KCN, KKT - KINH NGHIEM PHAT TRIEN
Khu kinh te bien trong tir duy dot pha chien lirac
P d S . I S . TRAN DINH IHlftN Vien trudng Vien Kinh te Viet Nam Khdi diiu tir Khii kinh te ma
(KKTM) Chu lai (2003), chi snu chua day 10 nam, Vict Nam hien da cd 15 KKT ven hicn. (i!an day, 3 KKT mdi dugc ho sung them Mio Quy hoach \a: KKl Ddng Nam Quang Tri. KKT \en hien Thai Binh, KKT Ninh Ca (Nam Dinh). long dien ti'eh mat dat MI mat nudc ciia 18 KKl khoang 720.000 ha.
Hien nay, cd nhieu yen to, ca khach quan lan chii quan, dang ddi hdi phai danh gia lai each phat trien cac KKT, hay rgng hon la cac to chiic the che phat trien cdng nghiep hien dai (bao gom cac KCN, KCX va CCN).
Nhi6u cdng trinh nghien ciiru gan day xac nhan mdt thuc te la su phat trien cac loai hinh to chii'c cdng nghiep nay, dac biet la cac KKT ven bien chua dat hieu qua chiirc nang.
Thuc tenay khdng phai la mdt "thuc trang" cu the tach biet, mang tinh dan le trong ndn kinh te nudc ta ma phan anh mdt yeu cau cap bach dang dat ra cho n6n kinh te la yeu cau doi mdi md hinh tang trucmg va tai cau true nen kinh te.
Ve chu:c nang, cac KKT KCN, KCX hay d "tam thap han" la CCN dja phuang, dugc xay dung nham hai nhdm muc tieu chinh la: thu hut dau tu tap trung, hinh thanh cac trung tam phat trien va tao sire lan tda phat trien manh.
Xet ve quy md, ca cau phat trien ciing nhu cap do thd che, trong cac loai hinh to chirc phat trien nay thi KKT cd "dang cap" cao nha't. De dat dugc cac muc tieu chirc nang, cac KKT phai dugc dap iing hang loat yeu cau, nhu: khdng gian phat trien du Idn (d nudc ta: tdi thieu 10.000 ha); do ke't ndi vdi ben ngoai
ko\ noi ha lang vii lien kei kinh le- thong siidi; td chiic lii'ii ki'i ngiinh trong KKT hcifp ly va "di tnrc'tc" ve cdng nghe (liip trung cong nghiep theo chuoi \;\ xu huc'mg hien dai h(')a); trinh dg the che cao (hien dai);
gan \ (')i Clic do thi ldn hiij-n dai vdi tu cach la hat nhan kinh le;...
Ddi vdi cdc KKT hien. do thucmg ducrc xay dung d nhirng \'i tri
"diic dja" \'ii gim vcii cimg bien tcit nen duc;c thiei kcxai ky xong riit \an
\e khii nang Ihu hut dau tu cao, tao dot pha phat irien manh vii sire lan tcia phat U'lcn nhanh. Cung do \'iiy, viiic xiiy dung ciic KKT nay thudng dugc hd trg bang cac chinh sach \a bien phap uu dai dac biet. Ngoai
\i(ec thda man nhiing dieu kien ehung ndi tren, cac KKT bien cdn dugc thie't ke phat tiien dua tren nhiing Igi the va chii:c nang dac thu.
Dd la, cd dac thii ke't cau nganh, gan vdi cac cang bien; hoat ddng cdng nghiep khdng gay xung dot mdi trudng va hai hda vdi su phat trien ciia cac nganh khac (\ f du, du Ijch bien); cd "hau phuang phat tri6n"
da't lien dii ldn; gan xal dd thj ciing bien hien dai.
Tuy nhien, ke't qua thuc te \ii trien vgng phat tiien cac KKT bie'n d nudc ta cho de'n nay chua thuc sir tuang xiing \ai ky \gng.
Phat trien KKT bien tai Viet Nam: he qua
va nguyen nhan
Cach tiep can cung nhu qua trinh phat trien thuc te 15 KKT bien d nudc ta thdi gian qua din tdi nhiing he qua phat trien rat dang luu y nhu sau:
Nhieu KKT bie'n duac trien khai xdy dung trong thdi gian ngdn nen de tao ra su ddn trdi dau tu, phdn tdn nguon luc vd gay ra tinh trgng canh tranh quyet liet giiia cdc dia phuang duac quy hoach xdy dung KKT.
Ben canh dd, cdng tac thu hiit
diiu tu viio KKT dugc thuc hien trong khi chua djnh hinh rd djnh hucing quy hoach tdng the qudc gia vi chie'n luge phat trien cdng nghiep - cdng nghe cao; phat trien cac KKT vii KCN nhu mdt he thd'ng hun ca.
Cach lam lien khie'n cho viec xay dung cac KKT bien cua nudc ta chua clap irng ductc cac yeu cau dac thii dat ra dac thu ca ca'u nganh, giin vdi lgi the cang bie'n \ a Igi the
"mat lien" bien, yeu c^u xay dung nhiifng "ciir diem" manh phuc \ai cudc canh tranh phat trien kinh te bien \ a tranh chap bien dang didn ra ngay cang gay gat tai khu vuc bien Ddng.
Tmh trang neu tren dan tcM tam nhin phat tridn thie't kecho cac KKT bien thap, khdng tao co sd cho su phan cdng va lien ke't phat trien hgp ly giira cac KKT va it gdn vdi logic ke't ndi chudi gia trj gia tang loan cau. Thuc te hien na\, tinh trang cac KKT dugc xay dung chua dua tren the manh \ a djnh hudng tao ra sir khac biet dc bd sung va phat trien sir phan cdng, gan ket voi nhau dang kha phd bien.
Cdch phdt trien cdc KKT bien Idm cho nen kinh te khdng the chuan bi ddy du cdc dieu kien lien c/iiyet cho su phdt trien kinh te tap trung quy md ldn vd ddng cap cao.
Hai luc lugng "chu cdng" de phat tridn hieu qua cac KKT bien la luc lugng doanh nghiep Viet Nam va nguon nhan luc chat lugng cao lai la nhiing ye'u td bj thie'u hut nghiem tigng nhat. Mgt khi nhimg ye'u td ngi luc bj "mong" va "ye'u" thi he qua ta't ye'u se la: phan quan trgng nha't cua Igd ich tang tiudng cd dugc tir su phat tris'n KKT se thudc ve cac chii dau tu nudc ngoai do hg bj chi phd'i v6 vdn dau tu. Day ciing la van di ehung dat ra cho chien luge thu hiit FDI cLia Viet Nam dugc n6u kha gay gat trong thdi gian g&i day.
Viec thiet ke xay dung mgt bd phan Idn cac KKT trong thdi gian
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TAP CHi KHU CONG NGHIEP VIET NAM 9/2011Ns^uon nhdn li/c chat luguf^ cao la mdt tronf> hai lUc lUc/ng "chii cdnj>" de phdt trien KKT ven hien
qua cdn cd mdt diem yen la khdng tinh day du de'n nhiing ye'u to mang tinh tien de. Mdt so KKT ldn khdng cd khdng gian phat tiien tien da't lien du ldn. Dai dat dgc bien cua nudc ta hep, "hau phuang cdng nghiep" tren dat lien rat han che trong khi miic do ke't ndi rat ye'u.
Nudc nggt - ngudn tai nguyen ea ban phuc vu cho su phat trien cdng nghiep tap trung va dd thi Idn hien dai d mdt so viing cdn thie'u. Viec khac phuc nhiing diem ye'u "sinh tit" nay d nudc ta hien nay can nhieu thdi gian va vd'n lieng. Trong bdi canh dd, viec xay dung hang loat KKT cd the gay ra nhirng nguy CO va su xung dot khdng dd giai quyet.
Viec thiet ke KKT chua gdn kit chat che vai tdm nhin phdt trien do thi hien dai, gay ra tinh trang mat can dd'i ve ca ca'u phat trien giiia qua trinh cdng nghiep hda va qua trinh dd thj hda - hien dai hda. Nhin ehung, ca'u tnic the che kinh te va the chd' dd thj gan vdi ICKT chua dugc dan dat bdi tu duy djnh hudng hien dai hda. Tren thuc te, xu hudng xay dung the che cho cac KKT (va cac KCN cung vay) tap trung vao viec ban hanh cac chMi sach va bien phap uu ddi han la xay dung mgt cau tnic the che tong the (cho toan bg KKT hay toan bd cum KKT - dd thj) hien dai (theo xu hudng
"•vugt trudc" de tao siic hiit kieu Tham Quyen ciia Trung Qud'c, Dubai ciia Cac Tieu Vuang qudc Aiap hay Incheon cua Han Qud'c).
Tinh trien vgng trong dua tranh phdt trien qud'c te'ciia da sdKKT a
nudc ta chua the Men rd, tham chi cd the ndi la cdn thap. Day la ke't qua ta't ye'u, mang tinh tong hgp cua cac ye'u td neu tren. Mdt tam nhin khdng du, thie'u su chuan bj day du cac dieu kien tien quye't cho su hinh thanh mdt trung tam phat trien theo kieu biing nd trong the'gidi loan cau hda hien dai chae chan se lam cham qua trinh phat trien cac KKT bien, han che siic hap din dau tu dang cajp cao cua chiing, do dd, lam cho chiing trd nen kem trien vgng.
De 'vugt qua tinh trang tren trong viec phat trien cac KKT bien, viec dau tien can lam la phai xac djnh diing cac nguyen nhan gay ra nd.
Cd the ke ra mdt sd nguyen nhan sau:
Thd nhat, tu duy phat trien cac KKT va cac KCN chua dugc dat trong nhan thiic ve cudc canh tranh thu hiit ngudn luc phat tiien toan cin. Phat trien cac KKT bien cua Viet Nam ludn nam trong cudc tranh chap ngudn luc dang cap cao giiia cac nudc trong khu vuc va tren pham vi toan cau. Do dd, each phat trien KKT trong tu duy cue bd dia phucttig dan tdi su chii y thien lech
v^ djnh hudng the; che, nhung bj dan trai ve nd luc thuc te: cac chinh sach uu dai (siic ha'p dan ngan han, cue bd va khdng ca ban) dugc coi trgng hon dang cap the che can cd cua KKT (day mdi la ye'u td quyet djnh). Them vao dd, ca hai yeu td nay d6u chua dugc dat trong tuong quan canh tranh qud'c te nen chua tao ra siic hap dan chie'n luge dii manh.
Tint hai, djnh hudng qudc gia long the trong chien luge phat trien KKT chua rd. Vi the, ciuy hoach thiet ke cac KKT cu the chua the hien rd ca'u true chiic nang dac thu cua mdi KKT trong su phat trien kinh tecjude gia tdng ihi. Cac KKT dugc hieu nhu la mdt tga do phat trien mang tinh dja phuong cue bd, la lgi ich qud'c gia dugc chia cho cae dia phuang (nen phai dugc chia deu) chir khdng phai la didm dot pha phat trien vung. Do vay, lgi the rieng lan kha nang bo sung, lien ket phat trien ISn nhau giiia cac KKT khdng dugc tinh de'n day du, do dd chua dugc phat huy ddng miic. Rd rang nguyen tac phan cap quan ly trung uang - dja phuang mang nang tinh "chia ddu", "cao bang" lgi ich giira cac dia phuong, trong khi khdng chii y diing mirc den tam nhin qud'c gia va nang luc quan ly phat tiien cua cac dja phuang da gay ra nhung ton that vi md khd bu dap.
Thd ba, mat can dd'i nghiem trgng giira ngudn luc trien khai cac KXT va muc tieu ve thdi gian xay dung va sii menh chiic nang ma cac KKT ganh vac. Day la ly do lam cho cac ICKT cua ta keo dai thdi gian xay dung, lam tang chi phi dau tu va bj lang phi nhieu ve ngudn luc, trong dd lang phi ve "chi phi ca hdi" lai it dugc tinh de'n. Kinh nghiem qud'c te cho thay, d tam qud'c gia, viec tap trung dau tu cho mdt sd it cac KKT vdi djnh hudng uu tien ve dang cap the cheva cdng nghe thay vi md ra nhieu' KKT la each lua chgn hgp ly va khdn ngoan. Viec lua chgn mdt sd it KKT de tap trung uu tien phat trien nhu vay cho phep giai quye't td't cac van de ve tdc do hinh thanh, ngudn luc tai chinh, nguon nhan luc cho
TAP CHI KHU CONG NGHIEP VIET NAM 9/2011
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KCN, KKT KINH NGHIEM PHAT TRIEN
Clic KKT. Tuy nhien, biii hgc kinh nghi(}m nii\' chua diid'c \'an dung triel (le \;i hiiini qiui a mdi nuoc di sau nhu nud'c la.
De phat Irien hieu (|iia cac K K T hien
Theo logic liep ciin neu tien. de phiil Irien hii^'U qua cat KKl bien trong mdi tam nhin chien luoc quoc gia tong the, co the neu 111(11 so goi
\ sau:
Quiin triet lu du\ KKl bien phiii hi mdt loa do ddi pli.i 111.inh, lan loa rdng. la mot cir diem thuc ihi hieu qu.i chien lu'o'c bien. KK I bi(;Mi Cling phiii diro'c nhim lime rd lii diem ket ndi phat Irien \iiiig - ipioc ilia \a\ lh(> izioi chir khdns: nhiii lii
"cua riC'iig" eu.i c.ic dia plui'o'ng.
Phai can cu \iio ngudn lire IIUK
te (luoc dimh de phat Irien cac KK I
(le .\ay dung chu'cmg trinh phiil Irien KKT bi(.'n iiu(")c gia, biio d;im si/ liiii hoa, can doi uiiia ciic muc liC'U loc do. quy md, dial iuo'im piiiil trien cacKKi:
(,)u;iii iiiet dinli liir('yiig xiiy (liriig ciic KK Thien daiii! cap cao w cocaii \a \e the die. linh \\.(il\ tioi
\e iriiih do he llioiig ihe die phiii lii tieu cluiaii bat buoc hiing dau.
Phiii chuan bi nghiem liic ciic dieu k\c\] ciin \a du cho su phiil Irien KKl gom cac nguon tai imuven ur nhicn co ban, khoim uian
|ihat trien, ii,;.'uoii niian lire, he thong ket noi \a lan toa phai trien.
lat ca nhirng goi y mang tinh dinh huong neu tren deu nham [a\
mdi (le xuat \e dinh liuoiii: phiit Irien KKl bien (V Viet Nam IIOIIL'
giai (loan toi l.i: Chi nen tiip irung phiil liien 4 KKT bii^Mi quy md Win,
gan ya'i 4 vung kinh l(j'trong diem.
Day lii 4 cira ni(')' quci'c td-', 4 tga do kei ncii phat trie'n viing. Viec khai thong phiil ll ien 4 tcxi do nay la di6u kiiin lien de cho su biing ncD va lan l(')a phat trien \Liiig. VC' cap do the che, do phiii hi 4 KKT tu do (hay (lac khu kinh le).
( an cir \iio thuc te phat Irien ciia Vi(jl \'am. cd the do xuai (so bd) 4 KKT tu do nhu tren la: KKT tu do 11.11 Phong (ket ndi vdi khdng gian phiit inen \ung \en biCm cua Quang Ninh): KKT tu do Da ,\ang - Chim Ma\ L.mg ( o: KKT lu do Vung
I.Ill va Dac khu kinh le Phii Qudc.
Dac biet, can xiic lien nga\ viec nghien cim khung khd the che cu the. ca ciiu ngiinh chi'rc nang \a he thdng ha lang kei ndi phat trien cho mdi KKl neu lien \ii xiic dinh kjp ihdi Id trinh. giai phap thuc hitim. •
Phat trien KKT ven bien...
ly mdi trudng KKT, KCX bi phan tan (vira do Sci Tai nguyen vii Mdi trudng, \ ua do BQL cac KC.\' hoac KKT, \Lia do I B.\D Clip huy(}n, xii thuc hien) dan den hieu quii \ii hieu luc ccmiz tac quiin Iv mdi iruimu KKr, KCN bi him chd.
Theo quy dinh lai .\uhi dinh sd 29/2008/ND-CP cua Chinh phu, BQL KKT KCN la ca quan true thudc UBND cap tinh, thuc hi(}n chirc nang quan ly nhii nucic true tie'p ddi \'di KCN, KK T litm dia ban tinh hoiic thanh phd true thudc Trung uang. Vi \a\', dii ca bim hoan thien dim khung phap ly \ii han che cac quy djnh chdng chi3o giua ciie
\an ban phap luat \c BVMT, ddng thai nham xac djnh rd \i tri. \ai trd va trach nhiem cua ca quan quan ly nha nudc trong cdng tac BVMT, trong thdi gian tdi, di xuat mgt so giai phap nhu sau:
Ra soat, bo sung, hoan thien cac van ban phap luat vi md hinh phat tridn va quan ly mdi trudng dac thu dd'i vdi KCN va KKT theo hudng; sira d(Di ngay phap luat ve
(1 icp llieo trang IJ) thanh tra \ii phap luiil \e KCN, KK I de .xac dinh rd \i trf, \ai lid cua thanh tra BQL KCN', KKT irong he ihong co quan thanh tra Nhii nudc; .xiic dinh id sir pUoi hctp eiCra BQL KCN, KK I \c'vi .Vr liii nguyen
\ii Mdi iructng, Ciinh s.u mdi trucmg trong thanh tra, kiein ira, giam sal.
xir ly \i pham \e mdi tnrimg ddi vai Clic doanh nghiep trom: KCN. KC.\
Mi KKT
Hien na\. Be) liii nguxen \ii Mdi trircrng dang trien khai sira ddi.
bo sum: Thonu tu 08/2009/lT- BINMI ngiiN 1.V7/2009. Lien quan den Clic quy djnh lai du thiio thdng tu bo sung, sira ddi thiix rang: du Ihao Thdng tu bd sung, sira ddi Ihdng tu 08/2009Arr-BTNMT neu lien da quy djnh id hon trach nhiem cua chii cliiu tu xay dimg ha tang KCN \a doanh nghiep thii" cap Uong KCN \ e cdng tac bao \'e mdi trudng KCN. Tuy nhien, vi trach nhiem cua BQL KCN, KKT trong cong tac BVMT de nghj sira dd'i, bo sung theo hudng: ph^i de BQL KCN va KKT chu tri tien hanh thanh tra,
kiem tra, giam sat vice thuc hien cac ndi dung trong bao cao danh gia tiic ddng mdi trudng. ban cam ket hao \e mdi trudng da dugc phe duyet \ii xae nhan ddi voi tat ca Ciic du iin dau tu trong KCN, KKT. Cac ija quim quan ly nha nudc khac thudc tinh ne'u cd lien quan thi co Uach nhiem phdi hgp vai BQL KCN va KKT. Khdng nen quy dinh BQL KCN \ii KKT chi chii tri kicMn tra, giam sal cac du an thudc thiim quyen ciia BQL; va BQL chi phdi hgp \'cii cac ca quan quiin ly nhii nucic \e bao \(i mdi Uirdng ddi x'cii ciic du an trong KCN. KKl" khdng thudc tham quxen.
Xa\ dung chinh sach uu dai, khiixen khich xa hd trg cac doanh nghiep phat trien ha tang KCN, KKT xay dung cac cdng trinh xir ly chat thai tap trung cho KCN, KKT
Day manh to chiic, tuyen Uuyen de nang cao nhan thiic trong cdng tac bao ve mdi trudng dd'i vdi ta't ca cac doanh nghiep, cac ca quan quan ly nha nudc cd lien quan.
Tang cudng hgp tac vdi cac to chu:c qudc te'(WB,"nCA, UNIDO) de keu ggi hd trg ky thuat, tai chinh cho cdng tac bao ve mdi tiUdng
KCN, K K T H
