TAJW Li HOC - S I N H H HOC t a A T U d i
KHAI QUAT VE SANG TAO NGHE THUAT TRONG TAM If HOC
ThS. LE TH! H 6 N G N H U N G *
T
am li hpc ngh^ thugt la mdt ehuyen nganh cua Tam li hpc nghien euu sutrai nghi&m va hanh vicuacon ngudi trong pham vi tham mivahien thuc (bao gom nhung dieu kien ben trong va ben ngoai cua qua trinh sang tao (ST}) va tiep thu ngh§thuSt mpt each tich cue. Trong do sang tao nghd thuat (STNT) dugc nghien euu nhumgt kha nang, mpt thugc tinh nhan each cua ca nhan. Nhu'ng nghien ciru ve STNT gidi han chu yeu dcac khia eanh: dac diem eau tme cua nhan each ST; dien bien eau true cua qua trinh ST; nhung dieu kien dac trung cho mdi trudng ST; tieu chi danh gia san pham ST,
1. STNT la kha nang c o d m d i ngirdi Quan niem xa xua cho ring ST noi chung vaSTNT ndi rieng ia Iinh vuc cua mgt sd It ngudi: nhQng thien tai, nhung tai nang da sang tac ra nhung tac pham nghe thuat vi dai, tim ra nhung phat minh khoa hpe idn hoac nghT ra each cai tien nao do trong kT thuat,...
Tuy nhien, tu dau the ki XX, nhieu nghien euu da chi ra rang, kha nang ST khong ehi ed onhung nha thien tai, nhung ngucrt thdng minh dac biet m a c d d t a t c a mgi ngudi, mgi lua tud'i.
Theo Alfred. W, Munzent, tat ca mgi ngudi deu cd kha nang ST, nhung khdng phai ai eung eo nang iuc ST manh iiet nhu L,V, Beethoven, P. Picasso, A. Einstein, T, Edison,... ma giua cae ea nhan khac nhau co su khac biet ve kha nang ST, ehia thanh eae cap dp: thieu ST, nang iuc ST binh thudng, nang iuc ST cao hdn, tai nang sang tao, thien taiST... Sukhac nhau trong cac ITnh vuc cua tinh ST (phat kien khoa hpe, sang che ki thuat, am nhac hay mT thuat) dupe cac nha tam li hpe lien tudng giai thich ia do cae kieu ioai lien tudng ST tao ra su khac nhau cua ca nhan dua tren nang luc rieng.
Nghien cull STtrong qua trinh STNT va sudung phep phan tich nhan to, Lovifenfeld (1964) da nlian dinh r^ng, su phat trien cua tinh STNT d i n den tinh ST ndi chung. Ong cho r^ng, linh vuc ma tinh ST dupc hinh thanh thi khdng cd y nghTa quan trpng bdi vi sau do, tinh ST cd the chuyen sang tat ca nhDng
linh vuc khac. Ndi each khac, STNT la finh vuc dSu tidn gieo mam mong cho tinh ST phat trien dca eae linh vue khac.
2. Dpng c a STNT
OdivdiquatrinhSTNTthidpngccfSTcdynghla quan trpng. Nd thuc d l y con ngudi hoat dpng ST.
Song, cai gd'c cua dpng ed ia nhung nhu cau khac nhau d eon ngudi, trpng dd nhu cau quan trpng nhSt la nhu eau ludn ludn mudn hieu bie't nhi/ng cai mdl la.
Charier Brower trong "Chia khda cua thanh cdng' viet: "nhu cau kich thich hoat dpng ST la long ham hieu biet vdl cai mdi va khong biing long vdi nhQng gi hiencd'.
Trudng phai Phan tam hpc dutig dau la S. Freud va cae mdn de cua dng giai thich nhOn^ van d l cua tam ii eon ngucri trong dd cd STNT bSng vd thun.
S.Freud cho r§ng, tac pham nghe thu?t la phUdng tien thda man tmc tiep nhung nguy&n vpng c h u a d i ^ thda man va chua dupc thue hien trong ddisong,hjsn th uc, nhung cam giac macon ngudf thudng tranh trpqg cudc song dupe tai tao trong tac pham de qua ddcon ngudi tmt xa va thda man trong tudng tupng. STNT giai thoat cac dam me vd thiic cua con ngudi. Nhung d|e tning eua sang tac nghe thuat mang tinh canhan g^n vdi cam xue rieng tu, tham kin cua nghe sT. Sau nay Molles - nhu la mgt mdn de cua S.Freud - da kit luan chinh eai dam me, ham mud'n nhu la^dpng cfl thdi thue con ngudi ST. Tufdd ong di den khSngdinh:
dpng cd ST la yeu to quan trong nhat de con ngudi ST. Quan diem cua cac nha Phan tam da ddng gop them mpt each tie'p can khi nghien ciJu ve ST, tuy nhien nd v l n edn rat han che, tham chi hoi cue doan khi giai thich ve ddng cd vo thiJc cua STNT.
Xet ve rnpt khia canh nao do, ngudi nghe sTdi]ng la da gui gim rat nhieu tam tu, tinh cam, khat vgng cua minh trong mdi tac pham nghe thuat, nhung khdng phai chi la nhimg khat vpng ve viec thda man nhCrng ban nang vd thuc. Hp tien hanh hogt ddng ST
* Tnittig 69! bpc sir pti^m ngli$ thu$t bung uung
16 Tqp chi Gido due so 315
-(kil-8/201S}
cuaminhbdinhieu ddng CP khac nhau.Theo dded3 loai dpng ed ehinh: - Xem nghe thuat nhu la cdng eg muu sinh; • Xem nghe thuat nhu la mot cP hdi de the hien tai nang dgc bi^t; - Nhung nha hien tiian mpt each chan chinh.
BanthanquatrinhlaodpngSTcuangudinghesT la mpt qua trinh eang thang, tap tmng va thudng vat va, khdkhan ma de'vupt qua nd can den khdng ehi la tinh than say me, tinh than traeh nhiem va mgt dgng CP thuc su. Nhijng ngudi thupe dgng eo cud'i eung khdng nhieu, nhung cd'ng hien eua hpcho nghethu^t lai he't su'c Idn lao va dd'i vdi hoat dgng STNT thi loai ddng CP nay la quan trgng nhat.
3. M l t xich trung tam cua qua trinh STNT Qua trinh STNT xuat phat td ddng CP ST, tiep den, cac nha tam li hpe rat quan tam den cac qua trinh cdban cua nd, tddd tim ra va ehung minh yeu to nao ia m l t xich trung tam eua qua trinh STNT,
Quan diem thdnhateho ring: iinh cam (true giac) iamltxieh tmng tam cua hoat dpng ST, nhung ngudi dai dien eho quan diem nay ia: B.M. Kedrov, la.APonomariov,K.Chikhomirov, V.N .Puskin... Theo hp, linh cam (true giac) la kha nang cua con ngudi cd thehanh dgng mdtcach dung dan tmdc mgt tinh huong quyet djnh hoac nguy cap trong khi khdng biet chinh xac tai sao minh iai lam nhu vay.Theo quan diem nay thi iinh cam (true giac) cd lien quan de'n hoat dgng vd thut cua con ngudi va ndchiem vj tri quan trpng trong hoat ddng ST.
Ngudi nghesTkhae vdi ngudi binh thudng d kha nang thien bam trong quan sat, tai hien va ST, Mpi thang hoa tl) cam XUC tham m i c u a h g tuy khd li giai thuan tuy bang phuffng thdc duy vat nhung that su dd v l n la mgt cd may vdl co ehe rieng cd day du quy luat va dae tinh. Nd khdng phai ia eai gi than bi, kin mit ma la mpt qua trinh tich tu, san sinh dac biet.
Trong dd, si/cam thu, mng ddng, n i m b i t d e di den STNT cua ngudi nghe sT la mgt sU thai nghen, cat giau am tham de den mgt luc nao do bu'ng tinh, nhung ben eanh dd nd cung cdthe dat tdi mpt nhan thdc bS'tchpt ma khong can hoat ddng nao eua 11 tri ve dd'i tupng. Day chinh la yeu to linh earn (true giac - intuHbn) trong STNT. Nhieu khi tae pham nghe thuat ra ddi tOf nhQng quan sat lau ngay, nhi/ng tich tu ki iJe, cpng hudng vdi tri tudng tupng phong phu.
Nhung cd liic ST den vdi ngudi ngh? sTmdt each dot nhien, cai binh thudng ehua n i m bat dupe Jai bat ngd "thau thi" vasi;vatdude ehiem finh sau s i c , tinh te, toan dien. Kfid ii giai cP che cua nhan thdc true
quan, nhung rd rang nd phai g i n vdi tam hdn nghe SI nhay cam, cd mach rung ddng manh me va su tinh te trong quan sat, cam nhan.
Quan diem thdhaicho ring: tu duy vatu^g tupng la mStxich tmng tam cua hoat dqng ST. Dai dien eho quan diem nay ia cac nha tam li hgc Lien Xd nhu:
A.N. Leonchiev, L.X. Vygotsky, X.L. Rubinstein... Hp khang djnh ring: trong hoatdpng ST, hoat ddng cdy thdc giu vai trd quan trpng.
Qua trinh ST cua ngudi nghe sT cung la mdt qua trinh giai quyet van de, Neu nhu cac nha khoa hpc phathien nhung suthlitsan cd trong tunhien thi ngudi nghe sT lai quan sat, phan anh vao tudng tupng va chuyen nhifrig dieu dd vao tac pham, lam sdng lai hien thuc theo each rieng cua hp. Cac giai doan ddcd lien quan de'n hoat dpng cua nha khoa hpc, nhung mat khae lai ed nhung net dac thu, rieng biet ma cho den nay ehua cd mgt tong quan day du va thd'ng nhait. Qua trinh nay thudng diln ra nhu sau:-Si/nay sinh y do, eai gpi nen suhoat ddng cua mach tinh cam va dgng lue cua cac hinh tupng ST; - Sy tap tmng lam rd va phat trien dd'i tugng tu duy la y do dang day ien suthich thu sdi ddng nhat lam nay sinh mgt bieu tupng tong quat, mgt hinh anh toan ven vdi tat ca cac chi tie't gin bo vdi nhau. Dd la cdng viec phdi hgp cua tu'dng tugng vatuduy. Bieu tupng dddupe coi la ketquadau tien CLia qua trinh ST; -SusUa chi/a va viet iai ia khau cudicung,trongddddihdisutham nhap sau sic hPn va tu duy ST linh hoat hPn.
Ket hpp hai quan diem tren cd the tha'y trong hoat ddng STNT thi yeu td linh earn (trye giac), tu duy, tudng tupng cd quan he mat thiet vdi nhau, khdng tach rdi nhau, Khdng the ndi den yeu to linh cam ma khdng n h i c den tu duy, tudng tupng va ngugc lai. Bdi vi, neu khdng ed qua trinh tu duy, tudng tupng lau dai thi khdng the' cd iinh cam, linh cam chl la phut ide sang, bat ngd, nd iam ngucri ta nham lln vdisu ngau nhien may mi, Linh cam khdng phai ia mdn qua thupng de ban cho nhu cac nha duy tam khang djnh ma nd la ket qua ciia qua trinh tu duy va tudng tupng. M l t xich trung tam cua hoat ddng ST ehinh la linh cam, tu duy, tudng tupng va yeu td khdng the thieu dd la cam xue. T d hoat dpng tie'p xue vdi hien thyc, tae dgng de'n the gidi va khdi dau cho mgt su cam thu hoan hao dua de'n viec kham pha chieu sau ban the eua dd'i tupng.
Cam xue thdng thudng ddi vdi dd'i tupng ehua the nay sinh mng ddng manh ligt d i n de'n nhu cau ST.
Tn/c giac lai giup con ngudi chim ngap nhanh ehdng
(ki 1-8/2013) ~ Tqp chi Gido due so 315 17
vao dongyth lie va thuc lai sau thim.Tir duy v a l u ^ g lucmg se khai qual, lao nen cai rieng, cai dpc dao cua lumg nhan each ST va mang linh khac ia so vdi lh§' gicii hi^n Ihuc. TiJ mng dpng thuc sudS'n thSng hoa XUC cam va luon Irao kha nang ST ia ca m6tqua Irinh.
4. San pham cua qua trinh STNT H l u h^tcactac gia d i u thd'ng nhSitcho rSng, san pham cua hoat dpng STNT ia cai mdi, dpc d i o va co gia trj xa hpi. Day dupc coi la chi s6' da phan bipl san phS'm STva khong ST.
^ Cai mdi cung cd nhieu miic dp, cd t h l ia cai mdi doi vdi toan xa hpi, cdthe la cai mdi dd'i vdl ban thSn.
Nhung cai mdi d day khong cd nghTa ia mdi hoan loan. Vi khdng cd mpt cai mdi nao ma iai khong cd s u k i thda l i i cai cO.SuST khdng chi c d d n o i n d lao ra nhiing san pham Ijch suvTdgi, ma d k h i p mpi noi, noi ma con ngudi bie'n ddi va tao ra cai gi mdi, cho du cai mdi dd chi rat nhd be so vdi nhflng ST cua bae thien tai. Tai ca nhiing gi vupt ra ngoai khudn khd cai cu va chiia dung du chi mpt net cua cai mdi thi ngudn phat sinh cua nd deu la do qua Irinh ST cua con ngudi ra.
Qua trinh ST v l ban chat la nhSm tao ra cai mdi chua cd trong tri nhd, chua cd trong vdn kinh nghiem de'n thdi dilm dd va cai mdi cd the ia dd'i vdi ca nhan hoac ddi vdi toan xa hdi. Cai mdi thudng tdt hon, dep hon va co ipi hon cho sir phat trien xa hdi. Ivldt tac pham nghe thuat ST phai cd npi dung phong phii, ndi dung ay cung vdi nhiing bilu hien ve tu tudng, tinh cam cua ngucri nghe sT lac dpng d i n tu tudng, tinh cam Clia ngucri Ihudng thiic va dupc the hien b5ng each rieng, ddc dao cua hp cung nhu mang linh chat lien bp rd ret.
5. Nhung pham chat nhan each nghe s i Trong nhung nhan each STNT - nghe sT can cd nhiing pham chait tam iisau:
Ldng dung cam ia can cd khi cd su hoai nghi ddi vdisuval hien luong, khi cd "bao Id"eung nhukhican vuplqua nhiing udc le, nhirng khudn sao lam han che kha nang luduy, khi can dau tranh dexay dung nhiitig eai mdi tpthPn, khi can phai xay dung nhiing phuong phap tu duy dd'i mdi ma chua cd ai nghT Idi, cung nhu khi can phai cd niem tin vao true giac.
Tinh ddc dao. dd la sudpe dao trong suy nghT, Irong each lim Idi, giaiquyetvan dedetim ra nhiing san pham md. Cd sunhay cam luyel vdi trong nhiing tinh hudng phuc tap,raren.hpnhinravanhin thay nhiing eai khdng degi nhin rava nhin lhay,khdng vdi vang hap tap duara ngay nhung quylt djnh, khSrg djnh,
I Tap chi G i a o dye s o 3 1 5
Tinh Mn tao ddng say me va cd ti^ch nhiim: Tli hung Ihli d?c biel va su ham hieu biet, den yeu clu cap vdi cdng vi&c ma minh theo duoi, cd tinh thin Irach nhiem cao hon nhiing ngudi binh thudng, ludn CO thai dp tich ci/c phan dau vuon len, ed kha nSng lu duy eao dd, ludn bat man vdi hien Ir^ng.
Nhflng pham chat nhan each khac: nhuthich viec khd khSn, mao hiem, nhflng cdng vi§c mangUdikhac khdng mud'n lam, cd tinh than khai pha, diing elm duong dau vdi nhflng nguy hiem, nii ro. Cd linh Ihin dpc Iclp, tu chu cap, khdng chju phu hpa, Ihep duoi ngudi khac. Cd tinh kien Iri, kien dinh va nfthi lue dd Idn. cd kha nang chiu dung trie trd mdt each khac thudng.
Nghe thuat lasuST khdng ngung, ddng thdi cung la manh dat nudi dudng tinh ST Irong nhan each - y l u td duoc danh gia eao nhat trong tri tue con ngudi hien nay. ST ndi chung va STNT ndi rieng chinh la liem nang, sfle manh cua mdi ngudi, mdi qudc gia trong thdi dai kinh te Iri thiie nhu Macxim Goiki da tflng khang djnh: "Siic manh vasugiaucdcijaeamdt dan tpc khdng phai ladeho cdnhieu dat dai, ning,gia sue va cac loai quang quy ma la d sd luong va ch&
lupng nhflng con ngudi cd hpc thflc, cd idng yeu Iri thflc, d su nhay ben va nang ddng cua Iri tue - siic manh eua dan ldc khdng nam d vat chat ma nim Irong nang lupng Iri tue". •
Tai ll^u tham khao
1. VQ Dang. Tli diln Tam 11 hpc. NXB Khoa hgc xa lidt. H. 2000.
2. Phan Trpng Ngp (chu biCn). C4c h thiiyft ph<t triln tam li ngir^. NXB Dgi hoc supham. H. 2003.
.V Le Diic Phlic. Bai giang Tam II hpc vin hdn. NXB Dfli hgc qud'c gia Hd Nfi. 2009.
4. L.X.Vygolslii. Tam U hoc nghe thuat. NXB Khoa hgcxahfi.U. 1995.
5. Yuri Borev. Aethetics, a texthooli. Progress Publishers. 1985.
SUMMARY
Art of Psychology is a specialized of Psychology, It studied the conditions inside and outside of the creative process and acquire art In a positive way. In particular, the creation of art to be studied as a pos- sibility, an attribute ofthe Individual personality. The study of creative arts major limitations in these as- pects: structural characteristics ofthe creatlveper- sonallty. changes in the structure of the creative pixic- ess. the conditions specific to creative environment:
criteria evaluation of innovative products.
