LY LUAN K I N H Tf VA QUAN LY^
KINH TE THI TRUOlNG DINH H U ( 3 N G
XA HOI CHU N G H I A - CO HOI VA THACH T H U C D O I VOU SU NGHIEP
XAY DUNG, BAO VE TO QUOC
PGS, TS NGd QUANG MINH •
Van kien Dai hgi XII cua Ding da chi ro nen kinh te thi trudng (KTTT) dinh hudng xa hgi chij nghia (XHCN) Viet Nam: "Dd la nen kinh te tbi trudng hien dai va hoi nhip quoc ti", diiu do dat ra nhieu van de mdi trong do cd nhung cahgi mdi, nhung cung nhieu thach thtic rat ldn doi vdi su nghiep xay dung, bio ve To quoc. Bai viet di sau phan tich nhiing cahgi va thach thtic do.
Tukhda: Kinb ti thi truong dinh hudng xa hgi chu nghia, cahgi. thach thdc doi vdi xay dimg, bao ve To quoc
1. Mdt s£ van 66 ve Mnh te thj trtfdng tfjnh htfdmg xa hoi diii nghla theo quan tfieni Oai hoiXilciiaB^ng
Trfn eg sd tdng kit toin difin 30 nam ddi mdi, Dgi bfi lan thd XII cua Ding nam 2016 da nfiu rd: "Nln KTTT dinh hudng XHCN Viet Nam la nln kinh t l van hinh diy du, ddng bd theo cic quy luit cua KTTT, ddng thdi bio dim dinh hudng XHCN phu hgp vdi timg giai doan phit trien cua dit nudc. Dd li nln KTTT hien dgi vi hfi nhip qudc tl; cd su quin ly cua Nha nudc phip quyin XH(:N, do Ding Cfing sin Vift Nam lanh dao, nham muc tieu "din giau, nudc manh, din chu, cfing bing, vin minh"
Nln KTTT^dinh hudng XHCN Viet Nam cd quan hf sin xuat tien bp phu hpp vdi trinh dp phit tri^n eda luc lugng sin xuat; c6 nhieu hinh
• Hpc vi$n Chinb tri quic gia Ho Chi Minh
thdc sd huu, nhieu thinh phin kinh tl, trong dd kinh te nhi nudc giu vai trd chu dao, kinh te tu nhin li dpng lgc quan trpng cua nen kinh te; cic chu the thudc cic thinh phin kinh tl binh dang, hgp tie vi canh tranh theo phip luat; thj trudng ddng vai trd ehu yeu trong huy dpng va phan bd cd hifiu qui cic ngudn luc phit trien, li dpng lgc chii ylu de giii phdng sue sin xuat; cic ngudn luc nhi nudc dugc phan bd theo chiln lupc, quy hoach, kl hogch phu hop vdi CO chl thi trudng"' Day li quan diem khii quit, day du vi ro ring nhit cua Ding ta vl nln KTTT dinh hudng XHCN tir khi ddi mdi (1986) din nay.
Tai Hoi nghi lin thti 6 Ban Chap hinh Trung uang khoi X (ngiy 30/1/2008) Ding da nhin manh: "KTTT li sin pham cua van minh nhin loai... Thuc den ddi mdi d nudc ta da chung
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minh diy sue thuylt phuc ve viec sd dung KTTT lam phuong tifn xay dung ehu nghia xa hoi". Nen KTTT li kit qua phit trien tat ylu cua luc lugng sin xult, cua xi hpi hda sin xuat, li tat yeu van dpng tir nln sin xuat nhd di len sin xult ldn, dd la thinh tuu chung ciia nhin loai. Nln KTTT da eho thay nliieu mat tfch cue nhung cung cd nhieu ban chl, khuyet tat, tu nd khdng khac phuc dugc.
CQng tgi Hoi nghi TW 6 khda X (2008) Ding ta da nfu quan diem: "Tiep tuc hoan ttiien the che KTTT djnh hudng XHCN phu hgp vdi nhung nguyen tic ca bin cua KTTT nham thue day nen kinh te phat trien nhanh, hifu qui, ben vijmg, hpi nhip kinh t l qudc t l thinh cdng, giCr viimg dinh hudng XHCN"2. Tgi Dgi hpi XII, Ding ta tilp tuc khang dinh: "Den nam 2020, phin diu eg bin hoin thifn ddng bp hf thdng the chl KTTT djnh hudng XHCN theo cic tifiu chuin phd bien eua nln KTTT hifn dai va hpi nhap qudc tl; bio dim tfnh ddng bp giua the chl kinh te vi thi che chfnh trj, giua Nhi nudc vi thj trudng"'.
The chl KTTT dugc d u thinh bdi he thdng cic bfi phgn khic nhau mi mdi bp phgn cung li mpt hf thdng d u tao td nhieu ylu td. The ehl KTTT dinh hudng XHCN d nude ta bao gdm nhilu bf phin, cd thi tip trung phan tfch 4 bp phin CO bin: (1) cic luit If, quy tic; (2) cic chu thi kinh tl; (3) co chl thuc thi cic luit, quy tic vi (4) hf thdng thj trudng vi cic dilu kifn khie.
- Cic luat, quy tac dilu chinh nln KTTT djnh hudng XHCN d nudc ta bao gdm phan quan trpng nhit li phip lugt do Nha nude ban hinh, ngoii ra cdn cd cic quy tic, chuan mue xi hfi khic do cie td chuc ehfnh trj - xa hpi, cic td chdc xa hpi nghl nghiep quy dinh.
- Cic chu the trong nln KTTT djnh hudng XHCN bao gom: Cic ca quan quin ly nhi nudc vl kinh tl; doanh nghifp thufc cic thanh phan kinh te; cic td chdc xa hpi nghe nghiep, cfing dong din cu vi ngudi din.
- Ca chl thgc thi cic luft, cic quy tic bilu
hien qua mdi quan he: Nlii nudc, thj trudng vi doanh nghiep.
The che KTTT djnh hudng XHCN la su td hgp aia tat ca cic thanh td tren, tic dpng qua lai lin nhau trong mdt chinh the cua mpt nen kinh te qudc dan thdng nhat.
2. C0 hoi va thach thiirc tfoi vdi sir nghiep xay dtfng, bio ve To quoc
2.1 Nhiing (xrhdi mdi
Mot la. nen KTTT hifin dai va hpi nhap quoc te cua Viet Nam se tao dpng luc mdi, thuc diy nen kinh te tang trudng nhanh, ben vdng, tao ra nhijfng tilm luc mdi vl kinh tl, tai chinh, ve khoa hpc, cfing nghf, tao ra ngudn nhan luc mdi chit lupng eao... nhflmg ngudn lgc dd tilp tuc thuc day su phit triln kinh t l - xa hpi, ddng thdi cung gdp phan thilt thuc dip dng yeu cau ngiy cing cao hon cua su nghifp xiy dung, bio vf To qudc.
Hai la, phit triln nln KTTT djnb hudng XHCN, hgi nhip qudc t l tit ylu phii khfing ngimg nang cao hifu qui hogt dpng eda tdng doanh nghifp, timg nginh cung nhu toin bp nen kinh tl. Mat khic, hpi nhip qudc t l cung tgo ra sue fp canh tranh qudc t l quylt lift, bupc cic doanh nghifp Vift Nam phii ra sue cii tiln cfing nghe, phuong thdc kinh doanh, ddi mdi quin trj, dilu hinh, ning cao nang suit, chat lugng vi hifu qui de tdn tgi vi phit trien... dilu dd lim ting sdc mgnh cua eie doanh nghifp trong nudc, trong dd cd cie doanh nghifip qudc phdng, an ninh.
Ba li, hpi nhap qudc t l tao ra ddng chu chuyen ngudn vdn, dich vu vi cfing nghf d quy mfi thi gidi, tao ra su phin cfing lao dfing qudc te, hinh thinh co clu kinh te hien dai. Trong moi trudng nhu viy, Viet Nam cd co hfi tilp can cic ngudn vdn, cfing nghe, dieh vg vi kinh nghifm quin ly tifin tiln tren thi gidi di diy mgnh qui trinh cfing nghifp hoi, hifn dgi hoi, c o d u lgi nln kinh tl, day nhanh vifc di tit, ddn diu bit kjp cic nudc tifn tiln trfn thi gidi.
Bon li, phat trien nln KTTT hifn dgi vi hfii
5020(12-2016) I TAPCHfKINHTfvAQUANLY I 11
Vf LUAN KINH Tf VA QUAN LY^
nhap quoc te, bupc cic qudc gia phii hgp tac ngiy cing sau, rpng, cung nhau giai quyet nhilu van de cd tinh toin d u nhu: an ninh truyen thong vi phi truyfin thdng, chdng tpi pham, han ehe tic hai cua biln ddi khf hgu, bao vf mfii trudng, cung nhu cic Iinh vuc dgo ddc, vin hoi, bio vf eon ngudi... dl eung tdn tai.
Dieu do gdp phan cung cd hda binh vi an ninh the gidi, tao co hpi eho cic qudc gia cimg phat trien phdn thjnh, vua da dang, vda thdng nhit, vua hpp tic, vua eanh tranh vdi nhau. Qui trinh do cung tgo ra nhiing ca hfii mdi cho Vift Nam tang eudng hpp tic qudc t l ve qudc phdng, an ninh, tgo co hfii mdi trong xiy dgng vi bio vf Td qudc.
Nim li, phit triln nln KTTT hifn dgi va hpi nhgp qudc tl tgo dieu kifn cho Vift Nam thilt lap quan hf binh dang, cung cd lpi vdi cic qudc gia, td dd cd the chu dpng lua chpn qudc gia nio, phuong thue quan hf nio, mdc dfi vi quy mfi quan hf nhu thi nio dl cd lgi nhit cho dat nude. Vift Nam di thoit khdi vj thi ehi phu thufie vio mfit nude hogc mfit vii nudc, di md rfng quan he hgp tie trfn hau bet cic linh vue theo hudng da phuong hda, da dang-hda vdi cic nude tren thi gidi.
Nhin tdng quit, tinh hinh thi gidi nhflmg nam tdi di dupe Dgi hfii XII cua Ding nhgn djnh:
"Hoi binh, dfc lgp din tfic, din chu, hgp tic vi phat triln vln li xu thi Idn. Toin d u hda, hfii nhfp qudc tl, cich mgng khog hpc - efing nghf, kinh te tri thuc tilp tuc duge diy mgnh"'. Su hgp tic lifin kit qudc tl, nhflmg xu thi tfch cue tren thi gidi se tgo dilu kifn, ea hpi dl chdng ta tilp tgc phit huy nfii lue vi Igi thi so sinh, tranh thu ngogi lgc trong phit triln kinh t l - xa hpi cung nhu cung cd qudc phdng, an ninh.
Nhflmg nhin td thugn lgi cua ehfnh ngi luc Vift Nam cho phep nudc ta trong hai thip ky tdi cd thi khai thac tdi da eg hfii do phit trien KTTT hifn dgi vi toin clu hda tgo ra de day nhanh su nghifp efing nghifp hda, hien dgi hda dat nudc, thuc hifn dugc muc tieu sdm dua nude ta ca bin trd thinh nudc cfing nghifip theo hudng hifn dai.
2.2 NbOng thich thdc ldn ddi vd xdy dvng, biovirSijuSc
Thii nhat, phit trien nln KTTT djnh hudng XHCN ddi hdi ehfnh sich, thi che kinh t l va luit phip Viet Nam phii tuang thi'ch vdi cae lugt if, quy djnh quoc te vi khu vuc mi chiing ta di ky kit. Nhung phip luit, chinh sich nudc ta cdn thilu vi chua ddng bfi, ngudn luc trong nudc cdn hgn hep, cic doanh nghifp Vift Nam cdn ylu kem, ngudn nhin luc tuy dong nhung trinh dp thap... Dgi hpi XII cua Ding cdn nfiu ro:
"Bon nguy ca mi Ding ta da chi ra vln tdn tai, nhit li nguy ca tut hau xa hon vl kinh t l so vdi cic nude trong khu vuc vi trfin thi gidi; nguy CO "dien bien hda binh" cua thi lue thu dich nham chdng phi nude ta; tinh trgng suy thoai vl tu tudng chfnh tri, dao ddc, ldi sdng, nhflmg bieu hifn "tu dien biln", "tg ehuyen hda" trong mpt bfi phin ein bp, ding vien, efing chdc, vifn chdc; su tdn tai vi nhung diln biln phdc tap eua tf quan lieu, tham nhung, lang phf,..."* se cin trd Vift Nam vucm lfn tiln kip cic nudc trong khu vuc vi thi gidi. Dd ddng thdi cung li nhirng thich thdc rit ldn ddi vdi sg nghifp xiy dung, bio vf Td qudc trong giai doan mdi.
Thti bai, phit trien nln KTTT djnh hudng XHCN vi hfii nhfp qudc te, bupc ehung ta phii md eda thj trudng, thu hut diu tu true tilp nudc ngoii. v l bin chit, cie doanh nghifp trong nudc cung nhu doanh nghiep nudc ngoii lufin dit muc tieu cao nhat li lgi nhuan, khfing quan tam tdi viec dau tu, phit triln doanh nghifp cd anh hudng din qudc phdng, an ninh eua dit nudc nhu thi nio... Lam sao de Viet Nam vln thu hut dupe eac nhi diu tu ci nudc ngoii vi trong nudc mi khfing inh hudng xiu din qudc phdng, an ninh li mfit thich thdc khfing nhd.
Thiiba, phit triln nln KTTT hifn dgi vi toin clu hoi hifin nay vln li qui trinh do cic nude tu bin chu nghia phit trien i p dit luit chai vi cd lpi cho cic nudc dd. Cic nudc ldn se cd lgi thi ldn ban cic nudc nhd, Vift Nam cung nhu cic nudc nhd, ylu khic, nlu khdng tim cich hda giai thfch hgp se din din thua thift, lim tram trpng them cic vln dl kinh t l vi xi hfi, inh 12 I TAPCHfKINHTfvAQUANLYl 5620(12-2016)
*
hudng din su nghifp xay dung, bio vf To qudc.
Thit tu. phit triln KTTT hifn dgi vi toan d u hda se tilp tuc tgo ra su bat bmh dang, phan hda giiu ngheo ngiy cing tang giua cic bp phin din cu trong nudc. Cung vdi su phan hda giau ngheo la miu thuin trong xi hpi tang len, tao ra ap lgc ldn ve an ninh trgt tu, anh hudng den su nghifip xay dung, bio ve To qudc, ddi hdi Nhi nudc phii cd clunh sach dung din, phu hpp ve vln de nay.
Thti nam, phit trien nln KTTT dinh hudng XHCN vi hpi nhip qudc t l se chiu su tic dpng ngiy cing tang cua nhilu quy djnh cua khu vue vi toin d u . Cung vdi qui trinh dd, chu quyen qudc gia (theo quan niem cu) se bj thu hep, quyin luc nha nudc din tpc se giam di vi bj thay thi dan bing cic djnh chl qudc t l . Cie nudc tu bin ldn cd the lgi dung uu thi vl kinh t l vi ci sue mgnh quin su de gay sdc ep, bupc cic nudc dang phit triln phii theo cic khudn mlu mi cic nudc niy mudn. Vi vgy vln d l cic nude nhd, ylu lam the nio de vln bfii nhip, phit trien mi van giu duge quyin tg quylt, bin sic cua minh li nhflmg thich thuc rit ldn.
ThU siu. phit trien nln KTTT djnh hudng XHCN vi hfii nhip qudc t l vdi su md cua, ndi mgng thfing tin toin clu se tao dilu kifn cho giao luu vin hoi, tu tudng toin thi gidi. Di edng vdi tri thuc quy gia li nhflmg tu tudng phin dpng, van hoi ddi truy, su truyin bi hf tu tudng, quan diem chfnh trj bat Igi eho lgi fch qudc gia, vin hoi din tfic cd nguy eg bj bio mdn, bj ddng hoi bdi nln vin hoa khae, lim dio lfn cic gii trj truyin thdng... Nhflmg ylu td dd inh hudng rat xiu din su nghifp xiy dgng, bio vf Td qudc.
Thu biy, tinh trgng tgi phgm va tf ngn xi hpi i cung tang theo qui trinh phit trien KTTT vi hpi nhfp qudc tl. Nhflmg hoat dfing nhu bufin bin ma tuy, buon ban vu khi, bufin bin ngucri, nig tien. lim tien gii, tfii pham xuyfin qudc gia, tpi phgm cfing nghf eao... cung vdi cic td chdc tgi phgm md rpng hogt dpng rg toin clu, tan dung ci nhflmg tiln bp khoa hpc lan md cua bien gidi.
6 Vift Nam. nhflmg nim gin diy eung vdi su
phat trien giao luu quoc t l , hifn tupng ngudi nudc ngoii phgm tpi d Viet Ngm vi ngudi Vift Nam pham tpi d nudc ngoai deu tang lfn. Cung vdi tinh trang tpi phgm mang tfnh qudc tl, cic te ngn xa hpi trong nude cQng cd chilu hudng gia tang, inh hudng den xay dung, bao ve To qudc.
Phat trien KTTT djnh hudng XHCN, day manh bpi nhip qudc t l cd tic dpng nhilu chieu- den su phit trien kinh te - xa hpi cua Viet Nam.
Qui trinh dd vira tgo ra thdi co, cung tao ra nhflmg thich thuc trfin nhieu mat ddi vdi su nghifp xay dung, bao vf Td qudc. Dilu can chu y li: CO hpi d dgng tilm ning cdn thach thdc lufin hien hflru hing ngay, ca bfii khong tu nd bien thinh sue mgnh, nlu ca hpi khfing duge tin dung, khong bilt phit huy trong nhilu trucmg hgp se trd thinh thich thdc, cing lim eho su nghifp xiy dung, bio vf To qudc cua Chung ta khd khin hon. Cin quin triet vi thuc hien tdt quan diem cua Ding da nfiu trong Van kifn Dgi hpi XII: "Kit hgp chit che kinh te, vin hda, xa hfii vdi qudc phdng, an ninh vi qudc phdng, an ninh vdi kinh tl, vin hda, xa hpi trong tung chiln lupc, quy hoach, kl hogch phit triln kinh te - xa hpi, thu trpng vung siu, vung xa, bifin gidi, bien dao. Khic phue trift de nhflmg so hd, thilu sdt trong vifc kit hpp kinh t l vi qudc phdng, an ninh tai cie dja bin, nhit li dja bin chiln luge. Kit hgp chat che giua qudc phdng, an ninh vi ddi ngogi; tang eudng hpp tic qudc te ve qudc phdng, gn ninh"°
TAI Lifiu TH/a< KHAO
1. 3. 4. 5. 6) Ding Cqng sin Vi$t Nam: Vin lu?n Dai hQi dai bieu win quoc lin thiiXn, Nxb Cblnh ai quoc gia. H. u. 102-103.104.18,19.149
^ 21 Ding Cong sin Vi$t Nam: Vin ki^n Hqi nghi lanthiiSiuBan chip hinh Trung uong Ding i/ida K Nxb. Chinh tri quoc gia. H.2008, tr. 136-139.
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