Khao sat tinh hmh gia tang dan so tai mot so quan tren dia ban
TP. Ha Noi, mot so thach thu'c va de xuat eiai phap
^-^ • • N G U Y I N THI THANH HUYEN*
Tom tat
Nghien cdu dugc tien hdnh tqi Hd Ndi ndm 2017 vdi muc dich md td thuc trqng gia tdng ddn sd tqi mdt sd qudn tren dia bdn TP. Hd Ndi hien nay; phdn tich mgt sdye'u td dnh hudng tdi qud trinh gia tdng ddn sd, tdc dgng svt gia tdng ddn sd, td dd di xudt cdc gidi phdp phd hgp trong giai doqn tie'p theo. Ke't qud nghien cdu cho thdy, ddn so tqi cdc qudn cda TP. Hd Ngi tdng len nhanh chdng hdng ndm, lugng ddn di - Men dgng tuang dd'i ldn. Tdng ca hgc bie'n dgng khdng ddng deu giita cdc qudn, lugng ddn td tinh, thdnh phd khdc chuyen de'n cdc qudn tdng nhanh, ddc biet tqi cdc qudn mdi thdnh lap hoac gidp vdi cdc tinh, thdnh khdc.
Tuf khoa: gia tdng ddn sd, ddn sd'Hd Ngi, ddn so ke hoqch hda gia dinh Summary
The study was conducted in Hanoi in 2017 with the aim to describe the current situation of population growth in some districts in Hanoi today, and also to analyze some factors that
influence the process of population growth and the impact of population growth; from that basis, it proposes proper solutions in the next period. The results show that the population in the districts of Hanoi rapidly increases every year, the fluctuation in the number of migrants is relatively large. The fluctuation in mechanical increases is uneven among the districts, and the number of people from other provinces and cities move rapidly to the districts, especially in newly established or neighboring districts.
Keywords: population growth, Hanoi's population, family planning population
^
Gl6l THIEU
Thu do Ha Npi la thanh phd ddng dan thff hai ca nffdc (sau TP. Hd Chi Minh) vdi dan sd trung binh nam 2016 la 7.559.857 ngffdi (chiem khoang 8% dan sd'ca nffdc).
Ha Ndi la dia ban cd Iffdng dan di bien ddng ldn, chi tinh rieng tff nam 2010 den nam 2016, dan sd da tang gan 900.000 ngffdi^(UBND TP. Ha Npi, 2017).
De dat muc tieu dn dinh dan so' tao cd hdi thuan ldi cho Thu do thffc hien cac muc tieu phat trien ben vffng va tang cffdng chat Iffdng dan so, cdng tac dan so ke' hoach hda gia dinh can tap trung vao muc tieu phan dau tffng bffdc kiem soat td'c dp gia tang dan so, dac biet d nhffng quan ed nhieu dan di bien ddng. Nham tim hieu thffc trang gia tang dan sd tren
dia ban TP Ha Ndi va thach thffc ddi vdi cdng tac dan sd'hien nay, nhdm tac gia Iffa chpn de tai "Khao sat tinh hinh gia tang dan sd tai mdt so quan tren dia ban TP. Ha Npi, mpt so'thach thffc va de xua't giai phap".
PHU'DNG PHAP NGHIEN CLfU
Td'ng so se cd 8 phffdng thudc 4 quan dffdc Iffa chpn de tien hanh dieu tra thu thap thdng tin, cu the: Quan Ba Dinh chpn phffdng Thanh Cdng, Phue Xa; Quan Nam Tff Liem chpn phffdng My Dinh I, Tay Md; Quan Thanh Xuan chpn phffdng Khffdng Trung, Thanh Xuan Trung; Quan Long Bien chpn phffdng Thach Ban, Viet Hffng. Mdi phffdng thffc hien phdng van 100 dd'i tffdng la nam, nff da ket hdn trong dp tudi sinh de 15-49 va ffu tien ngffdi cd hp khau KT2, KT3, KT4. Nghien cffu dffdc thffc hien tff nam 2013 den 2016.
Phffdng phap thu thap thdng tin gdm phdng van sau, thao luan nhdm, cu the: 18 phdng van sau vdi cac dd'i
*ThS., Chi CLic Dan sd Ke hoach hda gia dinh TP. Ha Noi I Email: [email protected]
Ngdy nhdn bdi: 23/10/2018; Ngdy phdn bien: 12/11/2018; Ngdy duyet ddng: 21/11/2018
Economy and Forecast Review
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BANG: DAN SO TRUNG BINH GIAI DOAN 2009-2016 TAI NHOM QOAN NOI THANH
DVT: ngudi STT 1 Dcfn vi
Tone 1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Ba Dinh Hoan Kiem Hai Ba Tru'ng Dong Da Thanli Xuan Tav Ho Cau Giav Hoang Mai Long Bien Nam TiyLiem Bac Tir Liem Ha Dong
2013*
3.14L876 258.605 163.469 314.599 395.187 259.243 147.999 247.267 359.818 264.533 474.380 256.776
2014*
3.301.292 243.202 202.725 314.217 404.887 268.563 154.782 254.600 366.015 272.187 215.247 316.267 288.600
2015*
3.252.672 245.116 205.696 314.788 411.040 273.004 158.740 259.584 270.584 276.631 220.089 320.815 296.585
2016**
3.401.733 246.072 203.737 316.728 416.100 278.525 162.217 264.045 379.699 283.530 227.044 325.718 298.318 Nguon: {*) Bao cao
f **j Tong hap so
cong tac DS-KHHGD ciia BCD cong tac DS-KHHQD Thanh pho lieu bieu thu thap thong tin til cdc qudn, huyen, thi xd
tffdng la trffdng ban dan sd ke hoach hda gia dinh, can bd chuyen trach dan so' phffdng, cdng an phffdng quan ly hd khau, hp tich, ngffdi tff 15-49 da ket hdn sinh con mpt be, ngffdi sinh tff 03 con trd len, ngffdi cd hp khau thudc nhdm KT2/KT3/KT4; 04 thao luan nhdm chia theo 02 nhdm dd'i tffdng: phu nff tff 15-49 da ket hdn (chffa sinh con, da sinh 1-2 con, sinh 2 con gai mpt be, sinh 2 con trai mdt be, sinh tff 3 con trd len...), nhdm ngffdi dan cd hp khau KT2/KT3/KT4.
KET QUA NGHIEN CLfU
ThUc trqng gia tdng ddn sdtqi cdc quan ngi thdnh Nhin vao Bang cho thay, dan sd' trung binh tai cac quan ndi thanh cd xu hffdng tang nhanh qua cac nam, mdi nam tang trung binh khoang 200.000 ngffdi. Dan so' trung binh cd xu hffdng bien ddng khdng ddng deu giffa cac quan. Tai cac khd'i quan trung tam, nhff: Ba Dinh, Hoan Kiem dan sd vai nam trd lai day d mffe tffdng ddi dn dinh. Tuy nhien, mdt sd'quan ven do, nhff:
Nam Tff Liem, Bac Tff Liem, Long Bien, Ha Ddng, Hoang Mai cd dan sd' cac nam bien ddng ldn.
Mgt sdyeu tddnh hUdng tdi gia tdng ddn so'
^ Thdng qua cac dff lieu phan tich d tren cho tha'y, dan sd tai TP. Ha Ndi dang cd xu hffdng tiep tuc tang nhanh trong mdt vai nam trd lai day. Tai cac quan npi thanh, ty le sinh con thff 3 chu yeu d mffe dffdi 4%, ty sua't sinh tai cac quan ndi thanh cd xu hffdng giam dan trong cac nam gan day. Nhff vay cho tha'y, dd'i vdi cac quan ndi thanh, tang dan sd tff nhien khdng phai la van de, ma dan sd tang nhanh phan nhieu la do tang dan sd cd hpc, sd Iffdng dan di bien ddng tai cac quan la rat ldn. Tuy nhien, yeu tdtif nhien cung van gdp phan lam gia tang dan so'tren dia ban. Cu the la:
^ Ye'u td tvt nhien. Tai cac quan npi thanh, gia tang dan sd tif nhien la khdng ldn, day vin la mdt trong nhffng ye'u tdgay gia tang dan sdtai cac quan ndi thanh. Trong sd 800 dd'i tffdng nghien cffu, sd sinh dffdi hai con d mffe cao dat 91,2%, sinh 03 con chie'm 8,0%, ca biet vin cd trffdng hdp sinh tff 4 con trd len (0,8%) va theo thd'ng ke cd 01 trffdng hdp sinh 05 con, cd tdi 80% trffdng hdp sinh
tff 03 con trd len cd hd khau KT2, KT3 hoac KT4.
Trong so' cac trffdng hdp sinh tff 03 con trd len, thi nguyen nhan chinh la mong mud'n cd con trai de nd'i ddi tong dffdng (34,3%) va mudn cd them con de
"cd nep, cd t e " (34,3%), mudn cd nhieu con (28,6%). Sau dd la cac nguyen nhan nhff ngffdi chdng la con trffdng, trffdng hp hoac con trai duy nha't (12,9%), khdng siJ dung bien phap tranh thai (BPTT) nao, nen cd thai ngoai y mud'n (15,7%). Ngoai ra, viec sinh con thff ba trd len d nhifng gia dinh cd dieu kien kinh te' kha gia cung cd xu hffdng gia tang.
Ben canh dd, nhieu ngffdi dan ciing hieu chffa dung ve viec "cac cap vd chong tif quyet dinh sd con va khoang each sinh con", hp cho rang, nhff vay la nha ntfdc da cho sinh thoai mai, khdng ban che so con dd'i vdi cac cap vd chdng. Dd'i vdi cac trffdng hdp sinh con thff 3 trd len, viec xif ly mdi chi dffng d mffe dp phat hanh chinh, neu la Dang vien, thi cung chi dffng d mifc khien trach. Do dd, chffa du sffc ran de ddi vdi cac trffdng hdp vi pham.
Nhieu trffdng hdp biet la sinh con thiJB se gap khd khan hdn, nhffng ban than ho vin thich cd dffa nffa, vffa la de ndi ddi tong dffdng va tff tffdng thich ddng con nhieu chau. Che tai xff phat chung hien nay ddi vdi cac trffdng hdp sinh con thff ba vin bi coi nhe. Do vay, nhieu ngffdi dan dac biet la nhffng ngffdi lam hf do, khdng trong he thd'ng cd quan nha nffdc, hp vin cho rang, sinh con thff ba khdng cd anh hffdng gi ca.
Yeu td ca hgc. Tff nhffng dff Heu phan tich d tren cho tha'y, tai khdi quan, gia tang dan so' ve mat cd hpc la nguyen nhan chu ye'u gay tang dan sd tai cac quan, gia tang dan so ttf nhien chi chiem mdt phan nhd, khdng dang ke. Mpt trong nhffng nguyen nhan gay gia tang dan sd tai cac quan npi thanh. Dd la do tren dia ban tap trung nhieu dff an, cdng tnnh trpng diem, nhieu khu chung cff, trffdng hpc, nha may, xi nghiep, benh vien.
Trong 800 dd'i tffdng tham gia, co gan 2/3 dd'i tffdng chuyen de^n cac quan noi thanh chu yeu la tff tinh, thanh phd khac (chiem 64,9%), tff cac huyen ngoai thanh Ha Ndi la 18,1% va quan ndi thanh Ha Npi khac la 17,0%, mpt sd nhd la Viet kieu ve nffdc (0,9%). Da sdcac ddi tffdng di cff den vdi muc dich tam tni lau dai, 61,2% ngffdi chuyen de'n cd thdi gian tam tru tff 5 nam trd len, 19,4% la tff 3-4 nam, tff 1-2 nam la 13,8%, dffdi 1 nam
78
Kinh teva Dif baochi chiem 4,8% va dffdi 1 thang la 0,9%.
Ket qua cung cho tha'y, ly do cae ddi tffdng chuyen khdi dia phffdng cff trii len tam tru tai Thanh phd chu yeu la de thuan tien cho cdng viec (chiem 22,8%), de cho con cai ed dieu kien hpc hanh (31,0%), ndi chuyen den gan trung tam thffdng mai, chd, benh vien, trffdng hpc cung la mpt nguyen nhan chiem ty le khdng nhd (30,1%). Mdt sd ngffdi chuyen den Thanh phd vdi muc dich de lao ddng kiem tien (22,8%), gan gia dinh (19%), chuyen cdng tac (18,9%).
Tdc dgng cua gia tdng ddn so'
Anh hudng tich cvtc: Lffdng ngffdi chuyen den Thanh phd chu yeu nam trong dp tudi lao ddng. Cd cau dan so tre, nen life Iffdng lao ddng tre chiem ffu the. Dieu nay cd ldi cho viec chuyen dich lao ddng va tao ra sff nang ddng, sang tao trong cac boat ddng ve kinh te, dac biet trong thdi ky ddi mdi va hpi nhap; kha nang ffng dung cae thanh tifu khoa hpc ky thuat, cdng nghe thdng tin vao boat ddng san xuS't, kinh doanh, dich vu... tffdng dd'i cao va ben vffng.
Anh huang tieu cvtc:
Sff gia tang dan so' tren dia ban cac quan trffdc tien la lam gia tang so' Iffdng ngffdi dan tren dia ban dan tdi mat dp dan sd'ddng, dan cff chen chuc. Ben canh dd, edn lam gia tang te nan xa hdi gay khd khan cho viec quan ly an ninh trat tff tren dia ban, tinh hinh dich benh cung cd xu hffdng tang. Them vao dd, dd'i vdi nhffng hp KT4 tam tru trong thdi gian ngan khien cho cdng tac quan ly nhan khau, hp khau gap khd khan.
Anh hffdng ve van hda. Khi ngffdi dan tff ndi khac chuyen den cac quan npi thanh, hp cung mang phong tuc tap quan tff ndi khac den lam anh hffdng den phong tuc tap quan chung tai dia ban.
Nhieu ngffdi dan khi chuyen den khdng tham gia cac boat ddng cua dia phffdng.
Trong so 800 dd'i tffdng tham gia khao sat phie'u dinh Iffdng, cd tdi 19,4% dd'i tffdng khdng tham gia cac boat ddng van hda tai dia phffdng.
Anh hffdng ve y te. Trong so 800 dd'i tffdng khao sat, da so cac nhdm khdng gap khd khan gi khi tiep can vdi dich vu y te (82,1%). Tuy nhien, mot phan nhd cho rang, bi thieu thdng tin khi tie^p can dich vu y te (11,5%) va thu tue y te phien ha (6,4%). Day cung la thffc trang chung tai cac thanh phd' ldn, khi ma da't chat ngffdi ddng, ngffdi dan khdng tin tffdng
y te tuye'n cd sd trong khi tai cac thanh phd' ldn lai tap trung nhieu benh vien, trung tam y te^ ky thuat cao vdi dpi ngu can bd y te ed trinh dp cao, nhieu ngffdi tham chi tff tinh khac ciing tap trung ve day de kham chffa benh din den benh vien, trung tam y te nao cung trong tinh trang qua tai. Do do, nhieu khi chffa lam hai long dffdc ngffdi dan.
Anh hffdng ve giao due. Cung tffdng tff nhff mang y te, da sd' cac dd'i tffdng khao sat khdng gap khd khan gi, khi cho con di hpc tai ndi chuyen den (85,6%).
Tuy nhien, vin cdn mdt phan nhd tha'y thie'u thdng tin (5,6%) va thu tuc nhap hpc phien ha (8,8%).
Ngoai ra, phai ke den mpt sd anh hffdng tieu cffc khac, nhff viec gia tang dan sd cd tac ddng nha't dinh den cdng tac an ninh trat tff, an sinh xa hdi tren dia ban.
Dan cff ddng trong khi phan nhieu la lao ddng nhap cff, trong dd sd' la lao ddng tff do cung khdng nhd, nhieu ngffdi khdng cd cdng an viec lam dn dinh hoac that nghiep trong khi chi phi d Thanh phd' dat dd, nen viec sinh sd'ng trong nhffng khu nha tam bd hoac dieu kien sinh boat thieu thdn la khdng tranh khdi. Yeu to nay Cling lam anh hffdng den thu nhap binh quan theo dau ngffdi, chat Iffdng cuoc sdng chung tren toan Thanh phd. Them vao do, te nan xa hdi cung tang theo.
Viec quan ly ngffdi nhap cff cung gap khdng it khd khan. Tai nhieu dia ban, so Iffdng lao ddng tff do ldn, di di ve ve trong ngay gan nhff khdng tham gia cac boat ddng cua dia phffdng va dia phffdng cung khd quan ly. Ngoai ra, life Iffdng tham gia cdng tac quan ly dan cff cdn mdng, chffa dap ijlig kip thdi dffdc nhu cau ngffdi dan ngay cang tang. Dan so tang nhanh cung lam anh hffdng den mdi trffdng sd'ng tai Thanh phd. Lffdng phffdng tien di lai cung tang theo so dan. Lffdng khi thai sinh ra tff cac phffdng tien ca nhan, cpng them Iffdng rac thai tff cac nha may, xi nghiep, rac thai sinh hoat lam gia tang tinh trang d nhiem mdi trffdng tren dia ban Thanh phd.
Tmh trang nhap cff gia tang cd the gay ra viec qua tai ve suf dung cac cdng trinh ha tang cd sd. Mac du, Nha nffdc cung da cd cac giai phap dau tff ve cd sd vat chat ha tang, ve dieu kien nha d, nhffng vin thieu va khdng ddng bd. Thifc te' quy nha d, cdng trinh cdng cpng mdi xay difng mac du nhanh, nhffng van khdng dap ffng du nhu cau do thi hda; trffdng hpc, cham sdc sffc khde, cap thoat nffdc, dien sinh boat va ve sinh mdi trffdng do thi.
Cac van de nay ngay cang trd nen tram trpng khi ngay cang cd nhieu ngffdi nhap cff vao Thanh phd. Dac biet la, tinh trang nhap cff d cac quan ndi thanh, ndi cd quy da't tffdng ddi eo hep.
Dd'i vdi cdng tac dan sd- ke hoach hda gia dinh, cac cdng tac vien dan so' cung gap khd khan trong viec tie'p XUC vdi ngffdi dan, dac biet la cac hd d chung cff cao cap hoac can bp cap cao ve hffu. Ben canh ludng dan di cff dinh cff lau dai, thi cung cd mdt sd' dan di cff la chi dinh cff ngan ban, di den trong mpt thdi gian ngan gay khd khan trong viec quan ly dan cff va tuyen truyen cdng tac dan so'. Cdng tac tuyen truyen tai mdt so dia ban chffa thffc sff sau rdng, nhieu khi chi tap trung d mdt vai nhdm dd'i tffdng, chffa md rdng ra toan dia ban.
Economy and Forecast Review
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KET LUAN VA KHUYEN NGHj Bald, trong qua trinh xay dffng quy hoach, ke' hoach phat trien ludn luon Dan sd cua TP. Ha Ndi tang len nhanh chdng hang phai tinh den bien dan so. Can cd sff vao nam, Iffdng dan di bien ddng tffdng ddi ldn. Moi nam cuoc cua ta't ca cac cap, cac nganh trong cd hkng nghin ngffdi chuyen den Thanh phd dac bipt viec giai quye't cae van de keo theo tif tren dia ban cac quan ndi thanh. Tang cd hpc bien gia tang dan sd cd hpc, tan dung cd h6i ddng khdng ddng deu giffa cac quan, Iffdng dan tff tinh, do gia tang cd hpc mang lai.
thanh phd khac chuyen den cac quan tang nhanh dac Bdn Id, dd'i vdi cdng^ tac dan sd ke biet tai cac quan mdi thanh lap hoac giap vdi cac tinh, hoach hda gia dinh, can tap trung ifu thinh khac. tien dau tff cho cdng tac dan sd nham
Sff gia tang dan sd tai cac quan ndi thanh do nhieu dam bao duy tn quy md, dn dph cd cau, nguyen nhan, trong dd, nguyen nhan gay gia tang dan phan bd dan so dac biet la trien khai cac sd chu yeu tai cac quan ndi thanh la tang dan sd cd hpc. chffdng trinh, de an nang cao chat Iffdng Them vao dd, ludng dan di cff den cac quan ndi thanh dan sd. Tang cffdng nang cao chat Iffdng chu yeu la trong dp tudi lao ddng, phan ldn la nam d dp cdng tac tham mffu xay difng ke hoach, tudi sinh de tff 15-49. Do vay, xu hffdng gia tang dan quy hoach, chien Iffdc phat trien kinh te sd tif nhien tai nhdm nay cung la van de dang lffu y. - xa hpi cd tinh de'n bien dan sd tren cac Ty le sinh con thff 3 trd len tai nhdm khdng cd hd khau linh vifc y te, giao due, nha d, viec lam, thffdng tru tren dia ban cac quan chiem khoang 8,8% cd sd vat chat ha tang, an ninh trat tif, (cao hdn mffe chung cua Thanh phd khoang 2%). an sinh xa hdi.., dac biet ddi vdi nhom
Ket qua nghien cffu cho tha'y, nguyen nhan gay gia ngffdi nhap cff.
tang dan sd cd hpc tai cac quan npi thanh la do tren Ben canh do, nganh dan sd, thdng ke, dia ban tap trung nhieu dff an, cdng trinh trpng diem, cdng an can phai cd sff phd'i hdp chat che nhieu khu chung cff, trffdng hpc, nha may, xi nghiep, trong cdng tac quan ly, theo ddi dan cif.
chd dau md'i. Vi the, ludng dan di cff ve cac quan de Tang cffdng cdng tac phdi hdp, thffdng lao ddng la rat ldn, vdi mdt so quan ven Thanh phd, thi xuyen ra soat dam bao cap nhat tinh hinh dieu kien ve da't dai, khi hau cung khien ngffdi dan thu dan cff theo tffng thdi diem nhat dinh, hut ve sinh sd'ng. rieng dd'i vdi tuyen ed sd can phai cap
Tff ke't qua nghien cffu de xua't mdt sd' khuyen nghi: nhat hang ngay.
M^</a, xay dffng ke hoach chien Iffdc phat trien kinh Nang eao chat Iffdng cdng tac thdng te'thuc day cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda; chuyen dich ke, tdng hdp bao cao ve dan cff dam bao cd cau kinh te vdng mien; chuyen dich cd cau kinh te tinh chinh xac, cap nhat cua sd lieu de nganh, tap trung ffu tien phat trien cdng nghiep, ndng phue vu cdng tac tham mffu, xay difng nghiep ndng thdn, phat trien thi trffdng lao ddng nham ke hoach chung eua Thanh phd. Cong ban che' ludng di cff. tac thd'ng ke, tdng hdp, bao cao can dam
Hai Id, dau tff xay difng cd sd vat chat ha tang dam bao chinh xac, cap nhat ngay tff d tuyen bao thuan tien giao thdng giffa ngoai thanh va ndi do, xa, phffdng, thi tran va tai cac khu/td dan xay dffng cac trung tam van hda, kinh te d khu vifc cac phd/thdn/xdm.
huyen nham thu hep khoang each chenh lech ve dieu Tap trung nang cao chat Iffdng cong kien sd'ng, dac biet la dieu kien tinh than giffa ngoai tac truyen thdng ve dan sd ke hoach thanh va ndi dd nham han che di cff. Thanh phd cung hda gia dinh. Trong dd, nen phan loai noi can tap trung cac giai phap ddng bd ve cd sd vat chat dung truyen thdng theo tffng nhdm ddi ha tang,^ giao thdng, ky thuat, van hda, giao due, y te tffdng cu the vdi thdi gian phil hdp nham nham dam bao an sinh xa hdi cho cac dd'i tffdng tff ndi dam bao cac npi dung dffdc truyen dat khac chuyen den Thanh phd. day dii tdi tffng nhdm dd'i tffdng.•
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. UBND TP. Ha Ndi (2017). Bdo cdo Ket qud thvtc hien cdng tdc ddn sd vd ke hoqch hoa gia dinh ndm 2016, nhiem vu trgng tdm ndm 2017
2. Tdng cue Tho'ng ke (2016). Diiu tra Di cuNdi dia Qud'c gia 2015: Cdc ke't qud chd yeu 3. Tdng cue thd'ng ke (2016, 2017). Ke't qud chd ye'u Diiu tra bie'n ddng ddn sdvd ke hoach hoa gia dinh thdi diem 01/4/2016, 2017
4. Vien Dan sd va cac van de xa hdi va Tdng cue Dan sd Ke hoach hda gia dinh (2013). Bdo cdo Tdng quan ddnh gid tinh hinh thvtc hien Phdp lenh Ddn sdvd khuye'n nghi cho Dudn Ludt Dan so
5. Vien Dan sd va cac van de xa hpi (2013). Bdo cdo nghien cdu Ddnh gid 10 ndm thi hdnh Phdp lenh Ddn sdtqi TP. Hd Ngi
on
* " ^ Kinh teva Dtf bio
