Kinh doanh du lich sinh thai
tai khu ruYig dac dung d Viet Nam - Thu'c trang va giai phap
BCII THI MINH N G U Y E r NGGYEN TH! HONG THANH"
N G U Y I N THANH HIEO*"
PHAM V A N H O A N " "
T d m t ^ t
Viet Nam cd liem ndng phdt trien du Uch sinh thdi. dgc biit d cdc khu riing dgc dung vdi nhffng hinh thffc vd sdn phdm ngdy cdng phong phu. da dgng dd dem lgi nhieu ki't qud lich cffc vi mat kinh te, xd hgi vd mdi trudng. Tuy nhiin. suphdt triin hogt ddng du lich sinh thdi hien vdn cdn nhffng ton tgi. hgn chi'vd chUa dong deu giffa cdc vudn qudc gia (VQG), khu bdo ton (KBT) trong hi thdng rffng ddc dung d Viet Nam. Vi vgy, cdn co nhffng gidi phdp phd hop de phdt triin du Uch sinh thai tgi cdc rffng dgc dung trong thdi gian tdi.
TH khda: du Uch sinh thdi. kinh doanh. rffng ddc dung, vudn qudc gia Summary
Vietnam has potentials for ecotourism. especially in special-use forests with diverse forms and products, which contributes to economic, social and environmental development. However, the development of ecotourism activities has some existing shortcomings and is not the same between national parks and nature reserves in the special-use forest system In Vietnam, which need addressing to boost ecotourism in the coming time.
Keywords: ecotourism, business, special-use forest, national parks G i a i T H I E U
Viet Nam Id qud'c gia cd dien tich rffng ldn. Theo Bo Ndng nghidp va Phdt tnen nong thdn (2019), tinh de'n cud'i nam 2018, tdng dien tich rffng eua Viet Nam Id 14.491.295ha, trong do rffng tff nhien la I0.255.525ha;
rffng trong la 4.235.770ha. Dien tich rffng dac dung chie'm gan 15% td'ng dien tich rffng, cdn lai la rffng phdng hp va rffng san xud't. Ca nffdc da thdnh lap 164 ban quan ly rffng ddc dung, quan ly hau he't cac he sinh thdi quan trpng tren can, tren bie'n, dd't ngap nffdc, trong dd phan Idn la rffng nguyen sinh. Thdi gian qua, d^ khai thdc cac djch vu mdi trffdng riifng nham tao nguon thu, cai thien sinh ke' cho ngffdi dan sd'ng g^n rffng, cdc ban quan ly rffng dac dung dd thffc hien nhieu hoat ddng khdc nhau, trong dd cd hoat dpng kinh doanh du lich sinh thai.
Ngoai y nghTa gdp phin bao t6n tff nhien. bao ve da dang smh hoe, kinh doanh du lich sinh thai tai khu rffng dac dung dd va dang mang lai nhffng nguon Idi kinh te, tao cd hdi tang them viec Idm va nang cao thu nhdp
cho chu rffng, cung nhff ngffdi dan cdc dia phffdng, ddc biet cho ngffdi dan sinh sd'ng vung dem cdc VQG, cac KBT... Bdi vie't tap trung danh gia thffc trang hoat dpng kinh doanh du lich smh thdi tai mpt so khu rffng ddc dung cua Viet Nam, qua dd lam cd sd de xua't giai phdp nhdm phdt trien hoat ddng nay.
PHL/ONG PHAP N G H I E N C l f U Nghien ciiM nay su" dung dff lieu thff ca'p thu thap tff cac nguon, nhff: cdc vdn ban quy pham phap ludt cd lien quan d6'n chu de nghien cffti cac bdo cao ciia Tong cue Lam nghiep; edc cdng trinh khoa hpc da cong bd' dffdi dang an pham sdch chuyen khao...
Phffdng phdp so sanh, thd'ng ke md ta va phffdng phap tdng hdp dffdc dting de phan tich dff lieu.
'TS., TrJdng D^i hpc Lam nghiep
" NCS.. Bo Nong nghiep va Phat tnen nong thon
""ThS., Trffdng Dai hgc Ndng lam Thai Nguyen
" " T r f f d n g Dai hpc Lam nghiep
Ngdy nhdn bdi- 10/6/2020: Ngdy phdn bien: 22/6/2020: Ngdy duy^t ddng: 26/6/2020
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KET QUA NGHIEN CLTU
K^t qua kinh doanh du Iich sinh thai t^i cac khu riJCng dSc dung d Vi$t Nam Theo Tdng cue Lam nghidp (2019), rffng ddc dung d Viet Nam chia thanh 164 khu, gdm: 33 VQG, 57 khu dff trff thi6n nhien, 12 KBT Ioai - sinh canh, 53 khu bdo ve eanh quan, 9 khu rffng nghien cu\i thffc nghiem khoa hoc. Dien dch rffng ddc dung co sff bi6'n ddng lien tuc theo xu hffdng tdng trong nhffng nam qiia^(Hinh I).
0 Vi6t Nam, rffng ddc dung cd tiem ndng ldn trong kinh doanh du lich sinh thdi vi tinh da dang sinh hpc vdi nhieu loai ddc hffu hoang da, cdc he sinh thai dac thu va nhilu phong canh dep. Hien nay, mpt so' VQG va KBT thien nhien da trie'n khai hoat ddng du Iich sinh thdi, nhieu VQG hoat ddng du Iich sinh thdi phat tri^n va dem lai ngudn thu ldn. Cu the: ed 61/164 khu (chie'm 37,2%) thffc hien cac hoat ddng du lich sinh thdi, trong dd cd 25/33 VQG (chie'm 75,76%), cdc khu cdn lai 36/131 khu, trff 9 khu rffng nghien cffu khoa hpc (Tdng cue Ldm nghiep, 2018).
6 cae VQG va KBT ed hoat dpng du lich phdt tridn, viec to chffc quan Iy hoat dpng du lich dffdc giao cho Trung tdm Gido due mdi trffdng va Dich vu mdi trffdng riJng. Ngodi quan ly cdc hoat dgng phdt trien du Iich sinh thai, Trung tdm cdn cd chffc ndng quan trpng dd Id gido due moi trffdng hffdng tdi du khach va cpng ddng. Trung tam chiu sff quan ly va dieu hdnh trffc tie'p cua ban quan ly cac VQG vd KBT, nhu^g cd con da'u, tai khoan rieng va hach toan rieng. Trung tdm cd Giam dd'c va cac phd giam dd'c dieu hdnh cdc hoat dpng. Giup viee, tham mffu cho Gidm dd'c Trung tdm ed cdc td/ban/bp phan chuyen mdn, dffde giao phu trdch cac dich vu: soat ve vdo c^a; ll tan - hffdng dan; dpn phdng; dn udng... 5 mpt sd VQG, KBT, viec quan ly hoat ddng du lieh do cdc phdng, ban du lich phu trach vdi quy md nhd va so' Iffdng nhan sff it hdn; khdng cd cde td/
ban/bp phan chuyen mdn. Dd'i vdi mdt sdVQG vd KBT hoat ddng du lich chffa phdt trie'n hodc chffa cd hoat ddng du Ijch, thi viee quan ly hoat ddng du lich thffdng do cdc phdng khoa hpc, phdng td chffc phu trach.
, Tai cdc VQG, KBT, cd 3 hinh thffc td chffc kinh doanh du lich sinh thai:
HIMH 1: DIEN t l C H RCTrJG D A C DgMG Q U A C A C MAM
2 0 0 6 2 0 0 7 2 0 0 8 20D9 2 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 2 0 1 2 2 0 1 3 2 0 1 4 2 0 1 5 2 0 1 6 2 0 1 7 2 0 1 8 Mguon' Tdng cue L u m nghiep (2019) BAMG 1: SO Hi0nG D d n Vl T H ^ C HIEM KIMH DOAMH DO LjCH SIMH T H A I
Lo^i riKng Tong khu riifng dac dung Vttita quo'c gia Khu rtfng dac di^ng khac
Mffng 164 33 131
Dcta Ti thi^ hi^n kinh doanh du Ijch sinh thai
61 25 36
(%)
37,20 75.76 27,48 h g u o n l i K i g cue Lorn nghiep ( 2 0 U
BAMG 2: K E T Q U A T H ^ C H I | M HOAT DQMG D U L|CH SIMH THAI T A I V Q G , KBT
TT 1 2
Ch! tidu Tong so khdch (lifdt) Doanh thu (ly dong)
Nam 2015 1.153.858
77.3 Nam 2016 2.060.111
114 Nam 2017 1.574.255
136 Nfim 2018 t.869 988
180 rSguon, l o n g i.ur Lam n<)iii'-[.> 12016-2019)
(i) Tff td chffc kinh doanh; (ii) Thue mdi trffdng rffng kinh doanh du lich; (iii) Lien doanh, lien ke't vdi cdc td chffc, cd nhdn de dau tff kinh doanh du lieh sinh thai.
Theo Tdng cue Lam nghiep (2017), nhieu khu rffng dac dung da va dang td chffc cac hoat dpng du lich sinh thai vdi edc hinh thffc khac nhau, trong do 37 Ichu tff td chffc du lich sinh thai, 11 khu td chffc lien doanh, lien ke't vd 13 khu cho thue mdi trffdng rOmg; 15 khu rffng td ehffe theo 2 hinh thffc; 01 khu ca 3 hinh thffc,
Trong nhffng ndm gan day, boat dpng kinh doanh du lich sinh thai tai cac khu rffng dac dung d Viet Nam cd xu hffdng tang len. Theo sd' lieu d Bang 2, nam 2015, todn he thd'ng khu rffng dac dung dd ddn tie'p 1.153,858 Iffdtkhdch. Nam 2016, so'Iffdng khdch tang len 2.060.111 lffdt, song giam xud'ng con 1.574.255 Iffdt ndm 2017. trffdc khi tang len 1.869.988 lffdt nam 2018. Cac VQG dd ddn tiep 97,5*7^ tdng du khdch, cac khu dff trff thien nhidn ddn 2.59c tdng so' lffdt khdch tham quan (Tong cue Lam nghiep, 2018).
Economy jnd Forecasi Re\ le 159
HIMH 2: Cd CAO MGtIOM TAI CHIMH COA 33 VQG/KBT TtT MHIEN KHAO SAT
• Ngan sach nhd nu'dc
• Chi tra djch vu moi tru'dng rimg B Djch vudu Ijch
BAMG 3: TIMH HIMH DOMG GOP MGAM SACH MHA M(/dC VA TRICH CHO COMG TAC QUAM LY BAO VE RCtMG
Chi ti£u Nop ngan sach nha nifflc (ty dong)
Trich cho hoat dong quan 1;^
biio ve rffng (ty dong) Nam 2015 28
Nam 2016 32
9 Nfim 2017 44.9
21.5 Tfiag t n f ^ g l]aiiliqiian(%)
126,63
238,89 Mguon Tong c yc L a m nghiep (2016 2017 2018)
Doanh thu tff du heh sinh thdi cung tdng len, tff 77,3 ty dong nam 2015, len 136 ty dong nam 2017. Ndm 2018, doanh thu la 180 ty dong, tang 32% so vdi nam 2017, trong do doanh thu tff tien ve chie'm tren 115 ty ddng (tffdng dffdng 64%). Doanh thu tff hoat ddng du lich sinh thai cua cac VQG chie'm tdi 99% tong doanh thu, trong dd doanh thu tff cac khu dff trff tff nhien chiem khoang 1% (Tong cue Ldm nghiep, 2018).
Lffdng khdch de'n cdc khu rffng dac dung khdng deu, tap trung d cac VQG (chie'm 99%), trong khi cdc khu rffng dac dung khdc chffa phat huy dffdc ldi the cdnh quan vd xdc dinh hffdng dau tff kinh doanh du lieh sinh thai. Theo khao sat cua nhdm tdc gia, nguyen nhan cua chenh lech ve sd' Iffdng khach, ngudn thu Id do sff khdc biet ve vi tri dia ly; ve ket cd'u ha tang, dich vu du hch; trinh dd td chffc quan Iy, trinh dd nhdn lffc, mffc dp chuyen nghiep trong hoat ddng dieh vu du lich; hinh thffe kinh doanh, eae loai hinh du lich sinh thai...
Ve cd cd'u ngudn thu, ket qua nghien cu\i cua nhdm tde gia tai 33 VQG va KBT nam 2018 (Hinh 2) cho thd'y, ngudn thu tff du lich sinh thdi edn khiem ton, ehi chiem 3%.
Ddng gdp vao ngdn sdch nhd nffdc va dau tff lai cho bao ton trong thdi gian qua cua VQG, KBT lien tue tang {Bang 3), gdp phan ndng cao sff hieu bie't cua khdch du lich ve tai nguyen rffng, giai quyet viec lam cho ngffdi dan dia phffdng... (Bui Thi Minh Nguyet vd cdng sff. 2018).
Cung qua khao sdt cua nhdm tac gia. 95% VQG cd hoat ddng kinh doanh du lieh sinh thdi. Tuy nhien.
cac hoat ddng nay cdn mang tinh chat tff phat, dich vu ddn dieu, diie'u chuyen nghiep. Cac hoat ddng chu yeu la hffdng ddn khdch diam quan (68%) va giao due mdi trffdng cho hpc sinh. sinh vien (63,1%), trong khi cdc dich vu, nhff: dn, nghi, vui chdi, giai tri cdn nhieu han ch6' ve cha't Iffdng va sd' Iffdng (42,1%). Mdi chi cd 2 trong so 19 VQG (chiem 10,5%) dffOc khao sdt cd thffc hien hoat ddng hen doanh lien ke't dd la VQG Ba Vi vd VQG Phong Nha - Ke Bang, trong khi mdi cd 6 VQG thffc hien cho thue mdi trffdng rffng de kinh doanh du lich sinh thdi (chie'm 31,5%).
Nhffng han che'va nguydn nhSn Nhin chung. du lich sinh thdi chffa phdt tridn tffdng xffng vdi tiem ndng vd'n cd cua cac khu rffng dac dung. Hdu he't nhan sff ldm viec trong ITnh vffc dich vu du Iich d cac VQG. KBT khdng chuyen nghiep, chu ye'u dieu ddng trong npi bd, thffdng ehi cd chuyen mdn ldm nghiep hoac cac chuyen nganh khac. Sd' Iffdng can bp, nhdn vien dffdc ddo tao cd ban, cd bdng cap ve du lich ra't It. Mat khac, cae VQG, KBT cung dang thieu dpi ngu can bd dieu hanh, quan Iy, nghiep vu, ky thuat dffdc ddo tao chinh quy ve du Iich vd du Iich sinh thai dap ffng yeu cau van hanh cdc hoat ddng du lich chuyen nghiep.
Hoat ddng du lich cdn chffa tudn thu tuyet dd'i cac nguyen tdc, cdc quy chu^n, tieu chuan cua du lich sinh thai, ehffa chii trpng cac hoat dpng giao due, diSn gidi mdi trffdng; chffa dam bao tuan thu chdt ehe cde tieu chi, tieu ehuan bao ve mdi trffdng ben vffng; chffa thu hut sff tham gia cua cdng dong dia phffdng lam du Hch, phat trien ben vffng ve sinh thdi, mdi trffdng, ve xd hdi, nhan van...
Ngudn thu tff hoat ddng du Ijch sinh thai edn khiem ton, chffa du bu dd'p chi phi va dau tff trd Iai cho cdng tdc bao tdn da dang smh hoc va phdt trien rffng dac dung.
Tai mdt sd VQG, do sff phdt trien nhanh va ndng cua hoat dong du Ijch, dan de'n nhffng tdc ddng tieu cffc len tai nguyen thien nhien vd vdn hda ban dia, bao gdm: van de rac thai; sff tdc dpng len canh quan; sff lech lac trong ffng xff, vdn hda; cac hien tffdng be cdy. khdc deo len thdn cay, vach dd; sff qua tai ve Iffdng du khdch dd'i vdi mot sd'diem de'n ..
Nguyen nhan cua nhffng han che la do cac VQG. KBT van bi tdc dpng
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manh bdi cac hoat ddng san xua't, khai thac ldm san, sdn ban... cua dan cff sd'ng trong vQng Idi vd vung dem vd'n da cd thoi quen, nep sd'ng chu yeu dffa vao cac ngudn thu nhap tff rffng, trong khi du lich sinh thai chffa phdt trien xffng tam de mang lai sinh ke cho hp.
Mat khac, trinh dp nhdn thffc chffa cao ve gia tri sinh thai mdi trffdng va ldi Ich Idu dai trong viec bao ve moi trffdng cua ngffdi dan dia phffdng, cung nhff cua da so du khdeh tham quan gdy nhieu khd khdn trong vide ndng cao chd^t Iffdng mdi trffdng du lich vd cdng tdc hao ve canh quan thien nhien, bao tdn da dang sinh hpc,
Phan ldn cac VQG, cac KBT chffa cd chid'n lffde va quy hoach phat trien du lich sinh thai, nen khong cd dinh hffdng dau tff, khdng cd ke hoach, dif an phat trien du lich sinh thai. Mpt sd' it cdc VQG, KBT da cd quy hoach phdt trien du lich sinh thdi (Cdn Dao, Phong Nha - Ke Bang, Bidoup - Niii Ba, Yok Ddn, Cue Phffdng, Cat Tien, Ba Vi...), nhffng thie'u ngudn lffc (nhan sff vd tai chinh) tridn khai quy hoach.
Cd sd vdt chd't, ha tang du lich, cde dich vu hd trd du lich, nhff: cung cap th6ng tin, y td, bao hiem, van tai hdnh khdeh, an ud'ng, vui chdi, giai tri... chffa hoan toan dam bao dung tieu chuan, quy chuan chat Iffdng de ddp ffng td't ydu cau cua khdch du lich.
Cong tdc quang bd du lich sinh thai chffa dffdc chu trpng, ddn dd'n thie'u thong tin thd'ng nhd't, dong bp ke't nd'i cdc VQG, KBT vdi cdc trung tdm, edc diem du lich Idn tren pham vi ca nffdc, tdi cdc hang, cac cdng ty du lich qud'c te..., tff dd
ban ehe sff tiep can thdng tin ve du lich sinh thdi d cac VQG, KBT Viet Nam den vdi khdch du Iich.
DE XUAT GIAI PHAP
De phdt trien kinh doanh du lich sinh thdi d khu rffng dac dung Viet Nam trong thdi gian tdi, nhdm tdc gia de xud't mpt sd giai phap sau:
Thff nhdt, Chinh phu can xay dffng cac chie'n Iffpc phat trien du lieh sinh thdi, ldm ed sd dinh hffdng phat trien tren pham vi toan qud'e vd d tffng dia phffdng, tffng VQG, KBT. Ddng thdi, day manh nghien cffu tiem ndng va quy hoach phdt trien du lich sinh thai theo edc vilng ldnh thd, den tffng VQG, KBT.
Thff hai, cde dia phffdng can thuc day hoat ddng cho thue mdi trffdng rffng de kinh doanh du lich sinh thdi, thay vi chu yeu thffc hien boat ddng lien doanh, lien ke't nhff hien nay. Dieu nay se tao sff chu dpng cho cac ddn vi kinh doanh, giam bdt sff dung ngan sdch nha nffdc de thffc hidn cdc boat dpng dau tff tai cac VQG phuc vu cho kinh doanh du lich sinh thai.
Thff ba, chu trpng phdt trien san pham du lich dia phffdng. Nghien effu tiem ndng phdt trien cua dia phffdng de tie'n hanh kinh doanh cac san pham du lich phu hdp, tranh lang phi ngudn Iffc sdn cd. Ngoai ra, can nang cao cha't Iffpng dich vu cdc khu, tuyen, diem du Iich da khai thdc dd tao nen nhffng san phdm du lich dac thu.
Thff tu, cdc dia phffdng can thuc dd'y hoat dpng quang ba, xuc tie^n ve du lich sinh thdi tai ede khu rffng dac dung. Quang ba cac san pham du lich mdi, tang cffdng xay dffng nhffng tour, tuye'n du Hch Hen vung nham da dang hda san pham du lich, phd'i ket hdp cdc hoat dpng du lich giffa cac tinh trong viing vdi cdc dia phffdng khac de du Iich sinh thai trd thdnh mdt hoat dpng cd tinh canh tranh eao hdn.
Thff nam, cd cde phffdng an kinh doanh du hch sinh thdi phu hdp de cd dieu kien dau tff phdt trien ke't ca'u ha tang, nang cao chat Iffdng nguon nhan lffc du lich. Chd't Iffdng san pham du lich phu thupc nhieu vao dieu kien ke't ca'u ha tang va tinh chuyen nghiep cua nhan lffc ciia ddn vi.Q
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO - _
1. Chinh phu (2010). Nghi dinh so 117/2010/ND-CP. ngdy 24/12/2010 ve id chffc va qudn ly hi thdng rffng ddc dung
2. Bd Ndng nghiep va Phdt trien ndng thdn (2019). Quyi't dinh so 911/QD-BNN-TCLN. ngdy 19/3/2019 cdng bdhien trgng rffng todn qudc nam 2018
3. Tdng cue Ldm nghidp (2016-2019). Bdo cdo giao ban hdng ndm ve ki't qud cdng tdc qudn ly cdc khu ritng ddc dung vd phong hd vd nhiem vu trgng ldm cdc nam 2015. 2016, 2017, 2018 ^
4. Pham Trung Lffdng (2002). Du Uch sinh thdi: Nhffng vdn de ve ly ludn vd thuc tiin phdt trien d Viet Nam. Nxb Gido due. Ha Npi
5. Trin Quang Bao vd edng sff (2019). Nghien cffu de xudt ca che tdi chinh ben vffng^ trong hogt ddng kinh doanh vd dich vu 'du lich sinh ihdi tgi cdc VQG. KBTTN d Viet Nam. De tdi cap Bd Ndng nghi$p vd Phdt tnen ndng thon
6. Bui Thi Minh Nguydt va cdng sff (2018), Nghiin cffu. ddnh gid thffc trgng cdc md hinh ldm ca sddi xudt chinh sdch cho thue mdi irudng rffng d Viit Nam. De tai cap Bd Ndng nghiep vd Phat tridn ndng thdn
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