ty quyet la nguyen nhan, dgng co thiic day phong trao ly khai tii' ben trong, la nhan to thuoc ve tam ly. Chii nghTa dan tgc eye doan, chii nghTa lap quoc thudng di kem vdi quyen dan tgc ty quyet, giira chiing co sy tuong tac lan nhau, thiic day nhau ciing phat trien.
12 • NhCrng vin di KINH TE VA CHINH TRj IHt G\Ct\ S l 4(168) 20 10
Mot s l vin de ly luan va thyc tiln v l vin d l ly khai. Nghiem Tuin Hung Thyc te, ehii nghia dan tgc khong xiu khi dugc
hieu la sy tan tam dii vdi van menh ciia dan tgc. Tuy nhien, chii nghTa dan tgc duge coi la cai noi nuoi dudng cho chii nghTa lap quoc, tir do quyen dan tgc ty quylt cQng nay sinh. Khi chu nghTa dan tgc trd thanh eye doan, dan tgc do se doi quyen ty quylt cao hon. Ngugc lai, quyen ty quyet cang eao thi chii nghTa lap quoc cimg ehii nghTa dan tgc cang trd nen manh me.
Nhung ngudi theo chii nghTa lap quIc luon mang trong minh tinh thin dan tgc rit cao, ding thdi doi hoi xay dyng mot nha nudc rieng cho dan tgc minh. Trong lich su quan he quIc tl, quyen ty quyet mang ngi ham chi ring mli dan tgc nen dugc ty do thanh lap mot nha nudc rieng. Ngudi Ha Lan da gop phin tao nen nguyen tac quyen ty quyet khi pha vd sy thong tri ciia vuong trieu Tay Ban Nha vao nhimg nam 1600 va thiet lap nen mot nha nudc cong hoa do ngudi Ha Lan quan ly''. Tat ca cac nhom ly khai tren the gidi thudng van dyng manh me chii nghTa dan tgc va quyen ty quyet nham bien hg cho nhiing hoat dgng cua minh. Trong vong 50 nam qua, hang loat cac quoc gia da dan tgc nhu Lien X6, Nam Tu... da tan ra trong khi nhieu dan tgc da nd luc xay dyng mdt quoc gia cho rieng minh dua tren chii nghTa dan tgc va quyen ty quyet. Tir cuoi the ky XIX, vdi chu nghTa phuc quoc Zion (Zionism), ngudi Do Thai da no luc va xay dyng thanh cong Nha nude Israel cho dan tgc minh. Sau sy thanh lap Nha nudc Do Thai, den lugt ngudi Palestine no lire thuc day sy hinh thanh mot nha nudc cho ngudi Arap. Nhin lai lich sir quan he quoc te, van de chii nghla lap quoc, chii nghTa dan tgc va quyen ty quyet da co tii' lau nhung co le chi tir sau Chien tranh the gidi thir II, van de nay mdi trd nen nhire nhoi va la nguyen nhan cua nhieu cugc xung dot, chien tranh thuoc nhieu cap do noi chung cimg cac phong trao ly khai noi rieng.
- Thd hai, doi vdi nhung nhan t l thuge vl tam ly ben trong, khong thi khong tinh din y chi vd mong muon cua cd nhdn/nhom nguai dong vai trd lanh dgo. Nhung ngudi theo ehii
nghTa kien tao (Constructivism) cho rang, xa hgi dugc tao ra bdi y chi ciia tang Idp tinh hoa, niem tin ciia gidi elite quy dinh hanh vi cua con ngudi. Chii nghTa ly tri (Rationalism) cho rang, ca nhan luon hanh dgng co ly tri va hanh vi chinh tri la ket qua cua ly tri. Moi phong trao ly khai tren the gidi hien nay deu co nhung thii ITnh hoac lye lugng dong vai tro lanh dao. Do la Dat Lai Lat Ma cua Tay Tang, Rebiya Kadeer cua Tan Cuong, nhom Abu Sayaaf va Mat tran dan tgc giai phong Moro d Philippines, to chirc ETA d Tay Ban Nha, cac nhom phien quan d Kavkaz... Nhung ngudi nay dugc coi la dai dien (ehinh thu'c hoac khong chinh thirc) cho mot dan tgc/mgt nhom ngudi. Y chi va boat dgng ciia hg dugc coi la gop phan lam tang them tinh eye doan cho chii nghTa dan tgc va quyen dan tgc ty quyet.
II.2. Nguyen nhan thuoc cap do quoc gia
(nha nu-ffc) . . i ^ i; i ' ^ Cac phong trao ly khai xuat phat tir nhirng
xung dot xa hgi. Dd cd the la xung dot ve lgi ich giiia cac nhom dan tgc, van hoa trong mot quoc gia, ciing co the la sy phan biet doi xir ciia nha nudc cimg mau thuan giiia nhom thieu so va chinh quyen. , ,- . i,.,. j .,., ,.,, |.,,p - Thd nhat, xung dot lai ich kinh te. Trong lich sir hinh thanh cac quoc gia hien dai, nhieu vimg dan tgc dugc sap nhap vdi nhirng khu vyc khac tao ra nhiing nhom thieu so. Thong thudng, nhiing nhom thieu so sinh song tai nhiing khu vuc co dieu kien ty nhien khac nghiet va dia hinh khong thuan lgi nen viec phat trien kinh te gap nhieu kho khan khach quan.
Tuy nhien, ciing co nhiing nudc nhu Trung Quoc lai thyc hien chinh sach phat trien vimg bien gidi tuong doi manh me vira nham thue day tang trudng khu vyc bien gidi, vira de tang cudng sy phu thuge vao chinh quyen trung uong. Trung Quoc hien nay dang thyc hien chinh sach cay gay chinh tri va cii ca rot kinh te nham gianh dugc trai tim va khoi 6c ciia ngudi Tay Tang . Mot chinh sach tuong ty ciing dugc
' Golstein, Joshua S. (2005): Tdi lieu da ddn, p. 32. ' TTXVN (2009): Tdi lieu Tham khao ddc biet, ngay 8/4.
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13
Nghiem Tuan Hung Mot so v i n d l ly luan va thyc tiln v l vin d l ly khai.
nha nudc Trung Quoc thyc hien d Tan Cuang.
Dii vay, thyc chat nen kinh te trong tay nhiing khu vyc nay van thuoc ve ngudi Han. Sy chenh lech thu nhap giua ngudi Han vdi cac dan tgc thieu so tai cac khu ty tri la tuong doi ldn. Dii Trung Quoc dau tu nhieu vao Tan Cuong nhung mirc song ciia ngudi Duy Ngo NhT khong nhd do ma dugc nang cao hon trong khi ngudi Han d day ngay cang giau c6^ Do la mau thuan ve lgi ich va phat trien kinh te giiia hai tgc ngudi.
Mau thuan ve kinh te giua chinh quyen tmng uong vdi ngirdi dan dia phuong cimg gop phan dang ke cho nhirng xung dot. Mau thuan quyen lgi tai nguyen, dat dai giira trung uong va dja phirong tich tu dan va dan den viec cac dan tgc noi day dau tranh doi ly khai dan tgc de bao ve quyen lgi ma theo cac dan tgc la ciia hg. Dieu nay cang dac biet gay gat khi cac vimg lanh thi lai d vimg ngoai vi, xa tmng tam, bi chinh quyen tmng uong gat ra ngoai le cugc song kinh te, chinh tri, van boa. Tay Papua la mot trong nhung diem nong ly khai dugc sap nhap vao Indonesia mot each cirdng birc. Sy co mat ciia Cong ty Kliai thac khoang san PT.Ereeport Indonesia tai khu virc nay da gay ra nhieu tac dgng tieu cue ve moi trudng - kinh te - van hda - xa hgi - chinh tri, thiic day phong trao ly khai d day phat trien.
Do la mau thuan giua chinh quyen va nhom sac tgc trong phat trien kinh te.
- Thie hai, ve xung dot vdn hoa. Mau thuan ve cae gia tri van hoa, dac biet la ton giao trong mot xa hgi tang eao cung dong nghTa vdi kha nang xay ra xung dot va ly khai vi ton giao.
Giao ly, tin dieu ciia cac ton giao von dugc coi la nhay cam va de va cham vdi nhau. Khong nhirng vay, tinh trang dgc ton ton giao ciia chinh quyen (dac biet la d nhirng nudc co quIc giao) cimg gop phan khong nho tao ra nhiing mau thuan giira cac nhom ton giao. Vdi tu each la gia tri cong dong, ton giao thudng dl bj loi keo vao trong cac xung dot lanh thi hay sic tgc nham kich thich chii nghTa quoc gia, chii nghTa dan tgc. Trong cugc xung dot An Do - Pakistan,
hau het ngudi An Do theo An Do giao va hiu hit ngudi Pakistan theo Hii giao. Trong cugc xung dot Nagomui - Karabak, ngudi Azerbaijan la Hoi giao, con ngudi Armemia la Cong giao.
Trong khi do, xung dot d Sudan lai xay ra giiia ngirdi goe Arap theo Hoi giao va ngudi goe Phi theo Cong giao. Tuong ty nhu trudng hgp Sudan, phong trao ly khai d mien nam Philippines ciing xuat phat tir mau thuan giii:a ngudi Hoi giao va ngudi Cong giao. Trong nhieu tm'dng hgp, ton giao chi la cai cd de ngudi ta gay chien vdi nhau hoac nhung bieu tugng ton giao von rat nhay cam dugc sir dyng de kich thich long thii ban'. , . ,; , •, ,
- Thie ba, ve xung dot sdc toe. Sy phan biet doi xir ve sac tgc cung mang lai tam ly phan khang va ly khai. Khi bi phan biet doi xii', nhung ngirdi thieu so san sang vimg len dau tranh nham gianh lai vi the va quyen lgi. Bao luc, xung dot rat de xay ra vdi nhung han thu keo dai trong lich sir.
Trudng hgp ngudi Hutu va Tutsi d Rwanda hay ngirdi Serbia va ngirdi Albania d Kosovo la nhu vay . Q Trung Quoc hien nay, ngirdi Tay Tang, Tan Cuong luon cho rang hg la nan nhan ciia sy phan biet doi xir. Viec chinh quyen khu vyc Tan Cuong xir ly khong tot van de sac tgc khi canh sat va hang nghin ngudi Han d tinh nay ciing dan ap nliung vu bieu tinb cua ngudi Duy Ngo NhT khien tam ly bi phan biet ddi xu trong cong dong ngudi thieu so ngay cang len cao.
Ben canh do, chii nghia sdc toe trung ldm luon CO xu hudng de cao gia tri ban sac ciia minh, ha thap, han che hay tham chi ap dat, xoa bo va dong hda nhung dan tgc "ngoai vi".
Thong thudng, tai nhimg quIc gia da sic tgc, dan tgc nao chiem da so se la lire lugng nim quyen, nen van hoa ciia dan tgc do thudng dugc coi la dai dien cho ca quoc gia. Ban than cac quoc gia da dan tgc cung thudng c l ging dua ra chinh sach binh dang dan tgc, gin giii va phat
' TTXVN (2009): Tdi lieu Tham khao ddc biet, ngay 15/7.
' Hoang Khac Nam (2004): Xung dot ton gido nhin tir gdc do quan he quoc te. Tap chi Nghien ciiu ton giao, so 4 (28), n. 2 6 - 2 7 .
" Hoang Khac Nam (2007): Nguyen nhdn chiin tranh - Cdc cap do phdn tich. Tap chi Nhung van de Kinh te va ChinhtriThggioi, s6 4(132), tr. 15. ., ..
14 - NhCmg vin di KINH T^ VA CHl'NH 1R\ IHt G\0\ S l 4(168) 2010
Mot s l v i n d l ly luan va thyc tiln v l vin d§ ly khai Nghiem Tuan Hung trien van hoa chung, nhung thyc te khong han
luc nao ciing dien ra nhu vay. Sy banh tmdng va tam ly dan tgc da s l luon co dit dl nay sinh.
Chinh sach Dai Serbia da gop phin quan trgng vao cugc chien giira ngudi Serbi vdi cac dan tgc khac thuge Nam Tu trudc kia". Nhimg cugc di dan va chii nghTa sic tgc trung tam (nlu co) se thirc hien nhiem vu ding hoa cac dan tgc nho ca ve sac tgc va van hoa.
- Thie tie, tinh hinh chinh tri trong nitdc cung CO tac dgng den cac phong trao ly khai. Neu tinh hinh chinli tri doi ngi ciia quoc gia on dinh, cac phong trao ly khai co thi tam ling trong mot giai doan nhat dinh. Den khi biln dgng xay ra, cac nhom ly khai se khong bo Id thdi co thyc hien muu do cua minh vi day chinh la liic chinh quyin trung uong/nhom ngudi thing tri bi suy ylu vi phai phan tam giai quylt nhilu vin dl khac. Vi du, d miin Nam Thai Lan, nhirng hanh dgng bao loan vdi khuynh hirdng ly khai da nl ra tir lau, dii da CO liic tinh hinh em a nhung kl tir giai doan cim quyin ciia Chinh phii Thaksin, mau thuan sic tgc va ton giao giua ngudi Thai theo Phat giao va ngudi Ma Lai theo Hii giao lai biing len.
0 nhieu nudc chau Phi, cac dang phai chinh tri thudng hiiih thanh tren ca sd tgc ngudi. Diiu do da dan den bat on trong nen chinh tri ciia cac quIc gia non tre khi mau thuin sac tgc chua bao gid dugc giai quyet dirt diem. Vi vay, xung dot sic tgc va ly khai dien ra d nhieu noi. 0 Sudan, cugc chiln franh tan khoe da di den cho trao quyin ty tri cho khu vyc mien Nam nhung den nay cugc chiln nay vin chua cham dirt. Etiopia va Eritrea tmoc day vin bi coi la thuge dia cua Y d vimg simg chau Plii. Cugc dao chinh quan sy dan den sy syp dl ciia chl do quan chii d Etiopia da keo theo sy ly Idiai ciia cac dan tgc d ngoai vi ma dinh cao la sy hinh thanh nha nudc Eritrea vao nam 1991, hoan thanh no lye ly khai keo dai 31 nam vdi sy trung gian hoa giai ciia Lien hiep quoc.
Thyc te nhilu iin chung minh ring, cho dii xuat phat tir ngi tam (nhan t l thuge vl tam ly) hay nhung mau thuin xa hgi thi nhiing xung dot vl kinh te, van boa, ton giao, sic toe va ehinh
Hoang Khac Nam (2007): Tdi lieu dd ddn, tr. 15.
tri luon CO sy dan xen lan nhau. Nhung cugc chien ve sac tgc thudng di kem vdi yeu to van hoa, dac biet la ton giao va ngugc lai. Sy khac biet ve vi the chinh tri khien sy chenh lech ve trinli do phat trien kinh te ldn ban; ngugc lai, mau thuan ve lgi ich kinh te thudng dan tdi mau thuan ve chinh tri. Cac nhom dan tgc va ton giao hoan toan co the sir dung chinh tri de tao dyng va md rgng anh hudng. Dong thdi, mau thuan chinh tri ciing khong loai trir kha nang sii' dung van de dan tgc va ton giao de kich dgng ban thii.
II.3. Nguyen nhan thuoc cap do lien quoc gia
Cac phong trao ly khai bi tac dgng bdi cac nhan to lien qudc gia, nhat la khi cac nhom dan tgc va van hoa bi chia cat bdi dudng bien gidi chinh tri.
- Ve vdn de chia cdt ddn toe. Trong trudng hgp nay, mot nhom sac tgc va ton giao von chia se nhung gia tri, ban sac chung bi "xe le" va sinh song tren nhung vimg dat lien ke thuoc nhung quoc gia gan nhau. Khi do, bien gidi trong nhan thirc chung ciia cac cong ding sic tgc va ton giao khong trimg vdi bien gidi giua cac nha nudc. Nhung nhom do thudng chi la thieu so trong cong dong xa hgi. Sy tuong tac giira hg vdi phan con lai ciia quIc gia co khi khong ldn bang tam ly hudng vl nhung ngudi anh em cimg ton giao hay sac tgc d ben kia bien gidi. Thirc te ngay nay, tmdng hgp mot dan tgc bi chia cat bdi nhiing bien gidi chinh tri khong phai la hiem. Nguyen nhan cua hien tugng nay la do sy sap xep kha tiiy tien ciia nhimg nudc thyc dan tmdc kia. Co thi coi do la "di san" ma chinh quyen thyc dan dl lai. Trong hang tram nam trien khai boat dgng xam chilm, dan ap va khai thac thuoc dia, cac nude thire dan dl quIc phuang Tay noi chung da diy manh chinh sach chia de tri, lgi dung nhiing mau thuan giira cac nhom ngudi trong lich sir dl kich dgng thii bin.
Chinh vi vay, trong va sau qua trinh phi thyc dan hoa cimg sy phan chia bien gidi chinh tri tiiy tien, cac quoc gia non tre ra ddi va phai himg chiu nhirng di chirng ciia chinh sach chia
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15
Nghiem Tuin Hiing Mot s l van d l ly luan va thyc tien v l v i n d l ly khai..
de tri. Ding thdi, sau hai cugc chien tranh the gidi khic liet, bien gidi chinh tri luon bi ve lai va vin de la so phan ciia nhiing dan tgc nho thudng khong dugc tinh den. Dan tgc Kurd la vi du diin hinh ciia sy chia cat. Trirdc The chien thir nhit, hiu het ngudi Kurd song tai khu vyc Kurdistan thuge de quoc Ottoman. Sau The chien thii' nhat, ngirdi Kurd trd thanh dan tgc khong quoc gia khi khu virc Kurdistan bi chia cat thanh 4 vimg lanh tho nho thuoc cac nudc Iraq, Iran, Syria va Tho NhT Ky. Dii bi chia cat nhung sy tuong tac giira ngudi Kurd vdi chinh quyen va phan con Iai ciia quoc gia khong cao.
Tinh than dan tgc ciia hg troi day manh me trong nhieu thdi diem vdi miic dich gay dung lai nha nude Kurdistan cho minh.
- Ve vdn de chia cdt cdc nhom ngtcdi chia se chung cdc gid tri vdn hoa, dgc biet Id ton gido bdi cac dudng bien chinh tri, day khong phai la
"loi phan chia" cua cac nudc thyc dan nhu trudng hgp chia cat dan tgc ma la "loi banh trudng" cua cac de che va hau qua ciia boat dgng truyen dao. Trong qua trinh banh trudng lanh tho, cac de che khong ngai ngan sap nhap nhimg viing dat va cac nhom ngudi thuge nhimg nen van hoa khac nhau, tao ra sy da dang ve van hoa nhirng van de la khong phai liic nao cac gia tri van hoa khac biet cimg co the chung song boa binh. Hon nira, cung giong nhu trudng hgp cac dan tgc thieu so, hau het cac nhom van boa nho cung song d nhung viing "ngoai vi" va sy tuong tac vdi nhung gia tri chii dao khong the chac chan bang sgi day lien ket vdi nhimg ngirdi chia se chung mot nen van boa. Ve mat quan ly hanh chinh hien nay. Tan Cuong nam dudi sy kiem soat ciia Chinh quyen Bac Kinh nhung trong lich sir khu virc nay da timg thuoc ve nhieu de che khac nhau va cimg da timg co thdi diem thiet lap dugc mot nha nude cho rieng minh. Nhimg cu dan dau tien d Idiu vyC nay la ngudi Duy Ngo NhT. Ve chung tgc, ngudi Duy Ngo NhT cimg thuge nhom sac tgc Han nhimg Iai CO moi lien he tinh than, van hoa va Ijch sir vdi cac dan tgc d Tmng A nhieu hon. Do vay, ngudi
Duy Ngo NhT co sgi day tinh cam bin chat hon vdi cac tgc ngudi nim ngoai bien gidi phia Tay Trung Quoc.
Trong so nhung ton giao ldn ciia the gidi, da phan tin do khong song tap trung tai noi ton giao do ra ddi ma trai rgng d nhieu khu vyc tren the gidi. Dao Hoi xuat xir tir Trung Dong nhmig hien nay Dong Nam A cimg dugc coi la mot tmng tam ldn ciia the gidi Hoi giao, trai rgng tir mien nam Thai Lan sang cac nirdc Dong Nam A hai dao. Nhirng nhom ly khai d Dong Nam A chii yeu la ngudi Hoi giao. Dac biet, tro.ig nhung nhom Hoi giao ly khai, nhirng nhom phien quan nhu Abu Sayyaff, MILE... co lien he chat che vdi to chirc khiing bo Idn nhat, co hoat dgng manh me nhat d Dong Nam A la Jemaah Islamiya cua Indonesia vdi muc tieu thiet lap mot nha nudc Hoi giao bao gom Malaysia, mien nam Philippines, mien Nam Thai Lan va Indonesia'^.
II.4. Nhung nguyen nhan va va boi canh thuoc ve he thong quoc te
Moi trudng quoc te cung tao ra nhiing dieu kien trong do nguyen nhan va dgng lire ly khai nay sinh. Nhimg dieu kien do se tac dgng den dgng CO va sy lira chgn hanh vi ciia chii the.
Cimg vdi sir bien dgng cua lich sir va rrioi trudng trong he thong quoc te, cac phong trao ly khai se Igi dyng nhiing dieu kien trong timg giai doan de tien hanh boat dgng ciia minh.
- Thd nhdt, qud trinh todn cdu hoa vd khu vuc hoa dang dien ra manh me dudng nhu la mot xu the tat yeu ciia lich sir. Gan nhu tat ca cac quoc gia, dan tgc tren the gidi deu lao vao vong xoay toan cau boa. Nhiing Igi ich va gia tri tich eye ma toan cau boa mang lai la khong the phii nhan nhung mgi sy vat hien tugng deu co mat han che va toan cau hoa ciing khong phai ngoai le. Trong qua trinh toan cau hoa, khai niem chu quyen quoc gia dirdng nhu chi con tuong Moi. Khi che do thyc dan cham diit, cac phong trao ly'khai con co the la ket qua-eiia sy pha hoai
" Nguyen Phuong Binh (chii bien) (2003): Ngucn giao phong ngica a Dong Nam A, Hoc vien Quan he quoc te,
HaNoi, tr. 127.
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Mot s l v i n de ly luan va thyc tiln v l vin d l ly khai. Nghiem Tuan Hiing nham vao mot quIc gia do nhimg the lye thii
dich tir ben ngoai tiln hanh. Nhilu the lyc tren the gidi muon lgi dung toan cau hoa de tuyen tmyen va pho bien nhung gia tri ciia rieng minh, dac biet la nhimg gia tri vl van hoa va tu tudng.
Theo do, hoat dgng ly khai dugc xac dinh la do sy can thiep tir eac the lyc ben ngoai quoc gia nham muc dich can thiep, pha hoai. Neu ehii nghTa thyc dan dung phuong phap chia de tri, kich dgng thii han mang tinh lich sir thi nhimg the luc pha hoai ciing thyc hien nhirng phuong phap dugc ggi la "dien bien boa binh". Nhung the lyc dang nay luon dugc coi la ke dac biet nguy hiem vdi nhimg quoc gia da dan tgc, da ton giao. Lgi dyng nhirng kho khan ve ddi song va khuyet diem, thieu sot trong viec thyc hien chinb sach dan tgc, ton giao va kinh te - xa hgi d viing
"ngoai vi", cac the lyc thii dich tir ben ngoai tich eye tuyen truyen, khai Iai cac mau thuan, xung dot xay ra giira cac dan tgc trong qua khir nham kich dgng su chong ddi trong ngudi thieu so, ket hgp vdi cac thii doan tai trg ve kinh te, giiip dd vat chat, tham hoi dgng vien tinh than... hong pha hoai tinh than doan ket giiia cac dan tgc.
Khong nhimg vay, sy tien bg trong khoa hgc va cong nghe, dac biet la truyen thong va giao thong van tai, nhiing the lire tir ben ngoai co the de dang sir dung cac phuang tien tuyen truyen cho eac gia tri dan chu, nhan quyen, ty do ton giao nham muc dich kich dgng lat do, bao loan, ly khai; ciing giiip cac phong trao ly khai tiep can cac gia tri tir ben ngoai mot each de dang hon.
Cae nhom ly khai lai luon coi do la ca hgi de Igi dung va doi hoi.
- Thie hai, sit thay doi ciing nhirng bien dong ve tinh hinh chinh tri trong he thong quoc te ciing la co hgi, md ra dieu kien can thiet cho cac phong trao ly khai troi day. Nhiing bien dgng trong nen chinh tri quoc te da tac dgng tdi sy phan ra ciia cac quoc gia da sac tgc. Trong lich sir quan he qudc te, moi cugc chien tranh the gidi qua di la mot Ian he thong chinh tri toan cau va nhieu quoc gia chao dao. The chien thir nhat de Iai sy thay doi rat ldn trong ban do ehinh tri chau Au khi bon de quoc Nga, Due, Ao - Hung, Ottoman vdi cac trieu dinh quan ehii da ton tai hang tram nam bi syp do trong do
hai cudng quoc Ao - Hung va Ottoman bi phan ra va mat ban vai tro cudng quoc. Rat nhieu cac nudc nho xuat hien tii' sy phan ra ciia cac de quoc va tir sy phan chia mang tinh chu quan ciia cac cudng quoc thang tran. Tuong ty nhu vay, Chien tranh The gidi thir II di qua vdi di san la Chien tranh Lanh vdi ban chat la sy mau thuan y thirc he da dan tdi sy chia tach ciia nhieu quoc gia dan tgc. Qua trinh phi thyc dan boa trong thdi diem nay ciing tao ra nhiing quoc gia day bat on. Trong thdi diem cuoi nhiing nam 1980, khi khoi cac nudc xa hgi chii nghTa ngap sau trong khiing hoang kinh te - chinh tri - xa hgi, nhimg mau thuan ve sac tgc va ton giao bgc 16 tinh chat gay gat trd Iai. Mot trong nhiing ket qua cua cugc khimg hoang nay la sy syp do cia cac nha nudc lien bang nhu Lien X6 va Nam Tu (cii),... eimg sy troi day ciia chii nghTa dan tgc, chii nghTa lap quoc. Vi vay, hang loat quoc gia dan tgc mdi d Dong Au da xuat hien tren ban do.
- Thie ba, su thdnh cong ciia moi phong trao ly khai se gop phan cimg co niem tin va tinh than cho cac phong trao khac. Khong nhiing vay, thanh cong nao ciing de Iai nhiing bai hgc kinh nghiem, trd thanh mot tien le cho nhiing phong trao di sau hgc hoi va lam theo. Nam 2008, sau khi tinh ty tri Kosovo ciia Serbia tuyen bo dgc lap, ngay lap tu'c cac phong trao ly khai tir xir Basque va Catalonia d Tay Ban Nha dua ra nhirng Idi "chao don" doi vdi nha nude ty phong nay, dong thdi cung khong quen nhan manh rang hg ciing se di theo con dudng tuong ty. Da CO nhiing dy doan cho rang trong vong 10 nam nira, ban do chinh tri chau Au se co them nhieu quoc gia mdi.
- Cuoi cung, nhiing chii the phi quoc gia, cy . the la cac nhom dan tgc, ton giao dang dong vai tro ngay cang quan trgng hon trong he thong quoc te, tac dgng den quan he quoc te va cac quoc gia, dan tgc. Cac the lyc ly khai dan tgc, eye doan ton giao va khiing bo da bat tay, cau ket va Igi dyng Ian nhau, lam cho nhan to dan tgc, van de dan tgc, mau thuan sac tgc xuat hien ngay cang phirc tap. Sy chong cheo ciia cac nhom eye doan, ly khai, khiing bo la vi dy ro net neu xet theo "mo hinh mang nhen" cua chu
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Nghiem Tuin Himg Mot s l vin d l ly luan va thyc tiin v l vin d l ly khai...
nghTa da nguyen (Pluralism). Ngay nay, khiing bo dugc coi la mot phuong tien cho cac nhom ly khai tiln hanh nhung hoat dgng bao lyc chinh tri. Tien hanh khiing bo khong don thuan la nhiing hoat dgng bao lyc thieu tinh toan.
Nhiing nhom eye doan thudng tien hanh cac hoat dgng khiing bo nhu tan cong dan thudng, dat bom, bat coc may bay... nham thu hiit sy chu y cua cong luan quoc te va tao sire ep len cac chinh phii. Khi to chiic Quan dgi Cong hoa Ailen (IRA) thyc hien nhirng vy dat bom d London, myc dich ciia hg la gay hoang loan cho ngudi dan noi day, dua van de Bac Ailen Ien nhirng ban tin d khap noi tren the gidi dong thdi gay sire ep buoc Chinh phii Vuong quoc Anh phai giai quyet van de Bac Ailen, chap nhan nhiing dieu khoan co Igi hon cho IRA. Vu dot nhap vao mot nha hat d Matxcova ya giam giii hang tram con tin ciia nhiing phan tir khiing bo Hoi giao eye doan dong thdi la lyc lugng ly khai ngudi Tresnia tien hanh nam 2002 ciing nham myc dich tuong ty'^ Ben canh do, Dao Hoi cimg cac to chirc ciia ton giao nay ciing dang CO vai tro ngay cang tang trong moi trudng chinh tri quoc te. Chiing ta khong danh dong Hoi giao vdi bao lyc nhung phat thira nhan rang tren the gidi hien nay, khong co ton giao nao can thiep vao chinh tri sau nhu Hoi giao. Ban than kinh Koran va luat Sharia da chira dyng nhieu quan niem ha khic, tham chi eye doan. Dae biet, eo nhieu nhom Hoi giao dang mong muon quay trd Iai nhiing gia tri xua, trd thanh chu nghTa ton giao cue doan, phan img quylt liet vdi cac gia trj van boa phuong Tay ma theo hg la sy bang bo doi vdi van hoa Hii giao. Do ehinh la sy Ien ngoi ciia cac phong trao chinh thing vin reo rac vao tam tri con ngudi nhung y niem vl mau thuan, xung dot va bao lyc. Thi gidi dao Hii da gop them tinh nang dgng va tac dgng khong nho vao cac phong trao ly khai d cac vimg giap ranh giiia the gidi Hoi giao va phi Hoi giao.
Cung vdi nhimg nguyen nhan co ban, sy bien dgng ciia moi tm'dng quoc tl, xu hudng phat trien ciia the gidi va vai tro ngay cang tang cua cac chii the phi nha nudc trong quan he
' Golstein, Joshua S. (2005): Tdi lieu dd ddn. Pp. 203 - 206.
quoc te da t^o diiu kien dl chii nghTa ly khai co day dii dgng co de thyc hien boat dgng ciia minh. Kho co the du doan chinh xac xem trong thai gian tdi xay ra nhirng biln dgng gi nhung chac chan rang cugc chiln ly khai va ching ly khai van dien ra d nhieu noi tren thi gidi.
Ban chat da sac tdc va van hoa cua moi quoc gia tren the gidi la do lich sir. Vi the, xung dot va ly khai cung la van de mang tinh lich sir va keo dai. Cae phong trao ly khai tren the gidi boat dgng khong ngimg nghi. Trong quan he quoc te ngay nay, nguyen tac ton trgng chu quyen quoc gia van phai dugc ton trgng hang dau. Quyen dan tgc ty quyet la no lyc di tim ty do ciia con ngudi nhung tat ca phai dat lgi ich chung ciia toan cue len' trudc. Dii vay, nhiing bien dgng chinh tri mang tinh lich sir se keo theo sy xuat hien cua nhirng nha nudc mdi.;
ffl. MOT SO GIAI PHAP CHO VAN DE LY KHAI
• Nhieu quoc gia phai doi mat vdi nhiing phong trao ly khai, song each thirc giai quyet van de ciia cac nha nudc ciing co sy khac biet.
Tiiy theo tinh hinh, ban chat va kha nang cy the ciia timg phong trao, cac chinh phu thudng eo gang di tim mot phuang an hiiu hieu nhat. Thong thudng, nhiing bien phap co ban ma cac nha nudc thyc hien nham giai quyet van de ly khai dugc the hien qua nhiing giai phap ehii yeu sau:
- Thd nhdt la cac chinh quyen se loai trir mot each tho bao tat ca nhimg nhan to gay bat on, CO kha nang de dga chii quyen quoc gia va sy thong nhat ciia dat nudc. Bien phap ciia cac chinh phii thudng la di dan den cac khu vyc song ciia ngudi thieu sd, dong hoa ve chiing tgc va van hda, khdng loai trir kha nang sir dung lyc lugng vu trang de thi hanh chinh sach di^t chiing. Bien phap nay se dugc sir dung trong dieu kien chii nghTa sac tgc tmng tam len ngoi hoac phong trao ly khai trd thanh eye doan, co kha nang hay thyc te da trd thanh doi trgng cua chinh phii. Dong Nam A la khu vyc chira dyng nhilu phong trao ly khai va cac nudc Dong Nam A trong qua khir da khong it Ian sir dung giai phap mang tinh eye doan. Trong khoang diu
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Mot so v i n d l ly luan va thyc tiin v l vin de ly khai. Nghiem Tuan Hiing
thap nien 1950, chinh quyin Indonesia da sir dimg lire lugng vu trang dl dan ap, hy vgng dap tat hoan toan nhimg phong trao ly khai a Aceh, Tay lava nhimg khong thanh cong. Tuong ty nhu vay, dudi thdi Chinh quyen Marcos, Philippines cung sir dyng lyc lugng vii trang, dong thdi trang bj vu khi cho ngudi Thien chiia giao d khu vyc Mindanao nham chong lai ngudi Hoi giao Moro, nhimg phong trao ly khai cua ngirdi Hoi giao van ton tai. Qua nhieu thap ky, chinh quyen Thai Lan no lire thyc hien ehinh sach dong hoa ve ngon ngir va van hoa doi vdi ngudi Ma Lai d mien Nam nhung van boa Hoi giao khong tuong thich vdi van hoa Phat giao.
Chinh sach Dai Serbia ma ciru Tong thong Nam Tu Slobodan Milosevic tien hanh tir cuoi nhiing nam 1980 ciing nham dap tat nhung phong trao dan tgc troi day tren ban dao Balkan vao thdi diem do, nhimg Lien bang Nam Tu tir tir phan ra thanh cac quoc gia khac nhau. Nga da sir diing lyc lugng vu trang tan cdng cac phong trao ly khai Tresnia vao thdi diem giiia nhiing nam 1990 nhimg sau do chii nghTa ly khai d khu virc Kavkaz dudng nhu trd nen eye doan hon. Nhu vay, sir dung nhimg chinh sach va bien phap circ doan khong phai la trudng hgp ca biet ciia mot vai quoc gia ma dugc sir dung rgng rai. Nliung nhimg bien phap nay chi eo the dap tat phong trao ly kliai trong mot thdi diem nliat dinh ma khong mang lai hieu qua lau dai. Tham chi, nhiing chinh sach eye doan mang Iai nhieu hau qua tieu circ ban: i) chong Iai nliirng lgi ich va quyen co ban ciia con ngudi; ii) khong the xoa diu ma khoet sau them nhimg thii ban von ton tai lau dai trong lich sir; iii) bi len an gay gat bdi cong dong quoc te.
Do vay, de doi pho vdi cac phong trao ly khai hien nay, cac chinh quyen kliong nen sir dyng nhimg bien phap mang tinh eye doan nhu vay.
- Thie hai la chinh quyen se trao cho khu vyc ly khai mot so quyen ty tri nhat dinh. Day la bien phap ma chinh quyen Indonesia da va dang thyc hien vdi khu vue tinh Aceh. Nhung day co the la mot canh bac doi vdi ca chinh quyen va khu vyc ly khai. Neu chinh quyen nuong tay.
eac khu vyc ly khai se dugc the lan tdi, cac quyen va mirc do ty tri ciia khu virc se tang dan va khi hoan toan ty tri co nghTa la dgc lap.
Chinh quyen Indonesia co the tam an tam vdi quy che ty tri d Aceh vao thdi diem hien tai nliung khong co gi dam bao la cac phong trao ly khai khong biing len trong tuong lai. Trung Quoc CO the cho Tan Cuong va Tay Tang quy che ty tri nliung chua bao gid dap tat dugc no lyc ly khai ciia mot bg phan ngudi dan noi nay. Nhu vay, quy che ty tri cung mang lai nhieu mi ro.
- Thd ba la nha nudc thyc hien nhung chinh sach dieu boa Igi ich giua cac nhom sac tgc, van hoa, giira cac khu vyc de tang cirdng tinh tirong tac giiia cac nhom ngudi vdi nhau, giira cac nhom ngudi va chinb quyen. Cy the, cac nha nudc thyc hien mot so bien phap nhu: i) Tim hieu, nghien ciru, thira nhan va ton trgng quyen, Igi ich, ban sac ciia cac nhom ngudi khac nhau trong nudc; tao dieu kien de cac nhom sac tgc va van hoa gin giii va phat huy nhimg gia tri ciia rieng minh, co chinh sach uu tien nhiing dan tgc thieu so; thirc hien chinh sach doan ket dan tgc, ton giao; tuyet doi tranh chii nghTa sac tgc trung tam va chii nghTa ton giao eye doan.
ii) Thyc hien chinh sach phat trien kmh te binh dang, hai hoa cho cac dan tgc, khu vyc; tao dieu kien cho moi dan tgc, khu vyc co the phat huy bet Igi the va tiem nang, phat trien kinh te dat nudc, no lyc rut ngan khoang each phat trien giira cac khu vyc d ngoai vi vdi khu vyc trung tam; tuyet doi tranh hanh dgng tranh chap dat dai, tai nguyen dan den mau thuan giiia cac nhom ngudi hay giira nha nudc vdi ngudi dan.
iii) Xay dyng mot he thong phap luat viing manh, day dii ca sd phap ly de co the dieu chinh cac trudng hgp ca biet va cac moi quan he xa hgi, dac biet, moi nudc can co mot bg luat chong ly khai. iv) Trong trudng hgp cac phong trao ly khai da va dang hoat dgng, can thyc hien dam phan, doi thoai va hoa giai tren co sd biet lang nghe va ton trgng lgi ich, ban sac ciia nhau;
khong dugc thirc hien kich dgng va thirc hien nhiing hanh vi mang tinh eye doan lam van de them gay gat. Tuy vay, eac bien phap tren chi la dieu kien can de giai quyet van de. Dieu kien dii
NhCrng vin di KINH T 6 VA CHJNH TRj THE GIOI S l 4(168) 2010- 19
Nghiem T u i n Hung Mot s l v i n d l ly luan va thyc tiin v l v i n d l ly khai..
Ia cac quoc gia can giu' gin va thyc hien nghiem tuc nhung nguyen tac ca ban ciia quan he quoc te la ton trgng dgc lap chii quyen, toan ven lanh tho, khong can thiep vao cong viec ngi bg ciia nhau.
Thyc tl chi ra rang, nhirng bien phap tren khong phai Iiic nao ciing phat huy hieu qua.
Hon nira, chinh sach nao ciing c6 nhung ban che cin khac phyc theo thdi gian, khong phai chi ap dyng may moc cac nguyen tac la co the giai quyet dugc van de. Van de la cac ben lien quan phai thyc sy CO thien chi doi thoai va boa giai.
Nhan loai dang trong vong xoay manh me ciia toan cau boa va khu vyc boa. The gidi dang dan trd thanh mot ngoi lang toan cau. Trong qua
trinh toan cau boa nay, hgp tac ciing hgi nhap khu vyc va quoc te dudng nhu la xu the tat yeu ciia cac quoc gia, dan tgc. Dii khong the tao dyng mot nen van hoa chung cho toan nhan loai, nhung ban sac van hoa cua cae dan tgc dang dugc chia se. Cac nen van boa dang tiep bien nhiing gia tri ciia nhau. Lgi ich giiia cae quoc gia, dan tgc dang ngay cang dan xen, boa quyen, gan ket chat che. Hon nira, nhieu van de toan cau nay sinh, bgc Ig tinh chat gay gat, tac dgng den timg quoc gia, dan tgc va ca nhan khien nhirng no lyc hgp tac ciia con ngudi can phai Idn ban bao gid het. Vay, trong xu hudng hgp tac va hgi nhap ay, mot su chia tach, ly khai lieu co phai la hanh dgng di ngugc lai vdi trao luu chung ciia nhan loai khong?
Neu moi dan tgc, ton giao chi dat Igi ich ca nhan Ien tren, udc ma ve mot the gidi dai dong trong boa binh la khong the!
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12. Ho Thi Thanh (2007): Tdc dong cua viec khai thdc khoang san cua cdng ty PT. Freeport Indonesia ddi v&i phong trdo ly khai a Tay Papua - Indonessia, Tap chi Nghien ciru Dong Nam A, so 9 (90).
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20 Nhirng vin di KINH i t VA CHINH TR! THE GIQI S l 4(168) 2010
