. NGHIEN CUV
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KHUNG THIET KE CHUONG TRINH MON HOC: KET HOP DAY HOC VA DANH GIA DOA VAO NlO HINH PHAT TRIEN N A N G L U C
NGUViNTHIUNPHiraNG Vien Khoa hoc Gido due net Nam
rdm tat: Bdi vHtdi xudt sCf dung mot khung ho tra viic thiit ki ehuang trinh (CT} mdn hgc theo hudng kit hap dgy hpc vd ddnh gid ndng Itfc ngudi hpc dtfa theo mgt md hinh/dudng phdt triin ndng Itfe Trong bdi, tde gid tap trung phdn tich nhdng lai ich chd yiu md CT man hoc danh eho hge sinh (HS). Khi phdt triin CT mdn hgc edn chd y: 1/Xdc dinh sU ddng gdp cda mon hgc digiup HS ttf tin, cd kindng hpc tdp, song vd ldm viec ed trdeh nhiim; 2/ LUa chpn vd to chtfc ngi dung, thiit ki nhiem vu hgc tdp. tS chdc qud trinh hge tdp... nhdm tgo cahdi died nhdn phdt triin sd thich, hUng thd. tiim ndng cda bdn thdn; 3/Xdy dtfng ki hogch gido due theo hUdng tich hap ddnh gid, gidng day vd hgc tdp trin cdsd dudng phdt trien hpc tap.
TCflthda: Chuang trinh mdn hgc; khung thiet ki chuang trinh mdn hgc; dgy hoc; ddnh gid, phdt trien ndng Itfc.
(Nhdn bdi ngdy 19/02/20 ] 6; Nhdn kit qud phdn biin vd chlnh sda ngdy 09/3/2016; Duyet dang ngdy 24/6/2016}
1. Gidi thieu b6i d n h phat triln chiTong trinh mdn hoed Viet Nam
1. T. Xu hudng qudc ti
Gan day, OECD khuyin d o , ddi mdi CT gido due phd thdng (GDPT) dUpc xem Id hieu qud n l u nd thtic sU
°sdng° trong trUdng hpc - tdc 11 nd phin dnh dupe nhu d u ddnh gid, day vd hpc cda nhd tnidng, khdng phdi ehi ed su ehi dao tdehinh quyin trung uong [1 ]. Nhiiu qudc gia dang ddi mdi CT GDPT theo hudng vira ddp dng md hlnh nhdn edch ngUdt HS tuong lai, vda dap dng nhu d u thUe tien nhd trucmg hien tai, eu t h i nhU sau:
- CT Scotland ho trd HS trd thanh "ngudi hgc thdnh cdng, ed nhdn tu tin. cong ddn cd trdeh nhiim. vd cd nhdn ddng gdp hiiu qud". Mdi ITnh vUc phdi xdc djnh nhijtig ddng gdp eu t h i vdo md hlnh ndy. K l hoach giao due duac thiet k l d i m bdo ed sii linh hoat ding k l cho nhi trudng. Vi du, thiet lap khung cle hoat ddng ddnh g i l , gilng day vd hpc tap tfch hpp xuyen mdn, lien mdn [2].
- CT Uc nhdm hd trp de HS trd thdnh "nguS/ hge thdnh cong. cd nhdn ttf tin vd sdng tgo, cdng ddn tich etfc vd todn cdu" dupc xem la tong hda 7 ndng lUc ehung (Sd dung ngdn ngd; Tinh todn; Cdng nghl thdng tin; TU duy phe phin vd sdng tao; Cd nhdn vd xd hdi; iJng xddao ddc;
Hilu b i l t da v l n hda). CT mdn hpc dUdc xay dUng tren Cd sd thUe tien nhd trUdng theo hudng: mue t i l u ddng gdp v i o md hlnh ngudi hpc; td chdc ndi dung theo Idp hpe v l d p hoc; chuan d l u ra the hien su phit triln ning luc. Trong dd, md hinh/dudng phdt trien ndng lue phdi md td sU t i n g d i n v l do rdng, slu cda kiln thdc va sU thdnh thao kl nang tai dilm chuyln giao hai giai doan giao due lien tilp. Ke hoach ddnh gid, gidng day, hpc tap dUa tren ed sd dudng phdt trien ndng lUe phu hpp vdi mdn hoc [3]; [4].
- CT Singapore nhim tao ra "con ngudi tu tin, ttf dinh hudng, ddng gdp tich etfc vd cdng ddn todn cdu' - Id tdng hda cdc gid trj (trich nhilm, t d nhdn thUc, tu quin li, qudn If mdi quan hi) va kl ning (giao tilp, tU duy p h i phin v l sing tao, hieu bilt cdng dan, nhan thUe todn
cau vd liln vdn hda) cot Idi. CT mdn hoc ddpc thiet ke trin CO sd xac djnh su ddng gdp vdo md hinh nhdn each tai mdi d p hpc (Vi du, HS cudi d p Tilu hoc cd t h i : phdn biet ddng vd sai; chia s l su hilu bilt vdi ngudi khde; xdy dung tlnh ban; ed sU td md khoa hpe; ludn suy nghl vd li gili; t i i hdo ve minh; ed thdi quen Idnh manh; yeu dat nude) [S],
- CT Nam Phi nhim gidp HS trd thanh "ngUdi hpc cd hiiu qud vd cong ddn cd trdeh nhiim'thdng qua cdc kT ndng sdng (giao tilp, tU duy p h i phan, boat ddng vd qudn li thdng tin, lam viec nhdm vd cdng ddng, ddnh gia). Dudng phat triln moi kT nang dupe phdc hpa trdi sudt d c giai doan gilo due ChuIn CT mdn hpe md td sii phdt triln eac kT ndng (su thdch thdc v l ndi dung, su phdc tap v l nhiem vu, vd sii phdt triln ve ndng lUc). Lap k l hoach dinh gid, day va hpe tren cd sd dudng phdt triln d c kT nang v l ndi dung hpc t i p [6].
1.2. Binh hudng doi mdi chUOng trinh gido due pho tiiong d Viet Nam
Muc tieu CT GDPT mdi Id: "Phdt triin khd ndng von cd cua bdn thdn, hinh thdnh tinh cdch vd thdi quen; phdt trien hdi hod vi thi chdt vd tinh thdn; trd thanh ngUdI hge tieh etfc, tu tin, ed j? thdc Itfa chpn nghi nghiep vd hgc tap suot ddt; cd nhu^g pham chdt vd cdc ndng Itfc edn thiit di trd thdnh ngudi cdng ddn co trdeh nhlim, ngUdi lao ddng edn eii, cd tri thdc vd sdng tgo". Cdc muc tieu nly dupe t h i hiln cu t h i d ba phim chat {song yeu thuang. song tu chu, song trdeh nhiim) v l 8 nang luc chung [tuhpe, gidi quyet vdn de vd sdng tgo, thdm mi, thi chdt, giao tiip, hap tde, tinh todn, cdng nghe thdng tin - truyin thdng) [7].
Qua phdn tieh npi hdm muc t i l u vd nhdng y i u td thdnh phin cua d c phim chat, nang lue ndi tren, chung tdi thiy ed the khai qudt hda ring, CT mdi se eung d p mdi trudng gido due, tao ea hoi d l HS ed t h i trd thanh
"cd nhdn tu tin; ed cdc kl ndng hoc tdp sudt ddi, s6ng vd ldm viic; cdng ddn ed trdeh nhiim" (xem hlnh 1). Olp dng yeu elu x l hdi v l nhu d u thuc tiln, CT mdi se ed mdt sd ddc diem sau:
S(ilZe-TliANGfi/2016-l|
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>!& s ^ Uidi nqdi, b k h A " ' - Tap trung gido due eo bdn,
todn d i l n (qua 8 ITnh vUc tich hpp) d cap Tilu hpc vd d p Trung hpe CO sd (TVICS); gilo due hudng nghiep (qua cdc mdn hpc phan hda theo hinh thdc b i t bude vd tu chpn); tao cd hpi dat trinh dd trung hpc phd thdng (THPT) qudc gia;
- Quy dinh k i t qud dau ra mdi d p hpc v l 3 pham chit vd 8 ning luc ehung; hd trd HS dat ede k i t q u i dau ra thdng qua he thdng mdn hpc, chuyln de hpe tap vd boat dong trdi nghiem sing tao;
- Tao ed hdi phit triln kT ndng hpe tap sudt diH, kT ning sdng (yeu thUdng, t u chd, cd trach nhilm) v l kT nang lam vile d ed hai giai doan giao due;
- D i m bdo nhjp dp hpe tap vd thich thdc hpc tap phu hop eho mpi HS trin cd sd hdng thd, khd nang t i l m an moi ngUdi;
- Ddm bdo kit ndi d e hoat ddng giao due (hoc tap, day hpe vd ddnh gid) de ho trd tdt sU phat trien nhin d c h HS (ed nhdn ttf tin; ed cdc ki ndng hoe tap suot ddi, song vd ldm viic; Id cdng ddn cd trdeh nhiim).
De tim hilu nhu d u thUe tien, t d nam 2013, mdt sd y tudng tren da dupc thd nghiim tai 187 trUdng phd thdng gdm: dieu chlnh elu trdc, ndi dung day hpe; xay dyng ke hoach giao due mdn hpc, hoat ddng gido due cCia trudng; ddi mdi phuong phdp vd hlnh thdc gido due, kiem tra va danh gid k i t qud gido due theo hudng phat triln ndng lUc; doi mdi qudn li giao cJue nham nang eao hieu qud eda CT gido dye nhd trudng;...[8].
Tren cd sd dinh hudng CT tdng t h i cua Bp GD&OT, ehung tdi d l xuat mdt khung thiet ke CT mdn hpe theo hudng k i t hpp ddnh gid, gilng day va hpe tap nhdm phdt triln ndng lue, ho trd d l HS trd thdnh "cd nhdn ttf tin; ed cdc ki nang hpc tdp suot ddi, song vd ldm viec; vd cdng dan eo trach nhiem".
2. Khung thiet ke chUcmg trinh mdn hoc theo hddng kit htfp danh gia, gilng day va hoc tap
Theo UNESCO, CT mon hgc la tap hpp nhdng kinh nghiim, kiln thdc, kT nang mdn hpe, dupc Ilia chpn, td chdc va lap k l hoach thyc hien trong giai doan giao due mdn hpc dd. CT ndy phdi t h i hien d c djnh hudng ddi mdi eda CT tdng t h i , vdi trpng tdm td
"phat triln nang lUc".
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Hinh 1: Muc dich cua CTGDPT
Khung thiit ki CT mdn hoc (Framework for curriculum design) md t l cdc y i u d u khdi quit vd qui trinh xay dyng, k i t ndi ede thdnh td CT d l gidi quylt mdt sd d u hdi cd bdn, ching ban nhu "nhdng gl d n ddpc hoc", " d c nguon ldc ndo Id can thiet", "cdch thdc ddnh gid viec hpe t h i ndo"... d l b i o d i m bio hlnh thdnh mo hinh ngudi hpc dU kiln [9].
Chung tdi d l xuat mdt khung t h i l t k l CT mdn hpc - de mdn hpc gdp phan tieh eye gidp HS trd thdnh "cd nhdn ttf tin; cd cdc ki ndng hge tap sudt ddi, s6ng vd ldm viic; vd cdng ddn cd trdeh nhiim" (xem hinh 2).
2.1. NhCmg fgi ich chd yiu md chuang trinh mdn hpc ddnh cho hgc sinh
3. Nguyen tif mk 1^ CT mfln hgc J-T?o w Ihich italc
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lap 9 Ihi Cd bin. rein diffi: ni tip 10 d ^ IA]) 12 thi huAng ngjiifr, chuyin du;
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Hinh 2: Bdn ddc diim ehu yeu cua Khung thiit kiCTmdn hpc
12.
. NGHIEN CDU
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Mpi HS se ddpc hudng Ipi t d mdt sd thudc tinh quan trpng sau eda CT mdn hpe:
- Dupe hpe t i p vd thye hdnh cdng vile d mdt ITnh vUc xuyen sudt t d \&p 1 d i n Idp 12, trong do mdn hpe se ddng vai trd cdt Idi sudt giai doan giao due. Vf du, d ITnh vyc ngdn ngd v l van hpc, mdn Tiing \flet la cdt Idi t d Idp 1 d i n Idp 5, hai mdn Ngd van vd Ngoai n g d i Id cdt Idi t d Idp 6 den Idp 12.
- Oupe cung d p cd hdi sd dung d c kinh nghiim hpc tdp vd dat cdc k i t qud d l u ra co bin eda mdn hoc td tdp 1 d i n Idp 9; dupe eung elp ea hdi de tiep tue dat d e kinh nghiem hpe tap vd k i t qua dau ra eao han cung nhu phat triln mdt s6 kT nang nghl nghiep tuang lai, t d Idp 10 d i n Idp 12;
- Odpc cung d p nhilu cd hdi thdng qua mdn hpe d l phdt triln eac kt ning hpc t i p sudt ddi, kt nang sdng v l kT ndng tdm viec (xem hlnh 1);
- Hd trp sy phdt trien d nhan td nhdng ed hdi tU chpn hpc phin, chuyen di, boat ddng phu hdp vdi minh (ching han tiing d i n tdc, ngoai ngd2,toln 2, ngd vln 2, chuyen de hpc tap, t h i thao, I m nhac,...);
- Hd trd gido due sau THPT - tU chpn theo nhdm mdn d l ed kiln thdc, kT nang, t h i i do phu h i ^ trinh do ddo t?o trung cap, cao ding hole dai hoc;
-Dupe phdt triln nhOng ndng lye chuyen biet phu hpp vdi n g h l nghiep tUdng lai, dupe r i n luyen d l trd thdnh ca nhdn tutin v l cdng d i n cd trdeh nhi^m.
2.2. Muc dich, kit qud ddu ra vd mo hinh phdt triin hgc tdp
- Muc dich CTmon hpe Id tao cd hdi, tao ddng cd de gdp phin gidp HS trd thanh: 1/ Ca nhdn t y tin; 2/ Cd cdc kl nang hpc tap sudt ddi, kT ndng sdng, ki nang ldm vile;
3/ Cdng d i n cd trach nhiem. Muc dfch nly se dddc xlc dinh eu t h i tren co sd chuan dau ra d mdi d p hoe trong CT tdng t h i .
- Kit qud ddu ra se eu t h i hda mue dich CT, trong mdi lien quan vdi ITnh vUe ma mdn hpe dd ddng vai trd cdt Idi. Nd md ta yeu d u can dat (II sUam hiiu vikiin thtfc, stf thdnh thgo vi kindng vd stf chuan mtfe vi thai do) theo Idp hpe, d p hpc vd giai doan giao dye (cd bin va hudng nghilp) dua tren ca sd cliuan dau ra d p hpe d CT tdng t h i , thdng qua dd khing djnh sU ddng gdp cCia mdn hpc vdo nhan d c h ngudi hpc.
- Su phdt t r i l n pham chat, nang lyc eiJa moi HS phu thudc nhilu vdo d e co hdi thUc hiln hoat ddng hoc tdp vd dng dung kien thdc trong thye tien ma CT tao ra. Vi viy, k i t qud dau ra mdn hpe d n eung d p mot md hinh phdt tnin hgc tdp gdm cd chilu rdng (Id su md rdng, phong phu) vd chieu sdu {Id mdc dp khd, phdc tap), dupc chia thanh nhilu mdc dp di dap dng nhu ciu cda it nhit ba nhdm (dang can hd trp de tiep can tdi, dat, vupt cae y i u d u dau ra).
2.3. Cdc nguyin tdc ca bin khi thiet ki chuang trinh mon hgc
- Tgo stf thdch thdc thich hgp: CT mdn hpc d n eung elp Cd hpi di tao nhdng thach thdc thich hpp cho sy phdt trien mdi d nhdn. Vile td chdc, sdp xep ede kit qud dlu ra, ndi dung vd nhiem eu hpe tap cd nhilu mdc do khd khac nhau se ho trp gido viln hoach djnh su phat triln phd hpp eho HS. Vi du, cd nhdng t r i nhap hpc tieu hpe md van d n hd trd d c khii nifm da ddae hpe d mam
non, ngupc lai ed nhdng t r i mam non song da sin sang tham gia mdt sd thdch thUc cda giao dye t i l u hpc.
- Chiiu rpng vd sdu ve kien thtfc: CT d n d i m bao eung elp dd thdi gian vd chieu rdng kien thdc d n t h i l t de HS cd t h i vupt qua mdt mdc do phat triln hpc tap nhat dinh (qua viee danh them thdi gian, thay ddi d c h t i l p can, hd trd khi can,...); phdt trien theo chilu sdu the hien khi tao cd hdi di HS suy nghT xa hdn nhdng gi da bilt, thuc hiln nhilm vy khd hdn nhdng gl da lam (qua vile thdo luan v l hpc tap, gili thich eho ban, dp dung vdo eac bdi d n h khac nhau,...).
- Thiit lap minh chUng cho stf phdt triin: Khi HS vddt qua d e thdch thdc d mdt mdc do phat triln, hp s l vUdn tin mdc dp cao hdn. Minh chdng v l sU t i l n bd ei^a HS, t d khi nhdp hoe t i l u hi?c (kit q u i dau ra cua gilo due mam non) d i n cudi cap Tilu hpc, cudi d p THCS va d p THPT, phli dupc thilt tap dua tren ep sd dudng phdt triln hpe tap - dd chinh la nhdng gl HS dd ndi, vilt, tao ra vd ldm dupe.
- Tgo sUkitnol vd ddm bdo sUphii hap: 0dm bdo sy g i n k i t khi thiet k l CT mdn hpe Id viec tao co hdi de HS phan tieh sU kit ndi gida cac mach/ phdn mdn cua mdn hpc, gida mdn hpc ndy vdi d c mdn hpc khac eung ITnh vUe vd gida cdc ITnh vUe thdng qua ede ehii de, nhiem vu lien mdn. D i m bdo sU phii hpp Id viec lUa chpn ndi dung de k i t ndi dupe kinh nghidm eda HS vdi mdi trUdng (gia dinh, cdng ddng dia phuang, t h i gidi vile lam,...) vd kiln thdc chuyln mdn slu cda gilo vien.
- Tgo cahgi Itfa chpn cho cd nhdn: Ca hdi cho sy lya chpn eda ed nhan d moi giai doan gilo due cd the dupe eung d p td d e dd dn hpc tap, nhieu boat ddng trong Idp hpc, nhdng hinh thdc hpc tap ddc tap {nhudpc sach, t y suy nghT, t y danh gia,...), nhdng kilu hpc t i p da dang (nhu hlnh dnh, thien nhien, nghiin cdu, boat dpng,...).
2.4. Kit hop ddnh gid, dgy hpc vd hpc tap Ke hoach giao due mdn hoc Id ed hdi t h i hiln rd rdng d c I d ich md CT ddnh cho HS, muc dfch va kit q u i dlu ra, d c nguyen tdc thiet k l CT. Cach t i l p can td lap k l hoach gido due du kiln trong CTvd lap ke hoach giao dye thuc hien CT tai trUdng hpe d l u dUa vdo md hinh/
dudng phat triln hpe tap. Cu t h i la:
-Thilt ke boat dpng ddnh gia (thudng xuyin, dinh ki) vd hudng d i n sd dung k i t qua ddnh gia d l phdn hdi kip thdi, chinh xac cho HS ve nhdng gi hp da hpc dupc vd dang t i l n bd t h i ndo tren cd sd dudng phdt triln hpc tap;
- Lap k l hoach can thiep su pham (dilu chinh each tiep can, chien luoc day hoc, thay ddi phuong phap day hoe, tdng cUdng tU hpc, tU dpc, tim hieu tai ti^u hpc tap,...) eho giai doan giao due tiep theo;
-Thyc hien k l hoach day vd hpc; ddnh gid qua trinh;
dilu chinh ke hoach gidng day neu eln thiet;
- Odnh gia djnh ki k i t qud hpc tap theo d e dau ra;
xac dinh su tien bd cda ca nhdn theo dudng phdt triln hpc tap; xdc dinh thdi dilm cd nhan cd t h i chuyen sang mdc dp phdt trien cao hon.
OInh gid su tien bd hpc t i p va xac dinh vi tri (kiln thdc, kT ndng) ma HS cd t h i chuyln sang mdc phat triln cao hdn di lap ke hoach can thiep phii hop Id mdt dac tinh quan trpng ciia cdch tiep can "ddnh gid vi viichpd'.
Sdl29-THANGG/2016*I3
Q NGHIENCDU.
Cd t h i minh hpa cho cleh t i l p cin tren 6 md hinh sau (xem hlnh 3).
K^ hojch dfv hoc K^ bo^fa b^c tip
Hinh 3: Md hinh lap ki hogch CTvd ki hogch ddnh gid, dgy hpc, hoc tap
Trong dd, chien Idpc danh gid, day hpe vd hpe tap mdn hpc phu hop Id: 1/Olnh gia phai dya vdo minh chiing vd dudng phdt triln hpc tap mdn hpe; 2/ Liiu trd, bao d o k i t qud viec hoc va sy t i l n bd hpe tap dua vao bdng chdng; 3/Lap k l hoach hpc tap vd gidng day d giai doan giao due t i l p theo tren co sd sd dung ede ket q u i ddnh gid mdt d c h h ^ If.
3. K i t l u i n
Chdng tdi da phac thdo mdt khung thiet ke CT mdn hpc vdi cdch t i l p can Id ke hoach gido due eda CT va k l hoach dinh gid, day hpc, hpc tap trong nhd trudng cdng trin CO sd md hinli/dudng phat trien hpe tap. O l d i m bio nhdng lpi fch can bdn cho HS khi hpc mdn hoc (dupe cung d p mdt ITnh vUe xuyen sudt, ed nhieu co hdi d l dat y i u d u d l u ra, dupe phdt triln ede kT nang hpc tdp, sdng v l ldm vile, ddpc ho trp tfch eye de dat trinh do THPTqudcgia, chuan bj tam t l i l cho nghe nghiep tuang lai), vile hoach dinh CT mdn hpc can ehu trpng ede van d l sau:
1/ Xlc dinh xem mdn hpe se gdp phan tieh eye d l phit triln nhdng dac tinh ndo eua " d nhan tu tin"
nhdng kT ning ndo cho "hpc tap sudt ddi, sdng vd tdm vile", nhdng die tinh nao cda "cdng dan ed trdeh nhiem".
Td dd xlc djnh cdc kit qud d l u ra va phdc thao md hinh/
dudng phit triln hpc tap (tdng hoa su am hilu ve kien thdc, sy thdnh thao v l id nang thyc tianh vd sy chuan myc v l thdi dd) qua d c tdp hpc, d p hpc.
2/ Vile Ida chpn, sap xep va td elide ede ndi dung (co bdn hay ning eao), t h i l t ke ede nhiem vu (dan gidn
hay phdc tap), td chdc hpc tap (trong hay ngodi nhj trudng),... phdi ddm bao: tao ra sy thdch thdc phu hop vdi ngddi hpc, dO rdng vd sau d l khuyin khich hpc tdp, tao CO hdi thu t h i p d e minh chdng g i l trj vd ding tin, tao sy k i t ndi trong mdn hpe vd vdi d c mdn hpc khdc, tao nhilu cd hdi lua ebon de ed nhdn cd t h i phat trien tdi da sd thich, hiing thd va t i l m ndng cda minh.
3/ Xdy dyng k l hoach gido due trong CT vd kl hoach giao due trong nhd trUdng theo hUdng kit hpp danh gid, day hpe va hpe tap tren eo sd md hinh/ dudng phdt t r i l n hpe tap. Odnh gid sy t i l n bd vd xlc djnh thdi diem ed nhan ed t h i chuyln l i n mdc phat triln eao hOn dya vdo ede bing chiing, lap k l hoach day vd hpc tren co sd sd dung k i t qud dinh g i l . Thdc hiln hoat d$ng day, hpc vd dinh g i l sy t i l n bd cda ngddi hpc.
TAILIEUTHAMKHAO
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CURRICULUIVI DESIGN FRAMEWORK: TO COMBINE COMPETENCE-BASED TEACHING, LEARNING AND ASSESSMENT
Nguyen Thi Lan Phuong The Vietnam Institute of Educational Sciences Abstract: The paper proposes a supplemental framework tosupportcurriculum development towards the integration of teaching and assessing learners' competencebasing on a model/way to develop competence. The author focuses on analyzing the benefits of curriculum for students. Notes in curriculum development 1/Identify contribution of the course to students'self-esteem, study skills, life and work responsibilities; 2/select and organize learning content, tasks, process...
to create opportunities for individuals to develop potential interest and excitement; 3/Develop educational plan towards integrating evaluation, teaching and learning based on developing ways of learning.
Keywords: Curriculum; framework for curriculum design; teaching, evaluation; competence development
14 • K H O A HOC GlAO DUC
