So5thdng 10/2015-NaiiithaMiai
i Y KIEN T R A O p 6 l V E PttlEN T O A X E T XLT K H I X A Y IH>iJG TtlCl T U C T O T U N O D A N SLT R L T T G O N & V I E T N A M
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heo quy djnh cua Bd luit Td tung Dan sy (BLTTDS) n i m 2004 va Luit sua ddi, bd sung BLTTDS nam 2011 thi phip luat Id tyng dan su Viet Nam mdi chi quy djnh thu tuc giii quyet vu an din sy va thu tuc giai quyet viec din su. Tuy nhien, thuc tien xet xu tiong nhung nim qua da chiing minh cd rat nhieu cic vu viec dan gian nhung Tda an van phii tien banh gidi quyet theo thu luc id tung thong thudng. Chdng ban, "a cdc do thi Ion nhu TP.HCM, trung binh mpt thdm phdn mpt thdng phdi g^di quyet ticlOvu viec tra len. Trong so do, co khdng it truang hgp tranh chdp dan gidn, cdc bin deu thira nhgn vd mong toa gidi quyit nhanh..., ducmg su chi chd mpt phdn quyit cua Toa dn de thuc hien viec thi hdnh dn bdo vi quyin lgi hgpphdp cho hg. Nhung toa khong thi dua ra xet xic ngay vi mpt trong cdc nguyen nhdn Id thdm phdn sg neu khdng tien hdnh day dd cdc buac Idy lai khai, hoa gidi...nhu ludt dinh, du khong cdn thiet thi cung co the bf huy, sira dn.- Die biet, Hien phip nim 2013 quy djnh: " Viec xet xir sa thdm cua Tod dn nhdn ddn CO Hpi thdm tham gia, trie tnrdng hgp xet xd theo thu tuc rdt ggn ", "Tod dn nhdn ddn xet xu tap thi vd quyit dinh theo da s6, trir truang hgp xit xir theo thd tuc rut ggn" (Khoin 1, 4 Dieu 103). Vi vay, viec nghien ciiu xiy dyng thu tuc td tung dan sy nil ggn l i cin thiet nhim dap ung yeu cau tinh nhanh chdng, linh hoJit, don giin va dem lai hieu qua kinh Id cao cua thu tyc td tung din su ddng thdi la mdt giii phip quan trgng gdp phin lim giim tinh trang gia tdng, ldn dgng an cfing nhu lim giam dp luc cdng viec cho cac Thdm phan.
Tuy nhien, neu chung ta xay dung thu tuc td tyng dan su rut ggn tuc la xiy dyng mgt thu tuc
TS. Nguyin Thi Thu Hd' td tung dan giin ban so vdi thu tuc td lung thdng thudng ve thdi ban, thanh phin hgi ddng xet xd v i trinh tu cac bude Tda an tien hanh giii quyet thi van phai bao d i m giii quyet vu an chinh x i c v i dung phip luit, b i o dam quyen b i o ve, quyen tranh tung cua cac duong sy.
Trong pham vi bai tap chi niy, chung tdi xin trao ddi ve phien tda xet xu cic vu i n d i n sy theo thu tuc td tung dan sy nit ggn.
I. Vai net ve phien toa x^t xu* cac v^ an dan s y theo thii tuc to tung dSn s y d mpt so nirdc tren the gioi
Tham khao phap luit td tung dan sy cua cac nude yen the gidi cho thiy cic nude quy djnh khdng hoan toin gidng nhau ve v i n de niy.
Chang han theo phap luat td tung dan sy Cpng hoa Phdp thi thu tuc ra lenh (ra lenh thanh loan v i lenh bugc lam mdt cdng viec) dugc ap dung ddi vdi cic vu an cd chiing cu ro rang dugc quy djnh tai khoin 1 Dieu 1405 va Dieu 1425 BO lu^t Td lung Din sy Cdng hda Phip (BLTTDSP).
Theo do, theo yeu cau cua chu ng, neu khdng cd du chung cu Tham phan se bac dcm. Chu ng khdng dugc khing cao quyet djnh niy nhung cd quyen khdi kien theo thu tuc thdng thudng. Neu Tham phan chi chip nhin mdt phin tbi chu ng cung khdng dugc khang c i o nhung cd quyen khdng tdng dat lenh cua tda cho con ng v i cd quyen khdi kien theo thu tuc thdng thudng. Neu cd du chung cu thi Thim phin se ra lenh tra sd tiln dugc yeu ciu (Dilu 1409 BLTTDSP). Nhu viy, lenh thanh toan dugc dua ra khdng can md phien tda, khdng cin trieu t^p cac ducmg sy.
Tuy nhien, de bio ve quyen lgi cua cac duang su, d i m b i o dua ra thi hanh lenh dung dan va chinh xdc thi phdp lual td tung dan sy Phap cho ' Giang vien,Tnrang Dai hpc Luat Ha Npi
- http://duthaoonline.quochoi.vn/DuThao/Lists/TT_TINLAPPHAP, An ddn su: Co nen xir rut gon?
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phep ngudi mdc ng dugc phdn khang lenh tri ng trong thdi han I thdng ke tu ngay tdng dat quyet dinh cua Tda an (Dilu 1412, 1416 BLTTDSP).
Don khdng an cd hieu luc yeu cau Tda an xem xet lai don yeu cau thu hdi ciia chu ng vi giii quylt toan bd tianh chip ^ l u 1413 BLTTDSP).
Vdi ydu ciu phin khang nay Tda an se md phien tda xet xd, lit ci cac ben ke ca nhung ngudi khdng khdng an deu dugc trieu tap den tham gia phien tda. Neu khdng ben nio cd mat thi Tda an dinh chi giii quyet vu dn, quyet dinh niy lim vd hieu quyet djnh huge thanh toin ng. Neu cac ben cd mat thi Tda an xet xu vi ra ban in. Bin in cd the bi khang cdo neu sd lien yeu ciu vugt qua tham quyen so, chung tham cua Tda an (Dieu 1417 din Dilu 1421 BLTTDSP). Trong tiirdng hgp con ng khdng phan khang trong thdi ban 01 thdng ke tu ngdy tdng dat lenh bat tra ng tbi lenh cd hieu lyc thi hanh vi khdng bj khing cao (Dieu 1423 BLTTDSP).
Ddi vdi lenh bugc thyc hien mdt cdng vide till theo khoin 4 Dieu 1425 BLTTDSP tiii nlu thiy dan cd cin cu, Tham phin ra quyet dinh bit bugc thyc hien tiii vu, quyet dinh nay cd hieu lyc thi hinh ngay, khdng dugc phin khang.
Trong trudng hgp mdt phan hodc loan bg lenh thi hinh nghia vu khdng dugc thuc hidn, Tda an se xet xu theo yeu ciu cua nguyen dan sau khi hda giai khdng thanh (khoan 8 Dieu 1425 BLTTDSP). Neu Thdm phan bac don, nguyen don khdng dugc phin khdng nhung cd quyen khdi kien theo thu tuc Id tung thdng thudng (khoin 9 Dilu 1429 BLTTDSP).
Phdp luat Id tung din sy ciia Lien Bang Nga quy dinh viec xet xu theo thu tuc rut ggn chinh li thu tuc ra lenh ciia Tda in ddi vdi cac yeu cau ddi np hodc ddi lai tai sin khi cd nhiing can cu nhat dinh (Dieu 122 Bd luit Td tung Dan sy Lien Bang Nga). Tham phin dupe phan cdng giai quyet khi thiy vu in cd du dieu kien ma
phap luit quy dinh thi ra lenh thi hanh trong thdi han 5 ngay kl tii ngiy thu ly don yeu cau. Lenh cua Tda in dugc ban hinh khdng can phai md phien Ida xet xu va khdng phii dieu tip cic beo de nghe Idi giii thich cua hg (Dieu 126). Tuy nhien, khdc vdi p b ^ luat td tung dan sy Phip thi khi ngudi cd nghia vu phan ddi lenh trong thdi ban 10 ngiy ke td ngay nhan dugc ban sao thi cac ben cd quyen khdi kien tranh chap dd theo thu tuc chung (Dieu 128, 129). Bdi vi luc nay tranh chap la cd that, cin dugc giii quyet theo thu tuc chat cbe, can chiing minh, cin tranh luan, nghTa la can thyc hien theo tiiu tiie td timg din sy thdng thudng.
Theo phdp luat TTDS Cpng hda nhdn ddn Trung Hoa thi thu tyc td tyng din sy rut gpn dupe ip dung ddi vdi nhiing vu dn dan sy don giin, sy viec rd ring, mdi quan he ve quyen va nghia vu da rd ring, tranh chap khdng gay gat (Dieu 142 Bp luit Td tung Din sy Cgng hoa nhin dan Tmng Hoa). Khi xet xd cac vy in nay theo thu tyc td tyng din sy rut ggn thi vin md phien tda nhung khdng bdt huge phdi thdng bao trudc cho duong sy ngiy md phien tda, phien tda ciing khdng bit huge phii thyc hien day du va tuin ty cac bude nhu thu tuc xet xd thdng thudng ma cd the linh boat (Dilu 145).
Gidng nhu phap luat Id tung din sy cua Phap, Nga thi phap luit td tung dan sy Dii Loan^
cfing quy djnh tiong trudng hpp ducmg sy yeu cau Tda in bugc con ng thanh toan ng thi vdi nhdng chung cu, tai lieu duong sy xuit trinh, Tda dn xet thiy dd co sd chap nhan yeu ciu, Tda an ra lenh huge ben cd nghia vu tra tien hodc chuyen lien cho chu ng mi khdng phai thdng qua thu tuc Id tung nio khic. Trong th£ri han 20 ngiy, ke tu ngay ben cd nghia vu rdi^n dugc lenh huge tri tien mi khdng phan ddi tiii lenh dd cd hieu lyc nhu mgt bin an c6 hieu luc phip ludt.^
' Tian Anh Tuan (2000), "MiiJng vdn de li ludn vd thuc lien cua viec xdy dung thu ntc nil ggn trong td lung ddn s^r Viit Nam", Luan van Th^c sy, tr. 24.
stf 5 Uiine 10/2015 - NSm thUMilfti
Ngoii ra, theo quy dinh tai Dilu 427 BLTTDS thi thu tuc gian dan dugc dp dyng tiong cdc trudng hpp sau:
1. Ndu la tranh chap ve quyen tai sin thi gid ngach eua vu kidn khdng qui 100.000 Yuan
2. Trong idiihig trudng hgp sau day, Tda an ap dyng thu tuc giin don ma khdng phu thudc;
vio gid ngach vy in:
+ Tranh chip ve thdi ban thue nha va thdi h^n vay mugn.
+ Tranh chip giua ngudi chu va thg trong hgp ddng thue mudn dich vy ma thdi han hgp ddng khdng qua 1 nam.
+ Tranh chap gida ngudi du Ijch va chu khach san, nhi hang ve tien an, tien"df, tien phucmg tien, tien tiong giu hinh ly, tii sin khic
V.V...
+ Tranh chap ve viec yeu ciu bio ve quyen sdhiru.
+ Tranh chap ve viec xdc djnh ranh gidi bit ddng san hoac cam mdc dat.
+ Tranh chap ng tiong trudng hgp cd giiy vay ng.
+ Tranh chap ve lai suit tien cho vay, tien hoa hdng, cip dudng ly hdn, trg cap huu tri, cac khoin tien phii tra dinh ky.
Ddi vdi cic tranh chip niy thi viec xet xd do mgt Tham phin tien hanh qua mdt phien Ida iihanh ggn. Neu mdt ben duong sy ving mat d phien tda mi khdng cd Iy do chinh ding thi Tda in chap nhin ydu ciu cua ben cd mat. Tda in cd the tuyen in va ghi chep phan ndi dung, nhin dinh vd quyet dinh cua Tda an vio bien bin phien tda ma khdng cin viet thanh mgt ban an.'*
Nhu vay, cd the thay viec md hay khdng md phien tda xet xd gidi quyet vy kien theo thu tyc td tyng din sy rut ggn d cdc nude mac du khdng hoan loan gidng nhau nhung deu dim bio yeu td nhanh ggn, linh boat, hieu qua nhung van bao
ve tot nhat quyen va Icri ich hpp phip cua cic ducmg sy. Thdng thudng, ddi vdi thu tyc ra lenh cua Tda an thi vi bj dan di ty nguyen thua nhin nghia vy do cic chiing cu da ro rang nen Tda in ra lenh bugc bj don phai thyc hien nghTa vu ma khdng phii md phien tda xet xd. Cdn ddi vdi cac vy an dan giin Idiac thi de dap dng tinh nhanh chdng, hieu qua cua thu tyc td tyng din sy thi Tda an vin md phien Ida xet xu. Tuy nhien, phien tda dd khdng can thiet phai lien hinh tuan ty cac bude nhu thu tuc td tung dan sy thdng thudng mi cd the bd qua cac bude khdng can thiet. Day li nhiing quy djnh cd tinh hgp Iy, cd gia trj cho chiing ta tham khao tiong qua trinh nghien cuu, xem xet khi xiy dyng cdc quy djnh ve phien tda xet xd cic vu in dan su theo thu tuc td tyng dan sy riit ggn.
2. Mdt so kien nghi ve phien toa xet xd vu an dan sy theo thu tuc to tung dan sy rut gon it Viet Nam
Ve nguyen lac, de cdc ducmg sy cd the bao ve dugc tdt nhit quyen vi Igi ich hgp phap cua minh cung nhu Tda in ra dugc mdt bin an, quyet dinh dung din vi chinh xic thi Tda in phai md mgt phien tda, phien hgp cdng khai vdi sy cd mat cua tat ca nhiing ngudi tham gia td tyng. Tai phien tda, phien hgp cdc duong sy, nhfing ngudi tham gia td tung khac dugc thyc hien quyen bao v§, quyen tranh tyng cua minh mpt cich tryc tiep vi bing ldi ndi. Cic duang sy deu phii dupe true tiep trinh biy cic yeu cau, dua ra cic chung cu, cin cu phip Iy de bio ve quyen vi lgi ich hgp phap cua minh. Tuy nhien, ddi vdi cac vu an dugc giii quyet theo thu tuc td tyng dan sy nil ggn thi cd cin thiet phai md phien tda dd cic duong sy tranh tyng cdng khai hay khdng? Neu can thidl phai md phien tda de dam bao ban an, quyet djnh can cd vao ket qui tranh tung cdng khai cua nhung ngudi tham gia
* TANDTC (2000), Vephdp lugt to lung ddn su, Ky yeu Dy an ViE/95/017 Tang curcmg nang lyc xet x ii^ffl' Nam, Ha Npi, tr. 136.
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td tung va cdc chdng cd dugc xem xet, kiem tra tai phien tda thi cac buoc trong phien tda cd cin thiet dugc tien hinh tuin tu va diy du nhu phien tda giai quyet vu dn thdng thudng khdng? Neu phii md phien tda ma cdc duong sy vdng mat yong phien tda thi hoin phien tda hay van xet xu ed phdi tuan theo thu tyc td tyng thdng thudng khdng?
Ve vin de niy, cic nha nghien ciiu khoa hgc phap ly cilng dua ra cac y kien khdc nhau. Coy kien cho rdng, khi giii quyet an dan sy theo thu tyc nit ggn, Ida ban hanh lenh (hay quyet dinh) ma khdng cin phii md phien tda vi ciing khdng cdn trieu tap cac ben duong sy. Ykiin khdc lgi cho rdng, tinh hinh d nude ta khac nen van can phdi md phien tda de nghe cic ben ducmg su trinh bay, giai thich hay ddi chieu xem cd mau thuan hay sy gia mao ve giiy td hay khdng.
Phien xu nay van phii tien hinh cac bude nhu thd tiic thdng thudng.^
Y kien thu nhat se dap ung dugc tinh nhanh chdng, Iinh boat, don gian vi dem lai hieu qua kinh te cao cua thu tuc td tung dan sy nhung chi thich hgp ddi vdi cac vu an chdng cd da ro rang bi dcm khdng phdn ddi ve nghia vy (nhu duong sy xuat trinh cdc chung cu bdng vin ban mi bi don cfing thira iih|tti cic chung cu niy). Ddi vdi cic vu dn cd gii ngach thip thi diy li vu an mi cdc ben khdng cd su thdng nhdt y chi ve chimg cu, each giai quyet vu an nen viec khdng md phien tda se khdng bao dam quyen bao ve cua cac ducmg sy.
Y kien thu hai tbi viec md phien tda va thyc hien ddy du cic buoc yong phien tda nhu thu tyc td tung din sy thdng thudng se dip iing dupe viec bao dim quyen uanh tyng cua cac duong sy nhung trong nhiing vu an tinh tiet dan giin, chiing cd chiing minh ro ring, Thim phan chi can tham dinh lai sy viec de ip dyng phdp luat giii quyet vu an thi phien tda tien hinh diy du cdc bude li khdng cin thiet, khdng dap dng
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dugc tinh nhanh chdng, linh hoat va dcm gian cda thu tuc td tung dan sy rut ggn.
(Jua nghien ciiu phap luit td tyng dan sy nude ngoii va thyc tien xet xu cua Viet Nam, cd the thay viec md hay khdng md phien Ida nen cdn cu vio tinh chat cua tung loai vu in dugc gidi quyet theo thu hic td tyng din sy rut ggn. Cy the:
- Doi vai vu dn chimg cir ro rdng, bi dan thira nhdn hoac khong phdn d6i nghia vu hoge vu dn CO chung cu ro rdng, viic dp dung phdp lugt dan gidn. Day la nhiing vy an mi nghia vu phai thyc hien ciia bi don la rd ring, khdng con gi phai tiardi tyng nhung do hi dcm cd tinh khdng thyc hien nghia vu nen nguyen dan da yeu cau Tda dn huge hi dan phai thyc bien nghTa vu ddi vdi minh. Do dd, ddi vdi vu in nay sau khi Thim phan dugc phan cdng xem xet thiy rang chiing cu diy du, rd rang cung nhu su thda nhin cua bi dan li xuat phat tu y chi ty nguyen, khdng vi pham dieu cam cua phip Iuat va khdng trii dao due xi hdi, Thim phan ra lenh bugc hi don phii thyc hien nghTa vy md khdng cin phdi md phien tda xet xd. Tuy nhien, de bao ve quyen lgi cua hi dan thi lenh huge bj dan phai thyc hien nghia vu phai cd thdi ban nhi|
dinh dd cho bi dcm phdn ddi. Khi bj dcm phan ddi lenh cua Tda an cd nghia la cac ben da khdng cd sy thdng nhat y chi ve vide thyc hien nghia vy cda bj don. Trong trudng hgp niy, nguyen dcm khdng can thiet phii khdi kien lai vu an de yeu cau Tda in giai quyet theo thu luc td tyng dan su thdng thudng bdi nhu viy chi lam keo dai them thdi gian giai quylt vy in. Vi viy, de Tda an cd the ra phan quyet cdng bing, chinh xdc, dung phip lual ddng thdi tilt kiem dugc thdi gian, chi phi td tyng thi khi hi don phan ddi lenh bugc thyc hien nghia vy, Tda an se md phien tda de cdc duong sy Uanh tyng cdng khai, bdo vd quyen vi lgi ich hgp phdp cua minh. Phien tda xet xu can trieu tap day du cac
' http://duthaoonline.quochoLvii/DuThao/Li5ts/rT_TINLAPPHAP, Thu lyc r^ ggn: Chixu trong vong mpt thdng?
ben duong sy den tham gia td tung. Trong trudng hgp cdc ben vdng mat trong phien tda thi viec xet xu hay hoan phien tda dugc thyc hien theo thu tuc td tyng thdng thudng de dam bao quyen tham gia phien tda. Phien tda cfing dugc tien hanh theo cac bude nhu thu tyc td tung tiidng thudng.
Vi vay, ddi vdi yeu c i u cua nguyen dan bude bj don phii thyc hien nghTa vu thi de vua d i m bao tinh nhanh chdng, hieu qui vua b i o ve quyen vd lgi ich hgp phip cua cic duong sy thi viec xet xd vu i n nay dugc thyc hien nhu sau:
+ Neu yeu ciu cua nguyfin dan khdng du can cu thi Tham phin trd lai don yeu cau.
Nguyen don khdi kien vy dn theo thu lyc Id tyng tbdng thudng.
+ Neu yeu ciu cua nguyen dan cd dd can cu thi Tham phin ra l?nh bi dan phai thyc hien nghTa vy m i khdng can md phien Ida. Lenh nay bi dan cd quyen phin ddi trong thdi ban 15 ngiy ke tu ngiy nhan dupe lenh cua Tda i n . Trong thdi ban 10 ngiy ke tii ngiy nhin dugc yeu ciu phan ddi cua bj don thi Thim phan se quylt djnh md phien tda xet xd. Phien Ida xet xd cin trieu tap d i y du cac ben ducmg sy den tham gia td tyng. Trong trudng hgp cdc ben ving mat tiong phien tda thi viec xet xd hay hoan phien tda dugc thuc hien theo thu tyc td tyng thdng thudng. Ban an cua Tda- an se thay the lenh bugc bj dan thyc hien nghTa vy.
+ Trong trudng hgp tiong thdi ban 15 ngay ke lu ngay nhin dupe lenh cua Tda i n ma bi don khdng phin ddi thi lenh cua Tda an cd hieu lyc phdp luit.
- Doi vai vu dn co gid tri nho thi d i y l i nhung vy i n ma cac duang sy chua cd sy thdng nhit y chi v l chung cu, can cu phap Iy, ly le nen cac ben cin dugc trinh bay cdng khai
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yeu edu, chiing cd, tii lieu va Iy le, lap luan cua minh de b i o ve quyen v i Ipi ich hop phap trudc Tda dn. Vi vay, Tda an c i n phai md phien tda xet xd de cac ducmg sy dupe tranh tung cdng khai, cin trieu tip day du cic duong sy tham gia phien tda. Tuy nhien, ddi vdi cac vy an cd gii tri nhd thi thdng thudng deu l i vu i n dan gidn, sy viec da ro rang nen phidn tda khdng nhat phii trii qua tuin ty cac bude nhu thu tyc thdng thudng. "TViirc chdt co thi xem day nhu Id mpt phien ddi chdt de kiim tra lgi cdc tdi lieu, chung cu trong ho sa. truac khi Thdm phdn ra quyit dinh vi vu viec".*"
Ngodi ra, khi cac duang sy vdng mat yong lan trieu tip thd nhat thi Tda dn can phdi hoan phien tda de dim bao quyen tham gia phien tda cua eac ducmg sy. Du rang l i nhiing vy an cd g i i trj thap nhung day v i n la cdc trudng hgp cic duong sy t d tranh chip vdi nhau, chua cd su thdng nhit y chi nen cac duong sy v i n can dugc tranh tyng cdng khai, dugc tryc tiep trinh biy cac yeu ciu, dua ra cac chung cd, can cu phip ly de bao ve quyen va lgi ich hgp phip cua minh. Do dd, neu cdc duong su vang mat tiong lan trieu tap thu nhat ma Tda i n v i n xet xd thi vd hinh chung Tda an da tude di quyen tranh tyng, quyen bao ve quyen lgi cua cdc duang sy. Tuy nhien, khi duong sy dugc Tda i n trieu tip lin thu hai thi du cd hay khdng cd ly do chinh dang thi Tda an van md phien tda xet xu hoac ra quyet djnh ditih chi giai quyet vu an. Bdi vi, nhu da phan tich diy la nhirng vy i n dan gian, sy viec rd rang, vide dp dyng p h i p luat de gidi quyet la rat de dang nen de tranh su lam quyen cua cac duong sy cung nhu d i m bao viec giii quyet nhanh chdng thi Tda i n can phii md phien tda xet xu hoic dinh chi viec giii quyet vy an tuy thugc v i o tiing trudng hgp duong sy ving m i l dd t i ai./.
* Tran Anh Tuan (chii nhiem de lai) (2014), Vdn de xdy dgng thd luc to tung ddn su nil ggn theo yeu cdu cdi cdch tuphdp vd hpi nhgp kinh le quoc te hien nay-ihuc trang vd gidi phdp, DetkiVhoahocf^pBg, HaNpi, tr. 1)3.
