CAC VAN DE QUOC T E 4 »
KHUNG HOANG NO HY LAP VA NHUNG BAI HOC
NGUYEN THANH TUNG*
GlEta thdng 8 vita qua, nhdm Bp trU&ng Tdi chinh cac nUdc thugc Khu vac sit dung dong tiin chung chau Au (Eurozone) da nhat tri thong qua goi citu tra tdi chinh thiJt ba tri gid ghn 90 ti euro cung cap cho Hy Lap trong vong ba nam tdi. Doi lai, Hy Lap phdi thUc hien cdc cdi cdch kinh te nhu cam kit theo hii&ng thdt chat chi tieu. Viec phe chudn goi citu tra thit ba ndy dd giti di mgt thong diep ro rdng vd diit khodt rdng, Hy Lap vdn id mot thdnh viSn ciia khu vUc Eurozone. Tuy nhien, tnt&c do, trong cugc trUng cdu y ddn ngdy 517 ve viec co ddngS hay khdng v&i nh&ng dieu kien "thdt litng bugc bung" cua cdc chu na, da s6 ngUcti ddn niidc ndy da noi "khdng*'. Vdy tai sao Hy Lap vdn phdi chdp nhdn cdi cdch, nhiing kich bdn vd he luy ndo dd di^c dot ra vd nh&ng bdi hgc rut ra sau cugc khung hodng tdi chinh cua ddt nude ndy? Bdi viet ndy mang lgi mgt so suy nghi dong gop phdn ndo cho nhitng cdu hdi trin.
NhChig h€ luy xdy ra n^u Hy Lap ra khdi Eurozone
Ttr cudi thang 6/2015, khi hd thdng ngan hdng nhd n u d e dirng trdn b d v y c syp do, cd hat kjch ban d u g e d u a ra eho Hy Lap Id tidp tyc d lai hoac rdi khdi Eurozone, hoac mdt tinh hudng thir ba khde md khd ai cd thd l u d n g t r u d c d u g c .
Kha ndng Hy Lap bj ra khdi Eurozone khi dd da d u g c nhidu ngudi d i cdp. Khi d u g c hoi ve viec lidu cd thd t u d n g t u g n g vien c i n h Hy Lap bj dp rdi khdi Eurozone hay khdng, Bd trudng Tdi chinh H d Lan Jeroen Dijsselbloem da t r i Idi; "Vdi tinh hinh hidn tai, thi chimg tdi dang h u d n g ddn con d u d n g dd".
Cdn c y u Chii tich Cue D y frtr Lien bang My (FED)
Alan Greenspan cung eho r i n g , Hy Lap khdng cd cdch ndo tdt hon vide rdi khdi Eurozone.
Tuy nhidn, k h i nang Hy Lap vdn d lai Eurozone cung r i t Idn. Cac nha phan tich da cht ra nhidu he luy neu nude nay bj budc phai rdi khdi lidn minh. Doi vdi Hy Lap, neu budc phai ra khdi Eurozone, chac c h i n d i t nude nay se rai vdo mdt sd tinh cdnh hon loan nhu p h i i duy tri ode khoan frg c i p an sinh xd hdi vd ti^ luong cho nhan vien nhd nude b i n g lOU (viet tat ciia "I Owe You", mdt dang chirng ttr vay n g ma khdng cd thdi han tra) cho ddn khi mdt loai ndi te mdi d u g c in ra luu tiidng hay quay lai sir dung dbng ndi td drachma. T i t nhidn, mdt sd chuydn gia kinh te eung chl ra rang, vdi dbng drachma, Hy Lap cd ' Thac sl Khoa Khoa hpc Chinh tri, Trwong Dai hoc Khoa hpc Xa hdi va Nhdn vdn.
TAP CHf D 6 I NGOAI ® 9/2015 | 2 3
quyen t y chii han trong vide phat hdnh vd dieu tidt thj frudng tien te bang ti gid khdng bi rdng bugc nhu trudc. Dong drachma "yeu" se kich thfch san xuat trong nude, d i y manh x u i t k h i u va tang cudng thu hilt du ljch... Tuy nhidn, trong trudng hgp phdi sir dyng lai dbng ndi td thi dbng tien ndy chac c h i n bj m i t gid r i t nhieu so vdi dbng euro, nen Athens se phai tfch eye in tidn, ndi Idng tien td, phdt trien kinh td dd ed thd tra ng. Khi do lam phdt tang cao, gid ea hdng hda nhap k h i u ehii ydu Id luong t h y c vd thudc men se teng g i p 3-4 l i n , mirc sdng cua ngudi ddn se cang gidm xudng.
Thye ra, eude frung c i u y dan ngdy 5/7 ehl Id chidu bdi ddm phan cOa chinh quydn Hy Lap chir hp khdng he mudn rdi khdi Eurozone. Sau khi kdt qua d u g c cdng bd, Thii tirdng Hy Lap Alexis Tsipras cho biet, dng sdn sdng quay frd lai bdn ddm phan va k h i n g djnh rang ket qua nay ciJng cd vj thd eiia dng dd ddm phdn mdt thda thudn tdt hon eho d i t nude.
Mong mudn d lai Eurozone ctia Hy Lap d u g c n h i n manh mot l i n ntra khi Bd frudng Tdi chfnh Hy Lap Yanis Varoufakis ngdy 30/6 da khang dinh, nude nay khdng c6 y djnh rdi Eurozone, ngay ca khi khdng ed tidn dd t r i n g IMF dimg han. Ong Varoufekis eung cdnh bdo, Athens se ed nhirng dpng thdi phdp ly dd ngdn chdn b i t ky nd Iyc nao nham tryc x u i t nude ndy khdi Eurozone. Chfnh phO dng Tsipras dd dimg khi chl ra rang, nhtrng hidp u d e thanh lap Eurozone hoac rdng budc 28 thdnh vien EU khdng cd dieu khoan vd vide true x u i t Chl cd Hidp u d e Lisbon ciia EU, cd hidu lue ttr nam 2009, mdi dua ra khd nang mdt nude thdnh vien rdi khdi khdi.
Dii vdi EU va Eurozone, lien minh ndy ciJng c h i n g sung sudng gi ndu "dudi" Hy Lap vl mdt sd hd luy sau ddy:
Hd luy tai chfnh: Theo hang tin BBC, Dire se Id qudc gia phdi lo l i n g nhieu n h i t ndu Hy Lap v d ng vd rdi khdi khu v y c dbng t i i n chung. Nguydn nhdn Id do nude ndy cho chfnh quyen Athens vay nhidu n h i t vdi khoan tin dyng Idn tdi 68,2 tf euro. DO-ng tidp theo tren bdng xep hang cac ehii n g Id Phdp, Italia va Tay Ban Nha. Mac du bj Hy Lap Id hen thanh todn, IMF chi dirng tfiir 5 vdi tdng tin dung dat 21,4 tf euro. Vide ra di cung ed the khien Ngdn hdng Trung u o n g chau Au (ECB) m i t 118 tf euro tidn eho ede ngdn hdng vay n g vd 20 ti euro tidn mua trdi phidu ciia chinh phii n u d e ndy. Tham chf, khi tra Idi bdo El Mundo (Tdy Ban Nha), Bo frudng Tdi chinh Hy Lap con c i n h bdo thdm rang, ehdu Au se thidt hai 1.000 tf euro ndu dd Hy Lap ra di.
Khdng chl c6 vay, viec Hy Lap rdi Eurozone se khidn dbng euro nhanh chdng bi mat gid vd gdy ra hien t u g n g thdo chay cua dong vdn ra khdi chau Au, Gidi d i u t u lo ngai b i t dn se riit vdn khdi khu vyc nay de d i u t u vdo cac tei san an todn khdc, trong dd vang se la kenh dau t u an todn d u g c lya chpn. Hp cd the chuyen sang cdc dbng tidn manh khdc nhu dbng ddia My, ydn Nhdt, bang Anh hay ddia Hbng Cong (Trung Qudc), krone Dan Mach... Ddng vdn d i u t u tei cdc nen kinh td de bj tdn thuong nhu Bb Ddo Nha, Tay Ban Nha vd IteIJa cung se bj riit ra de trdnh tdn that. Cd phidu cdc doanh nghiep ehdu Au eung ed thd se m i t gid nhanh chdng neu ede nhd d i u t u hoang mang, rut vdn chuydn sang d i u tu vao trdi phidu chinh phti eiia cdc nude cd n i n kmh td phdt tridn manh n h u Dire vd P h i n Lan. Ddng tidn eung se chay vd My khi gidi d i u t u dd tien vao ede loai tei san an todn nhu tin phidu kho bac My gdy edng khd khan hon cho Cue d y trir lidn bang My (FED) trong vide ndng lai s u i t c a ban. FED da vd
2 4 j T A P CHf D 6 I N G O A ! ® 9 / 2 0 1 5
dang theo doi sat sao didn bidn khung hoang n g cua Hy Lap cung vi ly do dd.
Mdt khi cdn (a thdnh vidn ciia Eurozone, chau Au cd thd trtrng phat Hy Lap vdi b i t cir tdi ldi tei chfnh ndo dd xem n h u mdt Idi canh bao cho cac quoc gia khac. Nhung neu qudc gia ndy phai rdi khdi EU, nhtrng he luy tei chfnh ndi trdn se khien ca khu v y c phai lo ngai.
Hi luy domino cho khoi EU va Eurozone: Cudc khiing hodng n g tei Hy Lap r i t cd thd keo nhidu qudc gia sup do tfieo. Ong Julien Manceaux, nha phdn ti'ch kinh td tai Ha Lan cho rang, tCr trudng hgp ciia Hy Lap, n g u d i ta se nhin vdo mat xfch yeu n h i t tidp tiieo la Bb Ddo Nha va thdm chi cd nhtrng suy doan Bb Ddo Nha eung theo chan Hy Lap ra khdi khdi. Trong thdi gian tdi, vide nay cd thd chua xdy ra, nhung rd rang nd Idm suy yeu dbng euro. T u t u d n g chdng "that lung budc byng", thdm chf Idn sdng chdng euro d Tdy Ban Nha vd mdt sd nude khdc dang ngdy cdng dien bien nghidm trpng. Nam 2010, eac ngan hang ciia Dire vd Phdp da eho cae nude Tdy Ban Nha, Hy Lap, Bb Ddo Nha, Allen... vay
^ n g cdng 493 ti USD. Ndu Hy Lap rdi khdi Eurozone, thi Tay Ban Nha, Bb Ddo Nha, Itelia (nhirng qudc gia chau Au cung dang gap khung hoang n g cdng) deu cd khd ndng se theo chdn qudc gia ndy. Vd vdng t u i n hodn " v d n g - khai trtr" ddn ddn s y syp dd, ten ra nhanh chdng ciia Eurozone eung nhu EU cd the se khdi phdt.
B i t c h i p mdt sd phdn ti'ch tfj' ede chuydn gia kinh te ket luan rang "Grexit" (Hy Lap ra khoi Eurozone) ited kha nang Id mdt tham hpa ttr gdc dp kinh te, nhung vdi cdc lanh dao chfnh trj ciia EU, mdt Grexit dang thanh hien thye vd mdt "Brexit" (nude Anh rdi khdi EU) dang den r i t g i n se Id mdt tham hpa chfnh trj cho t u o n g lai ciia khdi. Vdi cdc dang phai bdi xfch EU, chang han n h u Mat frdn Ddn tdc d Phap, hay Anh Qudc Dde ldp d Anh, thi cudc khiing hoang cdng cDng cd cho lap ludn ciia hp rang vide thdng n h i t chdu Au da tdi hoi kdt. Ndu Hy Lap bi ra khdi khdi, nhu'ng ngudi bi quan se ngay lap tire cho rang, EU dang bat d i u ten rd. Ma nhtrng ddnh gia tidu c y c n h u vdy, han se cd tee ddng x i u ddn vj thd eua EU-
He luy nh$p cd. Viec Hy Lap ra khdi Eurozone hay ra khoi EU cung cd the khidn cudc khung h o i n g n g u d i nhdp c u tai chdu Au them tram trpng, khi n u d e ndy khdng edn du sire hoac khdng mudn no Iyc cting cdc qudc gia EU khdc xir ly v i n de. Bidn gidi ciia Hy Lap gidp Thd NhT Ky Id tidn tuydn cua EU chdng nhtrng ngudi nhdp c u t r d i phep. Chau Au cung sir dyng noi ndy nham ngan chdn cdc phan ti> c y c doan xdm nhap ttr cac can e u eua IS d I r i c va Xyri. Bd frudng Qudc Phdng Hy Lap Kammenos canh bao rang, ndu Eurozone khdng ddng y vdi nhtrng yeu c i u vd de dat nude ndy bj v d n g thi Hy Lap se c i p g i i y t d di lai ciia EU cho nhtrng ngudi di c u b i t hgp phap v u g t bidn hoac se c i p phep cho 10.000 ngudi hidn tai dang bj giam gitr trong cdc trung tem. Khdi Schengen gbm 26 qudc gia chau Au (ngoai trtr Anh) dd bai bd ldnh k i l m sodt hg chieu d dudng bidn gidi chung ciia hp, eho phep ngudi dan d u g e phep t y do di lai gitra eac nude.
Cdc quan chirc EU coi nhtrng mdi de dga nay Id nghidm trgng, vd da no Iyc tim each yeu c i u va bao dam rang cae trung tam giam giir tei Hy Lap khdng d u g e m d eua.
T i t nhien, Idi ndi ciia dng Bp trudng Qudc phdng Hy Lap chl la Idi dpa ddm nham tao sire dp tdi cae cudc dam phdn sap tdi, vl khdng mdt ai ed luong tam lai cd the dd mac cho nhtrng phan tir khung bd hodnh hdnh d chdu Au. Tuy nhidn, neu Atiiens roi vdo khiing hodng, thi tinh trang "dc khdng mang ndi minh dc" eiia Hy Lap se la c o hdi khdng nhd eho ede p h i n tir IS tham nhap vdo luc dja chau Au.
He luy dja chinh tri: Theo ldi dng G. Oettinger, dai didn Dire trong EU: "Neu Hy Lap rdi khdi Eurozone, khdng chl minh nude ndy phdi gdnh d i j u hdu qua md cd EU cung se nhdn nhtrng hd luy nang ne". Vdi t u each Id ttianh vidn ciia To chirc Hidp u d e Bac Dai Tdy D u o n g (NATO), cd vi tri g i n vdi Trung Ddng vd khdng qud xa vdi Nga, Hy Lap cd vj tri dja ly quan tigng, vi vdy vide qudc gia nay v d n g se anh hudng r i t Idn den tuang lai cua Eurozone. My chac h i n eung khdng mong mudn didu ndy vd dang ed duy tri mdt mat trdn phuang Tay thdng n h i t trong vide frtrng phat Nga quanh v i n dd Ueraina. Tuy nhidn, neu
TAP CHf D 6 I NGOAI ® 9/2015 I 2 5
bj "dd" khdi Eurozone, Hy Lap cd the ti^ dua bang each rdi NATO, ngan chan ede bidn phdp trtrng phat Nga eiia EU vi van d i Ueraina hoac budc My rdi cdn c u hdi quan frdn ddo Crete. Ngodi ra, Athens edn cd the tim kiem dbng minh kinh te bdn ngodi EU, frong do cd Trung Qudc - mdt cudng qudc dang d i u t u khdng it tien vdo Hy Lap vd lam le tranh gidnh quyen Iyc vdi My vd chau Au.
Quan dldm cua EU la khdng loai Hy Lap khdi khu v y c dbng euro md tim ra mdt gidi phdp kha dT n h i t eho c i hai bdn Vd chinh ban ttidn Hy Lap cung khdng he ed y djnh ra di. Cung ed thd t h i y rang, tuy ca hai bdn deu td ra c i m g r i n vdi nhau nhung s y thyc v i n r i t e i n nhau. Cd Id tdt nhat vdn chinh Id giai phap md nhdn dan, Qudc hdi vd Chinh phti Hy Lap va cdc ehii n g tidp tyc thda thuan vd cting nhau xay d y n g mdt lidn minh tidn td Eurozone phdt tridn vd dodn kdt. Thd gidi vdn dang tiieo ddi ddng thdi cua Hy Lap vd EU. Khdng ai cd the phii nhdn r i n g , trudng hgp ciia qudc gia ndy da vd dang dd lai nhirng bdi hpc kinh nghidm vd cting quan trpng ve hpi nhdp vd xir ly khung hodng n g cdng cho cdc nude khde trdn the gidi.
MOt SO b d i h p c riJt r a td t r i r d n g h d p H y L a p Bai hpc kinh nghiem ve hpi nhdp khu vde vd quic tieda mpt nddc ed xuit phat diem kem hdn cae nddc con lai
Bai hpc vd tim nhin hpi nhdp: Hdi nhdp la xu thd tet ydu ciia the gidi hidn nay Neu mudn phdt tridn, eac qudc gia phdi chu ddng hpi nhdp. Tuy nhidn trudc hidn thye canh franh todn c i u giira cdc qudc gia ciing nhu gitra cdc chii the kinh td - chfnh trj hdt sire da dang, mdi d i t nude e i n phdi ed edi nhin tinh teo, todn didn trudc khi di ddn quydt djnh hpi nhdp chinh thirc. Cdc qudc gia can phdi nhin nhdn rd xem minh sd hdi nhdp vdi nhu'ng to chire gbm nhtrng tiidnh vidn eu the ndo, moi thdnh vidn dd ed nhirng Igi the so sanh gl trong mdi quan he vdi minh, vdi cdc thdnh vidn khde vd vdi nhu'ng ehii thd khdc khdng n i m trong khdi. Ban tiidn mbi qudc gia, dde biet la nhirng qudc gia x u i t phdt diem kem han cdc nude edn lai trong khdi, e i n phai t u nhin nhdn vd todn bb cdc Igi the so sdnh khi b u d c vdo hdi nhdp, phdi ddnh gid Hidt khdch quan, toan didn
ve nhtrng cdi d u g c vd m i t se ddn sau khi hdi nhS|}, can n h i c that ky nhtrng quy djnh, ydu c i u cua khdi hay lidn minh ddt ra cho cdc nude mudn Idm thdnh vien. De tudn thii nhirng quy dinh do. ddi khi phai thay ddi s y van hdnh kinh te - chinh frj frong nude md c h i c c h i n phai mat mdt ttidi gian dai ngudi dan mdi quen d u g c dd dieu ehlnh ede mdi tuong tec xa hdi cLia hp. Ddt len bdn can de phdn xet xem nhirng quy djnh dd edng vdi nhtrng didm manh ciia qudc gia, edng vdi s y t u a n g tdc se den vdi ede thanh vidn khdc thi n u d e minh se d u g c gi vd m i t gi. Neu chua dii dieu kidn de phdt huy c o hdi, han che/
k h i e ehd tfidch thirc, hay ehd dgi. Ndu cdi dugc da rd rdng nhieu han cdi m i t , hay hdi nhdp.
Hy Lap d u g c ddnh gid la khd ndng vdi khi gia nhap Eurozone. Hp da khdng phdt huy tdt dugc nhtrng the manh kinh te - chinh fri - xa hdi ciia qudc gia n h u ndng san, du Ijch, ky nghd nhe; lai khdng tir tugng sire minh trong s y canh tranh edng nghidp, cgng vdi gia trj dbng tidn qud eao, kha nang quan ly tiiud kem hidu qua... da anh h u d n g tieu eye den mire dd phat trien vd bidn ddng ket c i u kinh td de roi dan t r d thdnh "ky sinh" ciia ca EU. Hp eung da chap nhan nhirng yeu c i u qud s u e vdi minh nhu teng phiic Igi xa hpi qud nhidu dd dii tidu chuan vdo EU, khdng ludng trudc d u g c khd nang phdt tridn kinh td eiia d i t nude de den noi lang phi nhidu ngubn tdi ehlnh quy bdu ma n u d e nay d u g c hudng.
Bidt minh, biet n g u d i , hieu rd nhtrng quy djnh hdi nhdp vd cd khd ndng d y bdo tdt tinh hinh phat trien kinh td qudc gia, khu v y e , qudc td Id bdi hoc vh tem nhin hdi nhap vd cting quan frpng md m5i nude phai luu y, dac biet Id cdc qudc gia ed x u i t phdt diem kdm hon nhtrng n u d e trong khdi lien minh.
Bai hpc ve sd minh bach trong tuan thd nhdng tieu chuan trade khi hdi nhap: Hdi nhdp b i t kjf td chirc qudc td nao cung c i n phaj hieu vd chip hanh cdc quy djnh md cdc thdnh vidn td chirc dd da thdng nhat dat ra. Nhirng quy dinh ndy rat quan trgng, chiing giiip s y vdn hanh eiia khdi lidn minh d u g c rd rang, chat che vd dn djnh. Chiing sd ydu c i u mdt qudc gia p h i i dat mdt sd tidu chf ndo dd ve mdt kinh te, chinh frj, vdn hda, xa hdi dd cd ttie chinh thirc gia nhdp. Nhtrng tidu chf dd phdi dugc
26 I TAP CHf D 6 | NGOAI ® 9/2015
ede irng vien cdng khai mdt cdch minh bach vd phdi d u g c lidn minh kiem tra, ddnh gid lai. Tuy nhidn, mpt sd qudc gia vi ly do chiJ quan hoac khdch quan ndo do m a "lach ludt", tim mpi each de gia nhdp lien minh. De rbi sau khi mpi chuyen v d Id, qudc gia dd gdy tdn hai cho chfnh ban thdn minh va cac n u d e cdn lai.
B6 d u g c gia nhap khdi dbng tidn chung euro, Hy Lap phai dat c h u i n kinh te t u o n g t y cdc n u d e thdnh vien khde. B i t c h i p nhirng Idi canh bdo ve finh frang t h y c te ciia n u d e nay, "Cau lac bd chau Au" van c h i p nhan Athens va chfnh ban than hp eung c u o n g quyet che g i i u nhu'ng io hdng kinh td ciia minh. D i i u gi ddn se phai ddn, nhtrng tidt Id vd s y vi pham nghiem trpng cac quy djnh cua khdi da qua mudn de ciru van, vd Hy Lap t r d thanh mdt eon no Idn khdng cd kha ndng chi frd!
c i n p h i i trung t h y c t r u d c khi gia nhap vd c i n phai cd s y danh gid d i y dti, khdch quan tir phfa lien minh Id friii tuc vd cting quan trpng ngan ngtra nhtrng tinh hudng x i u cd the xay ra trong t u o n g lai ddi vdi s y phat trien bdn vCrng cua lidn minh.
Bai hpc ve sd dung ngudn von vay. Gia nhdp lidn minh tai chinh Id c o hdi thuan lgi cho thdnh vidn d u g e tiep can vdi cdc ngubn vdn Idn. Tuy nhidn, nhdn d u g c ngubn tei chfnh dd hon nhieu so vdi viec sir dyng sd tien dd mdt edeh hidu qua. Vdi tinh t h i n eiia ehu nghTa hidn t h y c kinh td, tidn phai d u g c sir dung vdo nhirng myc tidu vtra sire 66 dem lai hidu q u i tdt cho qudc gia. Chfnh phu ed thd khdng c i n thidt phai chi tidu vdo nhu'ng d y dn khdng lb dep de, md phai tap trung vdo nhtrng kd hoach hidu qua, dac biet la nhu'ng ha t i n g c o s d thiet yeu n h i t de phyc vy phat trien kinh te. Bdn canh dd, phai sir dyng ngubn tidn dd kich thich d u g c s y phat trien kinh td mdt cdch dn dinh, ben vtrng.
Hy Lap da ehi tieu qua tey, hoang phi vao nhirng d y dn ehl mang tfnh c h i t trang tri n h u The van hdi Olympic nam 2004 (dugc coi Id the van hdi hoanh frdng n h i t vd tdn kdm n h i t frong Ijch sir), n h u teng l u o n g vd phiic Igi qud eao so vdi s y ddng gdp thye ciSa n g u d i ddn vd trinh dd phat frien thye eiia qudc gia. Hp da vay n g qud mirc, trien midn vd eudi cting id lam vdo vdng l u i n quan ngubn n g sau dting de
chi trd cho ngubn n g frudc. Cai dang lo khdng phai Id vay ng, md ddng lo friye s y Id khoan n g do dting de ldm gl, sau ndy cd kha nang chi trd hay khdng.
Bai hpc ve su minh bach va kiem soat thu chi:
Cung lidn quan tdi viec sir dung ngudn vdn vay, cdc n u d e e i n phai cd ke hoach tiiu chi het sire rd rang vd cd tiid kiem sodt dugc. C i n phai hidu vd lang nghe eac y kidn danh gid khac nhau nham dam bao ngubn tidn dau t u d u g c chi tidu dimg h u d n g , dimg muc tidu. Bp mdy nhd n u d e phai d u g e van hanh minh bach, hieu qua ed s y kiem soat ttr nhieu td chuc chfnh frj, xd hdi nham han che tdi da tham nhung, lang phf.
Chfnh s y phy thupc qud nhieu vdo ngubn vdn nude ngodi, bd mdy chinh quyen cdng kenh, thidu hidu qua cung vdi s y long leo, thieu minh bach trong q u i n ly ngdn sdch da d u a Hy Lap ttr mdt n u d e cd tdc dd phat trien cao hdng d i u ehdu Au (4,3% so vdi binh quan khu v y c Id 3,1%), kiem soat 25% kim ngach van tai bien tiid gidi roi vdo tinh the
" v d ng", mdt tinh the t r u d c nay mdi ehl xay ra vdi mdt vdi nude nghdo, kdm phdt trien. Minh bach vd hieu qua Id hai tidu ydu c i u vd cting quan trpng eho mpt ndn kinh td Idnh manh, cd the phdt fridn tdt Igi thd ciia minh sau khi hdi nhdp.
Bai hoe ve xCf ly nd cong va doi sach vdi ehd nd Minh bach tinh trang quoc gia va quoc ti: Dirng frudc khd khan, tham chi Id khiing h o i n g n g cong, viec frudc tien cdc chfnh phti eung nhu ngudi ddn phai Idm Id binh tTnh xem xdt, xir ly toan bd hd v i n d i . Sau dd, c i n phdi cdng khai, minh bach todn bd hidn trang kinh td - chfnh trj - xa hdi ctia d i t n u d e . N h d vay, ngudi dan mdi cd thd ciing tham gia vdi nhd nude tidn hdnh nhtrng b u d c di phti hgp dn djnh tinh hlnh d i t nude. Gid n h u Hy Lap ngay ttr liic cd y dinh gia nhap EU da phdi nhd tdi didu ndy, chir khdng phai den luc chfnh phu "cCing d u d n g "
m d i cho frung c i u y ddn.
Tang thuiva cat giam chi tidu cong: Ddy Id bidn phap hdng d i u trong cdc cudc khung hoang kinh te khi mudn giam bdt gdnh nang ehi tieu vd tang thdm ngubn lye cho nhd nude. Tuy nhidn c i n phai luu y ddn vide teng nhirng loai thue nao, teng bao nhieu,
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khi ndo teng eung nhu vide cat giam nhi>ng loai chi tidu cdng ndo, cat g l i m bao nhidu, khi ndo c i t giam phy thudc vdo hodn c i n h mdi qudc gia, fri tue ciia nhd c i m quydn vd kha nang c h i p nhdn ciia ngudi ddn. Mpt frong nhirng rac rdi chfnh frdn ban dam phdn giira Hy Lap va cac ehii n g eung xoay quanh v i n d i thud vd chi tieu cdng ndy.
Cdnh gidc tinh trang thdo chay tai chinh: Thao chay tei chfnh Id khi ngudi ddn vd cdc nhd d i u t u b at chuydn tidn ra nude ngodi mdt each hgp phdp hode b i t hgp phdp. Dieu dd khidn qudc gia da thieu vdn lai cdng thidu them, vd khien cae nhd dau t u qudc td ehl ddm quan sdt md khdng ddm lua chpn d i t nude dd Id noi tin tijdng dd ddt tidn nira. T i t nhidn cdc chfnh phu cd the dp dyng nhirng bien phdp k h i e nghidt nhu Hy Lap dang lam nhu ddng cira ngdn hdng, han ehd sd tidn riit h i n g ngdy cua ngudi ddn. Nhung d i i u quan frpng nhat v i n Id Idm sao gitr d u g c nidm tin tei chfnh cua ngudi ddn vd qudc td, ngdn chdn tdm ly ciia xa hdi khbng ttr "lo du" d i n ddn "hoang loan".
Cin tinh din khi ndng chiu ddng nhdng bidn phdp kinh ti khie khi cOa ngddi ddn: T i t c i cdc bidn phdp cirng r i n , thdm chf khac nghidt md chinh phii dua ra dT nhidn Id dd ngdn chan dat nude khdi khung hodng t r i m trpng them. Nhung cdc bidn phdp dd khdng phai Id khdng ed gidi han. Gidi han d ddy chfnh Id kha ndng c h i p nhdn vd chju d y n g eua ngudi ddn. Chfnh phii dan chii Id chfnh phij do ngudi ddn b i u ra, do dd phai biet quan sdt, lang nghe nhtrng y nguydn ciia ngudi ddn trong nude.
Giai phdp t h i t lung bupe bung tuy da thanh cdng d Dire, song ddn Hy Lap do qud k h i e nghiet vd qud Idu dd khidn ngudi ddn Athens khdng du kien nhdn hon nti'a, d i n ddn nhtrng phan irng khdng tdt cho chfnh phu vd eho d i t nude nay.
Biit thda thudn va sd dung sd giOp dd td quic ti: Ddi sdch vdi ede ehii n g cung chfnh Id nhtrng thda thudn vd ten dyng s y giiip d d ttr phfa cdc chii n g vd ttr phfa qudc td. Viec minh bach hda linh frang d i t nude cung Id mdt bien phdp giiip chu n g hidu qudc gia minh hon dd ti> do ( p h i n ndo) dd ddng dat d u g c cdc frioa thudn ttr phfa chu ng. Chii n g ed ttid Id ttr phia ngudi ddn md eung ed thd Id
d n u d e ngodi. Do do cd mdt sd bien phdp nhu ydu c i u d u g c k h i t ng, ydu c i u d u g c tei c o c i u odd!
khoan ng, bdn trdi phidu, bdn cdc khodn ng, c h i p nhan mdt sd bidn phdp xir ly vT md md ehii n g dua ra... Song song vdi dd Id tim kidm, kdu gpi s y giiip d d tir cdng dbng qudc td cd v i tei chinh cung nhu y t u d n g t u van n h i m cd them ngubn Iyc gidi quydt cude khiing hoang. Hidn nay the gidi dang hdi nhdp r i t sdu vd rdng, nen vide kiem tim s y giiip dd ttr qudc td cung khdng qud khd khdn n h u trudc. Tuy nhidn, c i n phai hdt sire ti'nh teo t r u d c nhtrng khoan eho vay mdi, khoan frg c i p mdi ve myc dfch ciia Chung vd kha ndng "tidu hda" ngubn tei chfnh ciia qudc gia minh.
Cuii cUng, phai biit ludng trddc nhdng hau qui xiu nhat cd thi xay ra: Thodt ra khdi cube khimg hoang Id nguydn vgng ciia ed chfnh quydn l i n ngudi dan. Nhung todn bd qudc gia phai bidtd^
phdng nhirng hdu qua x i u se xdy ddn ndu khdng giai quydt ndi cupc khiing hoang. N g u d i ddn phdi bidt t y trang bj nhirng kien thirc kinh td - chfnh trj - xa hdi, phai bidt cdp nhdt tinh hlnh trong nude vd qudc te cho minh dd vach ra nhCrng kd hoach bao hd eho ban thdn vd cd thd ddng gdp p h i n ndo cho qudc gia. Chinh phii cung phai bidt d y bdo nhtrng hau qua x i u , thdm chf x i u n h i t , ed thd ddn dd xdc djnh nhtrng giai phdp vT md n h i m xir ly nhtrng viw dd t u o n g lai sao cho han ehe den mirc tdi da nhtrng v i n dd kinh te - chfnh trj - xa hdi c6 thd dp ddn dit nude minh.
Chac c h i n r i n g , dti da ttdp nhdn gdi ciru trg m d i vd d u g e d lai Eurozone, song cude khiing hoang Hy Lap cung khd cd thd giai quydt trong mdt s d m mdt chieu. Thd gidi vdn dang lo l i n g doi theo nhtrng didn bidn tei ddy, mpi ddng thdi ttr Hy Lap vd qudc te ddi vdi d i t n u d e ndy se Id nhirng bai hpc vd cung quan trgng eho ode chu t h i kinh td, chinh tri trdn todn the gidi. Vd mong sao, cudc khiing hoang ndy se s d m d u g c giai quydt mdt each ydn dn nhit.®
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