KHAO C6 HQC Vdl VIEC XAC D|NH GIA TR} N6I B A T TOAN CAU VE VAN HOA CUA QUAN THE DANH T H A N G TRANG AN (NINH BINH)
N G U Y f i N O l T C L O N G '
1. \ ^ u a n the danh thSng Tring An g6m cSc khu: Khu di tich lich sii vSn h6a c6 dfl Hoa LIT, Khu du Ijch sinh th4i T r ^ g An vA Khu du Ijch Tam C6c - BIch D0ng, da dirg'c Chfnh phiS x^p h ^ g cdp qu6c gia d$c bi$t who ngSy 10/5/2012. Bupc Chlnh phil cho phip, khu vyc qu^n th^ danh thSng T r ^ g An dang dirgrc UBND tinh Ninh Binh xSy dimg hh so Di s^n th^ gi6i. Khu v\rc d^ cii c6 di§n tich 6.172ha (viing iSi) v^ 6.268ha (viing d§m) thuOc m§t s6 xS ciia c4c huy|n Tam Di^p, Nho Quan, Hoa LIT vk Gia Viln. Khu d€ eft n&y kh6ng chi \i dai di^n ini tu nhit trong s6 n h i ^ g c ^ h quan karst d^ng thAp, chiia dung c^c hien tugmg si6u nhi6n vdi ve d?p ty nhifin v^ gi4 trj thSm my, mS c6n 1^ m^t thi d\i n6i b?t vfi truyln thSng cu tni cila lo4i ngu6i, truyfin th6ng sii dyng d^t, siJ dung bi€n, dai difn cho qua trinh tucmg tAc giiia con ngirfiri vdi m6i tru6ng, ma tu lieu khao c6 hgc mdi day a T r ^ g An da ggi ma.
D€ xay dimg h6 sa theo hirdng Di s ^ h6n hpp tir nhien - vSn h6a. Ban quan 1^ QuSn th6 danh thing Tr^ng An dS mfiri v^ ph6i h(?p vdi Vien Khoa hgc Dja ch4t vh khoang san, Vi§n Khao c6 hoc, Vifn nghifin ciiu Truy^n th6ng vi. PhSt triSn; men giSo sir Paul Dingwall, chuyfin gia ciia Hiep h§i bdo t6n the giai (lUCN) thu6c UNESCO Itoi tu vSn. C4c nhh khoa hpc dS lam viec lien tuc dhi ng4y trSn cSc c6ng tniong khai quSt khao c6, khao s ^ dia chit, nghien ciiu, phSn tich xet nghiem, t6 chiic hOi thao khoa hpc trong nude vh quoc t€, bien soan cac bao cao khoa hpc, b6 sung them nhiSu tu li^u khoa hoc c6 gia tri cho hfi sa di san ciia Trang An.
2. Kh6ng k l mot s6 di tich do c&i bO Khoa Kh^o c6 McDonald, Dai hoc Cambridge khao s4t (2007 - 2011) la Hang Trong, Hang Boi, Hang M6i vi DA M ^ g (Ryan Rabett R. et al 2007, 2009, 2010, 2011), tii thing 4/2012 d^n nay, cdn b6 Vien Khko c6 hpc vi Ban Quan ly Danh thing Trang An Ninh Bhih da phat hien \i thkm djnh mdi 21 di tich hang d§ng; trong d6 7 di chi dupe khai quSt la Thung Blnh 1, Mdi da V ^ g , Hang M6i, MSi dd 6 c , MAi dd 6 n g Hay, Mai da Cher, Hang Ang N6i;
thSm sdt 5 di chi 1^ Nui Tm!mg 1, Thung Binh 2, 3, 4 v i Hang Trtu (Nguyln Khic Sur vh nnk 2012a, 2012b, 2012c; Nguyen Gia D6i, Le Hai Dang 2012a, 2012b; Phan Thanh Toan, Nishimura 2012; Phan Thanh ToSn 2012a, 2012b, 2012c). C4c kk qua khai qu^t, nghifin ciiu nay khong chi la ngu6n sic lipu quan trpng g6p p h i n nghiSn cuTi q u i khii xa xua ciia dSn t0c, m i c6n bo sung them nhieu bSng chiing quan trpng cho vi6c x i c djnh tInh to4n v?n, tinh chan xic vh tfnh n6i b|it toan ciu v i vSn h6a (theo tieu chf v) cho H6 so di san Tring An.
3 . Tinh toiin v^n cfla di sSn T r i n g An, trudc h^t dirpc th^ hi^n of cho, cSc di tich niy nSm gon trong viing 15i cua khu Di sin, da dupe N h i nucfc Vi|t Nam c6ng nhan l i di san eSp qu6c gia die biet va
* Giim d6c Ban Quan 1^ Danh thSng Trang An (Ninh Binh)
Khdo cS hoc, s6'SI2012
chju s\r quin 1^ cua UBND tinh Ninh Binh. VCing I8i ciia Di sin bao chi^m toin b^ kh6i di v6i TrSng An, \^\ dirpc bio v§ bdi vCing d§m v6i cic con sflng vi cic cinh d6ng tr6ng liia. Cic di tich khio c6 hpc is day d^u li lo^i hinh hang d(\ng ho^c mil di, thu^c h§ th6ng di v6i c6 tu6i Trial gifJa, mi qui trinh karst da k^t thiic, cic hang kh6 rio, kh6ng bj nude piii hiiy. Hang r$ng, thdng thoing vi th^rc s^ li nci is ly tudng cho cu dSn thdi nguydn thiiy.
K^t qui khai qu^it cho th^y, ting vSn h6a cic di tich khio c6 d diy v^ ca bin li c6n nguyen v?n (in situ), trong d6 c6n bio luti cic v^t tich ho^t d^ng quan trpng cua con ngudi nhu c6ng cy lao dOng, 6.h g6m, cic tin tich thCrc in do con ngurfri thii ra nhu: xupng d0ng v^t, vd cic loii nhuyin th^, giip xic, cic lo9i qui h^t; th^m chf ci di c6t ngudi. Nhtfng di vgt niy c6 sg* diSn bi^n tfr sdm dSn mu$n, li ngu6n sCr li§u v§t th^t ding tin c§y cho vi?c phyc dyng biic tranh vin h6a - x2 h0i tCr ti^n sil d^n Ijch sir d Tring An. Cic di tich niy mdi chi khai qu$t nhd, trung blnh tir 4m^ - 6m^, ting vSn hda diy, ket clu ch§t, dupe bio t6n i6t vi li co sd cho vi^e x3y d\rng bio ting t^i eh5, lim d i ^ tham quan, hpc t|lp vi nghiSn ciiu Ifiu dii cho nhan lo^i. Ph^n Idn cie di tich khio c6 d diy nim trong khu w\fc c6 dja hlnh hi^m trd, trong tr^ng thii t\r nhifin, cich xa khu vyc din cu; kh6ng c6 cic c6ng trinh ki^n tnie hifn dai hojc din sinh nio inh hudng d^n di chi khio c6. Cic di tich khio c6 Tring An cd nhi^u thuan Ipfi trong vi^c bio v§ cd hi^u qui tmdc mpi tic d0ng khdng mong mu6n tir bfin ngoii vi li tien d^ dam bio cho di sin dupe bio v^ nguySn v?n, dii liu.
4. Tinh chSn xic cua di sin dupe dim bio bdi vi^c khai qu^t vi nghien cCm khio c6 d Tring An dupe tien hinh cd h§ th6ng, do cic chuySn gia khio c6 hing d^u if Dai hpc Cambridge vi Vi|n Khio c6 hpc Viet Nam ti^n hinh, vdi phuong phip hi$n dgi, lien nginh, da nginh. M^t lo^t cic mau phan lich nien dai C , th^ch hpc, bio til phan hoa, dO tCr cim, c6 dpng v§t, cic loii nhuyin the da dupe th^rc hi?n va cd ket qui tdt dep. Trong cic dSn lifu bi?n minh cho sy tucmg thfeh giOa con ngudi vi mdi tnrdng luon ludn nhan dupe cic ca sd khoa hpc chan xic bdi syr ph6i hpp ch$t chg giila khio c6 vi dja chit hpc eu the ngay tgi Tring An. ChSng h ^ , sy tuong thich ciia ciia mdi nhdm eu din vdi tieu dia hinh; diln trinh phit triln van hda eiia cpng d6ng cu din c6 Tring An d day gin li^n vdi dien biSn trudc, trong vi sau dpt biln tiSn Holocene trung, deu dupe tu li^u khio eo vi dja chdt Tring An xic nh§n. Cd the ndi, nguon tu lieu lien kit dja - khao cd Tring An li linh hdn eua tinh chin xic cua di sin.
5. Cic yen to c^n thi^t d^ b i k dat gii trj tih'i b|t toin ciiu eua di tich vi di v§t khio c6 Tring An li truy^n thdng cu tni ISu dii trong hang, truy^n th6ng sii dyng dit vi bien trong nhieu thdi ky biSn tien - biln thoii, su hiong tic giOa con ngudi vi mdi trudng ty nhien d^y biSn d^ng, lim nen djc trung vin hda riSng bi^t, khdng gi6ng vdi bit ky n^n vSn hda nio trSn th^ gidi. Tit ci cic y^u t6 dd diu dam bao linh toin v?n vi tinh chan xic.
Ket qui khai quat, nghien cuu khio c6 hpc khu vyc Tring An da cho phfip chiing ta tii hi?n biic
tranh vin hda ndi b^t toin ciu \h sy tuong tic vi thieh nghi ciia e^ng d6ng eu din c6 noi dSy vdi nhChig
bien eo djc bift Idn lao cua mdi trudng ty nhien \\i 24.438 ± 93 nim BP trd l^i dSy. Trong sudt hing
van nim iy, cu dan cd Tring An di tCmg budc thich ting vdi sy thay ddi v6 cilng Idn lao ciia mdi trudng
ty nhien qua cie lin biln Wkn, biln thoii, qua nhOng thay d6i tii' mdi trudng lye dja sang mdi trudng
bien vi l^i trd vg lye dja. Dong thdi da sing t^o nSn cic hlnh thii kilm s6ng cd higu qui cao, thI hien d
viec che tie vi su dyng pho biln cdng cy di vdi, su dyng d6 g6m thd; cie ho^it d^ng khai thic ngudn lai
tii niii di vol, tir dit dai khi li lye dia ho§c liic li biln ei, it dd truyin th6ng khai thic eic loii nhuyin
the, cic loii dpng vat nho, thu hii cie loii thio m0e da t^p, theo mda, theo ph6 r^ng. Truyin th6ng sii
dung hang d^ng vi thieh ung nang dpng, hii hda vdi mdi trudng karst d day edn dupe tii hien rd t(r thl
ky X vdi eic trilu dai Dinh, tiln Le vi m^t so trilu dai phong kiln tilp theo, bang vi^c duy tri nhilu
phong tyc, tap quin, truyin thdng sit dyng hang dpng cho din t ^ ngiy nay.
Nguyln DiTc Long - K h i o cS hpc \6i vifc x i c djnh g i i tr{ nhi b$t... 5
Thyc sy, khio cd hpc Irong q u ^ thl danh thflng Tring An li mOt thl dy n6i bat v l hinh thii djnh cu ISu dii eiia con ngudi trong cic hang d$ng v i thung lilng d i vdi sinh iky, cd sy thfeh img linh ho^t vdi biln d$ng ciia mdi trudng trude, trong v i sau biln tiln, lim nSn m^t sic thii vin hda rifing bi$t, khdng lln vdi cic cpng d6ng cu din tiln sil xung quanh, tii cu6i Cinh tin mu^n din t§n ngiy nay d dja bin einh quan v i dia m^o da d ^ g , xiing ding li di sin h5n hpp eiia nhin lo^i.
T A I L I $ U D A N
NGUYEN GIA D 6 I , LE H A I DANG 2012a. Bdo c6o kit qua khai qu^l Mdi da 6c. xS Yin San, ihf xS Tam Di4p (Ninh Binh). Tir li?u Vl§n Khio c6 hpc, Hi N§i.
NGUYfiN GIA DOL LE H A I D A N G 2012b. Bdo cdo kit qua khai qudt Mai da 6ng Hay. xd Nmh Hdi, Hoa Lit (Ninh Binh). Tu li^u Vifn Khio e l hpc. Hi Ndi.
N G U Y 6 N K H A C sis, N G U Y L N A N H T U A N , V O T I ^ N DLTC 2012a. Bdo cdo kit qua khai qu& Mdi dd Vang, xa Ninh Hdi. Hoa Lu (Ninh Binh). Tu li^u Vi§n Khio ch hpc. Hi NOi.
NGUYEN K H A C SU". N G U Y £ N ANH T U A N . V O T I ^ N D C C 2012b. Bdo cdo ket qua khai qudt di chi hang Thung Binh I. xa Gia Sinh. Gia Vien (Ninh Binh). Tir li^u Vi^n Khio c6 hpc. Hi N^i.
NGUYEN K H A C SlT, NGUYEN ANH T U A N , V O T I 6 N DCTC 2 0 1 2 C . Bdo cdo kit qua thdm sdt cdc di tich hang dong a khu di san Trang An (Ninh Binh). Tu li^u Vi^n Khio ch hpc. Hi Ndi.
PHAN THANH T O A N 2012a. Bdo cdo kit qua ddo thdm sdt Mdi dd Chp. xa Ninh Hdi. Hoa Lit (Ninh Binh).
Tu lieu Vien Khio c6 hpc. Hi N^i.
PHAN THANH T O A N 2012b. Bdo cdo kit qua khai qudt Hang Ang Ndi, xa Trtr&ng Yen. Hoa Lu (Ninh Binh). TU li?u Vifn Khao c6 hpc, H i N§i.
PHAN THANH T O A N 2012c. Bdo cdo kit qua ddo thdm sdt Hang Nui Tu&ng, xa San Hd. Nho Quan (Ninh Binh). Tu Mu Vien Khio c6 hpc. Ha N§i.
PHAN THANH T O A N , NISHIMURA M. 2012. Bdo cdo kit qud khai qudt Hang Mdi. xa Trudng Yen. Hoa Lit (Ninh Binh). Tu lieu Vien Khao c l hpc. Hi Npi.
RABETT R. et al. 2007. The Trang An project. Vietnam: Report on the fist (2007) season offieldwork.
RABETT R. et al. 2009. Archaeological survey in the Trang An eco-resort, Ninh Binh, North Vietnam: Brief Report. Archaeological Heritage of Malaysia, n- 2, pp. 117- 127.
RABETT R. and GRAEME BARKER 2010. Late Pleistocene and early Holocene forager mobility in Southeast Asia. JO years of Archaeology in Southeast Asia.Essays in Honours of lam Glover Rever Books, Bangkok, pp.66-77.
RABETT R. et al 2011. Inland shell midden site -formation: investigation into a Late Pleistocene to Early Holocene shell midden from Tring An, Northm Vietnam. Quaternary International 239 (2011), pp. 153-169.
ARCHAEOLOGY WITH ASSESSMENT OF THE OUTSTANDING GLOBAL CULTURAL VALUES OF T R A N G AN COMPLEX OF NATURAL BEAUTY SPOT
N G U Y I N DLTC LONG Beside the values of natural beauty of tropic Karst area, the system of archaeological sites in Trang An complex of natural beauty is an outstanding example of a human long-lasting settlement in the caves of limestone valleys from Pleistocene to Holocene, This is also the process of cultural adaptation to the environment changes, especially the periods of sea trarisgression and recession, which created a unique cultural nuance in this area.
The natural heritage and culture of Tring An demonstrates integrity, authenticity and essential factors to express the outstanding global values.
