KINH TE - VAN HOA DAC THU TRONG LICH 81

Tap chi Nghien ciJu va Phat tri^n, so 4 (102). 2013

VAN HOA - LICH SQ

SONG BA: GIAO LO CHINH TRI - KINH TE - VAN HOA DAC THU TRONG LICH 81/

Nguyen Hi?u Thong' I. Khai l u a n

Noi den mien Trung Viet Nam, chting ta khong the each ly cong dong Viet vdi nhiJng st^ kien lich SIJ", kinh te, van hoa..., von hien hiJu va hkn len dau an sau dam bdi nhiJng ldp ngUcfi tien trii. Tren ciXcfng viTc thifcfng diJcfc goi la vUOng quoc Champa/nUdc Chiem Thanh, thong thuoc tiT Deo Ngang den Nam Bo trong nhieu the ky, thifc ra, chifa tiTng dUctc van hanh mot each chinh danh vdi t\i each la mot bo may nha nifdc thong nhat tii nam chi bac, hay, mo hinh lien ket cac tieu quo'c/lanh dia/mandala/vijng mot each hoan chinh ben canh Dai Viet.

Chinh vi vay, khi nghien ciJu ve cau tnic xa hoi cua vifcfng quoc Champa, gidi hpc thuat da neu len va luan ban khong it nhi3ftg gia thiet khong ciing quan diem:

1. Dd la mot vijong quo'e thong nhat vdi mot bien nien sil lien tije (ngoai trii mpt vai thdi diem khdng ehap noi diJOc, bdi mat ban dau ticb va sil lieu), nhu chu trifong ciia mpt so' nha nghien cilu phtfcfng Tay thdi thuoc Phap.'"

2. ViTcfng quoc Champa cd eau true phu hgp vdi mo hinh mandala (sit ton tai dong thdi ciia cac tieu quoc) pho bien cf Dong Nam A co dai.'^'

3. VifOng quoc Champa dugc dieu hanh theo m6 hinh lien bang.'^*

Nhiing luan thuyet nghieng ve dang cau triic ton tai dong thdi cac mandala (tieu quoc - lanh dia - "Circle of Kings"), hay mo hinh lien bang 6 vilong quoc Champa c^, ngay cang cd ccf sd thuyet phuc va di/cfc gidi hpc gia hien dai thao luan nhieu hcfn.

Nhin tren toan canh til b&c den nam mien Trung, chting ta cd the hinh dung mpi boat dpng mang tinh ket noi v4 mat kinh te - van hda - xa hpi tCfng hien hilu tren vung dat nay, deu lien quan den nhieu tpc ngudi trong lich sil (Katuic,''*' Bahnaric,'^' Viet-Mudng,'^' Malayo Polynesie"'). Va cac cpng dong ay vin tiep ttjc ton tai cho den ngay nay.

Charles Wheeler khi nhan dinh ve nhiing mo thUe phd quat d mpt quoc gia duyen hai nhif Viet Nam, da nhan manh den mo hinh quan dao (Archipelago) dac trUng d mien Trung. Dd la sU dan xen ctia nhiing rang niii chong chat len nhau, phan tan va co lap dia hinh thanh nhtjfng "tiii dat" each biet.'^' Chinh song va mii d day, da tao ra nhu'ng dieu kien thuan loi cho b&'t cd the lUe nao muon chiem linh, phong thu, cat cd, tren nhiing dang "ttii duyen hai" ay.

• Phan vien Van hoa Nghe thuat Vi$t Nam tai Hue,

Tap chi Nghien ciiu va Phat tri^n, so 4 (102). 2013

Tj§'p thu anh hudng trong bdi canh chung ctja cdc quoc gia c8 dai vung Nam An va Dong Nam A; mien Trung Viet Nam trong dieu kien bien niii can ke, cdc tieu quS'c nffi day da tiep nhan vSn h(5a An thong qua con dU&ng hai thi^cfng. Tiif day, hp gia nhSp vdo mang ludi trao doi, mua ban..., tren mot dia bdn rpng Idn xuySn qudc gia (Ldo, Campuchia, Thdi, Myanmar...), Iien quan den ddi song nhieu tpc ngufdi c6 ngu6n goc khdc nhau. Tinh chat, quy m5, ddc diem cua hoat dpng ndy thay doi theo tUng thdi ky lich sil, nhUng, tuyen luu thong bao gid cung vdy. Cdc cila song, cang bien tCr Bdc Trung Bp cho den Nam Trung Bp Viet Nam, van ludn Id cdc ctia ngo quan trpng vd dpc quyen d khu vUc nay trong cdc hoat dpng giao thUdng vdi nhu'ng qudc gia ben ngodi thdi bay gid (An Do, Trung Hoa, Nhdt Bdn vd cdc vUdng quoc d Dong Nam A hai dao,..).

Trong dieu kipn ay, ai Idm chii cila cang, se Id ke ndm van menh cua viJng da't vd lanh dia lien quan den nd. Theo chtjng toi, day Id nguyen nhdn gay nen su phan lap cUdng vUc cua nhiing tieu quoc Champa trong nhieu the ky d vijng da't ndy.

Moi tieu vUPng qud'c/mandala dUtfc thdnh lap thudng dUa tren cd'u true tU tudng, tinh than, hay nhiing yeu to' dia ly mang tinh tdm linh nhU niii thieng (tupng tnmg than Siva); sdng thieng (tupng trung nU than Ganga, vd Siva); cda bien thieng (cang thi, noi giao dich budn bdn, trung tam thucfng mai); thdnh phd' thieng (ndi cU ngti cua vua, hodng tpc, trung tdm vUOng quyen); tid't thieng (ndi thd tU than linh va to tien, trung tam tin ngudng).'^'

Do dia hinh khdng thudn Ipi cho kinh te nong nghiep, cac cpng dong noi day lai cd cu hoi tiep xuc sdm vdi con dudng hai thucfng lien qudc gia tCf dpi ngii thuong nhan An vd cdc vUcfng quoc anh hudng An d Ddng Nam A, the nen, vai tro cdc cang thi d mien Trung thdi ba'y gid trd thdnh quan trpng vd quyet dinh sti hien hilu, vi the vd sUc sd'ng cua cdc tieu quo'c.'"" Vi vdy, he thong song ngdi d day Id thuy 16 huyet mach, ket nd'i thi trUdng san vat phong phu (hUcfng lieu, dUdc lieu, gia vi) . vd ca no le tii mien mii vd cao nguyen phia tdy, tham gia vao boat dpng hdng hai lien qud'c gia thdng qua cdc cda cang."" Chinh boat dpng ndy Idm nen silc manh mpi mdt cho cac tieu qud'c thong linh dia ban noi chung di qua. Nhiftig ddng chay Idn, nhd, do tU tay sang ddng dam tlupng chdc nang thUdng Id, vd hinh trung, da trd thdnh chie'c cau nd'i ket trong boat dong giao lUu ve mdt ngon ngU, vdn hda, phong tuc, tin ngudng... giUa ciT dan mien xudi vd mien ngugc; giiia dpi ngu thUPng nhan, thUdng Idi ven bien vdi cU dan nong nghiep phia mii.

Ben canh he song Thu Bon vdi cang thi Hdi An d phia bac, Sdng Ba do'i vdi dia ban Nam Trung Bp dd tCmg ddng mpt vai trd quan trpng vd diln hinh, tie qua dd, chiing ta co the lan tim, vd nhan dien nhieu va'n de lien quan den lich sd - kinh te - vdn hda viing da't mien t r u n g Viet Nam.

II. Song Ba - Tuf ranh gidi vung den khu d?m trong boi canh cua moi quan h^ gJSa cac tieu quoc lan cgln

Cd chieu ddi 374km, Sdng Ba bdt nguon til phia tay bdc tinh Kon Tum, d dp cao 1.540m tren day Ngpc Rd. Day Id mot con song trUdc khi dd vl xudi da cd sU gdp mat cua mpt he thd'ng nhUng phu luu, vat qua nhieu viing, nhieu tinh

Tap chi Nghi&n cu'u va Phat trien, so 4 (102). 2013

d Tay Nguyen. Theo hudng b^c-nam, ddng sdng trai minh qua cdc huyen Kon Plong cua tinh Kon Tum rdi den K'Bang, Dak Po, An Kh%, Kdng Chro, la Pa, Ayun Pa thudc tinh Gia Lai. Til dd, Sdng Ba chuyen sang hudng tay b^c-ddng nam, qua huyen Krdng Pa (Gia Lai), rdi vdo dia phdn tinh Phu Yen theo hUdng tay-ddng, lam thdnh ranh gidi tU nhien giOa Stfn Hda vd Sdng Hinh, giiia San Hoa vd Tay Hda, giUa Tay Hda vd thdnh phd Tuy Hda, rdi dd ra Bien Ddng d cila bien Dd Dien - phia nam thanh phd' Tuy Hda.

Chinh vi siJ trai rpng lam nen mpt lUu vUc bao gdm ca Gia Lai, Kon Tum va phan phia ddng bdc cua Ddk Ldk, cho nSn, trudc khi mang ten chinh thdc la Sdng Ba/Da Rdng, cdc phu liJu quan trpng nd'i kdt Id Ayun, Krdng H'Ndng, Sdng Hinh.., da lam nen mpt h§ tuydn thuy 16, nd'i ket nhieu vimg, xuyen qua dia ban cU trtj cua nhieu toe ngUdi - la con dUdng ldm n§n cdc md'i giao liTU tren nhieu mdt.

Vai trd cua thiiy Id d dia hinh midn Trung Viet Nam, cd the khdng phai la mpt 16 trinh thuan Igi cho thuyen, b6, thong sudt td tdy sang ddng. ThUdng thi cdc ddng chay d vimg thugng luu phai trai qua nhiing thdc ghenh hiem trd.

Nhung, tUu trung, dd vdn la loi ddn tu nhien, de con ngUdi nUcfng theo hai b§n bd song, tao nen Id'i mon tren bp, sdp ddt nhitag tram trung chuyen trong cdc thucfng vu trao ddi hang hda.

G. Hickey da tdng xem An Khe la mdt vi tri thUUng mai quan trpng, md ra md'i quan he cua viing nay vdi ngUdi Ba Na, Gia Rai, E De. Tac gia cho rang, Sdng Ba rdt cd the Id con dUdng xdm nhdp vdo mien niii (thdng Id ddng-tdy - NHT); deo An Khe cdn duge ggi la "Deo Mang" ma theo each gpi ctia ngUdi Ba Na, ngi? nghia cua dia danh nay la "ngang qua cda"."^' Nhu vay, cda ngd nd'i lien duyen hai Nam Trung Bp vdi midn niii nhU cdch nhdn dinh cua Hickey, da cd md'i lien ket quan trpng vdi nhdnh Krdng Pa chay qua noi nay. Ndi mpt each khdc, S6ng Ba ngoai vai trd la thuy 16, eon la noi ddn nhan mpt dia Ip quan trpng cua viing Tdy Nguyen la An Kh§ trong nhilu md'i quan he: "An Khe co dang mgt hinh chU nhat ddi, theo hiidng bdc-nam, mgt bi 50km, bi kia 34km;

Song Ba chdy xuyin sud't chiiu ddi cda no... phia nam, cao nguyen An Khe ha ddn xudng thung lung trung lUu Song Ba vd hoa Idn vdi ddng b&ng".^^^^

Cd thd thaiy su thuan Igi mang tinh cda ngd cua Sdng Ba n6'i ket miln Trung vdi Tay Nguyen khi: "Bi tii thung lUng trung litu Song Ba, tie ddy theo hudng bdc di udo cao nguyen An Khe vd theo hudng tdy bdc di vdo cao nguyen Jarai, trong khi theo cdc thung lUng Sdng Hin [Hinh] vd Song Ndng [Krdng H'Ndng], hai nhdnh ben hUu ngan Song Ba thi co thi di vdo cao nguydn DaWac".'"'

Nhin tr6n ban dd phan bd' ngdn ngd dan tpc vd dia ban eU tni tpc ngUdi hien nay, chung ta thay Sdng Ba vd cdc phu lUu cua nd dd chdy xuyen qua nhilu vung, lam nen m6t giao Id thdng thUtfng vdi nhilu tpc ngudi quan trpng va cd vai trd rat Idn trong nhu'ng hoat ddng giao thuong td thdi co dai. Tren thUe te, dau ngudn Song Ba vd ngay ca trung luu eua ddng sdng nay, chinh Id dia bdn cU tni lau ddi cua ngUdi Gia Rai va E De - nhiMg tpc ngUdi ed mdi quan he rd't gan vdi ngUdi Chdm ve mat ngdn ngd cung nhU lich sd. H. Maitre da tdng nhan xet trong tac pham Les Jungles Moi rkng: "Chdc chdn ngudi Jarai luon co xich mich vai ngUdi Chdm md hdn hg da phdi nhiCgng bg, khdng phdi la khong co

Tap chi NghiSn cilu va Phdt Irifo, sd 4 (102). 2013

chi^n ddu d vung ddt veil biin Id nai hg vdn canh tdc tii xa xita co thi nay la Phu Yen".'^-" G. Masp^ro trong cong trinh Le Royaume de Champa cung tCtog CO nhan dinh tucmg tU: "TrtXdc khi chiu thdt bai vd riit sdu vdo noi dia tdi cdc cao nguy&n hg dang d hi^n nay, rdt c6 thi hg (ngudi Jarai} Id nhdng ngiidi dugc ngiidi Chdm ggi la Mada trong vdn khdc".'^^' Hay -Mgt bg lac khdc ciing tgc vdi nguai Jarai vd hien nay dugc biit dudi t&n ggi Rode [ngu&i E De] cung rdt manh va rdt hieu chiin; c6 thi [hp] cung dd thdnh ldp dugc mpt hodc nhieu tiiu qudc, Ihgin chi cd thic6 luc thdng nhdt vdi ngudi Jarai. Ngudi Rade dugc ngudi Chdm ggi Id Randaiy... vd [hp] cdng dd tdng tiin hdnh nhi^u cudc chiin ddu chdng lai nhttng ngudi anh em cU cda minh nay dd trd thdnh k§ xdm luge trudc khi rdi bd viing veil biin len ty ngn tren viing niii vd cav nguy&n Darlac"."^'

Tren linh viic nhan hpc vSn h6a, dia bin thuong ngu6n Song Ba chinh la noi c6n bao liAj nhieu dau an co xUa cua nhiJng too ngu&i Nam Dao,"*' khong chi c6 quy mo ve dan so, cau true xa hpi va dia ban cU tru ap dao so vdi cac tpc ngucfi can cU, ho c6n la chii nhan vk hinh thanh mot the lUc hiing manh a phia tay"*" - ciJa ngo noi ket vdi cufa bien quan trpng d Nam Trung Bo qua dong Song Ba.

III. Dau a n va h i ^ n tvCdng li^5ng p h a n t r o n g lich siif-van hoa Champa tU b a n le Song Ba

1. Ludng phdn cUcfng vi/c

can Cli tren lap luan duoc nhilu hpc gia thCra nhan hien nay, vung da't ma sil heu gpi 14 vUOng quoc Champa trong lich sur, luon diln ra mpt chuoi nhfflng xao tron, phan Iy, thong tri, anh hudng, chuyen dich... giiJa cdc trung tam va the lilc vUPng quyen. NhQUg bie'n co S'y thucfng xuyen xuat hien vao nhieu thdi diem khac nhau qua hang chuc the' ky.

Md ra chien tranh xam luoc hoSc bi the lUc khac xam luoc thong tri; Su phat trien dot bien ciia mpt tieu vCing, roi triim anh hudng ciia minh len nliiJng vimg khac; Su yeu di va bi thon tinh cua mot lanh dia von rat hung manh trUdc do; Su doi ddi nhu'ng khu trung tam vung bdi nhieu ly do. Dd la tat ca nhCtng gi da Iam cho mach bi ky cua chinh ngudi Cham cung nhu nhUng sd lieu cua Trung Quoc thdi cd dai, thudng mo ta ve vung da't nay co nhiing khoang ddt doan, mil md, khd giai thich..'^"' Cung vi the, khong mpt luan cuf nao trd thanh ket Iu4n ve chan dung mpt vuang quo'c cd chung bien gidi phia nam vdi Dai Viet trong sud't nhieu the ky.

Vung da't chung ta thudng gpi 14 Champa, thuc ra, trong cac tu lieu cd da tdng ton tai 3 ten gpi theo tuyen lich dai do la: Ldm Ap, Hodn Vuang, Chiem Thanh. Rieng trong bi ky ChSm, thi mai den dau the ky VII trong van khac cua bia Sambhuvarman mdi bat dau xua't hien tCi Champa vdi npi dung ca ngoi vua Vikrantavarman la dai vuong, lanh chua to'i cao cua dd thi Champa (khong phai la vuong qudc Champa - NHT), mic du, hp vdn da cd mat tir the ky II sau Cdng nguyen.

Ngo van Doanh_ trong cong trinh viet ve Van hoa co Champa nhan dinh rang: khdng phai ngSu nhien ma vi vua dUdc coi la cd uy quyen Idn nha't cua Champa vao the ky VII la Vikrantavarman, chi dam xUng la dai vUcfng hay

Tap chi Nghi&n ctiu v^ Ph^t triln, so 4 (102). 2013

lanh chua tdi cao cua d6 thi Champa (Campapura). Theo tdc gia thi: "Trong giai dog.n ddu tien ndy cua lich sit Champa, cdc tiiu vUang qudc phia bdc dac biet Id Ldm Ap giit vai tro chil dao. Vi the co thi ggi giai dogn ddu cua lich si?

Champa la lich su" cua nhd nUdc Ldm Ap".'^"

TU sau nam 749, khi Rudravarman cd sd bp sang trieu cdng phUPng Bdc, thi tdn Lam Ap khdng cdn xud't hien trong sd sdch Trung Qude nda. NhU vay, eho den the ky thd VII, neu cdn ed vao bi ky Chdm ndi ve Vikrantavarman nhu vUa neu, thi khu vUc dupc gpi Id Champa, chi cd the dugc xde dinh ndm d phia Bdc Chdm. Ta't nhien, khdng loai trd kha ndng lien ket cdc lanh dia, tieu qud'c trong vung ndy, k l ca Lam Ap trUde dd, de hinh thanh mdt nude Idn hdn, ndm dpc ddng bdng ven bien mien Trung. Chung khdng qud xa nui Vikrantavarman duge tdn vinh la dai vUOng hay Idnh chua tdi cao cua vung Campapura (Amaravati, Indrapura va Vijaya sau nay), md tren dia ly hdnh chinh hien nay la td Quang Binh den Binh Dinh.

Theo Tdn Dudng thU, thi sau nien hidu Chi Ddc (ndm 756-758), Lam Ap khdng cdn dugc nhac den, md vung da't nay mang mot ten mdi Id Hodn Vuong.

Chung ta liJU y rdng, sU xudt hien ten hieu mdi ndy, tUOng dng vdi thdi ky eac vung phia nam cua Vijaya dugc xUng danh. Bdi hon mot the' ky cua lich sd Champa sau dd, thieu vang hdn cdc bi ky d phia Bac Chdm, nhUng lai xua't hien dam ddc d phia Nam Cham (chu yeu Id d Kauthara va Panduranga). G.

Maspero dd gan trilu dai mdi ndy la thai ky Hodn Vuong va thdi ky bd quyen cua vung vuang qud'c phia nam d Panduranga (758-859).'^^'

Td nam 875, bi ky cda Champa lai xua't hien trd lai d Bde Cham (Ddng Dupng-Quang Nam) va Tdn Dudng thu lai nhac den vung dat ndy vdi ten mdi la Chiem Thdnh.

Trong giai doan ngUdi Trung Qud'c ndi ve nUdc Chiem Thdnh, ehung ta thay cd su dich chuyen trung tam tU Indrapura den Vijaya (988-1177), ca hai deu ndm trong vung Bac Cham. Ddy cung Id giai doan noi len sU kien vua Jaya Paramesvaravarman d Vijaya, Bdc Cham, phai duang dau vdi ngudi Chiem, Nam Cham (Panduranga). Chinh quyIn d Panduranga "ludn ludn ndi day, chdng lai nhd vua [d Vijaya] vd khdng thiCa nhgn phia Bdc"}'^^^

Trung tam Vijaya sau cupc ta'n cdng cda Ly Thanh Tdn (ndm 1069), hau het sd lieu khdng cdn nhdng thdng tin gi rd rdng vl ndi tinh Chiem Thanh nda.

Tuy nhien, theo L. Finot cdn cd tren bi ky My Sdn, thi sau sU kien nay, hien tugng phan lap cdc tieu qud'c eua Chiem Thanh cang sau sdc hon rat nhieu.'^'*' Vdi nhdng ddn chdng vda neu, ehung tdi mudn ndi rang: Da tdn tai trong lich sd Champa mpt su phan cUc bdc-nam khd rd net. Tinh chat lUdng phan/

ludng cUc d day vdn tdng tdn tai tren thUc te va diln ra trong nhilu thdi ky. Xet td quan diem cau true xa hdi Champa nhu nhieu gia thiet da bdn den, thi "Vuang qudc Champa thUc chdt Id stX lien kit gida cdc cdng qudc nho lai vdi nhau vd cdng qudc ndo manh thi se ndm ui tri bd quyin..".'•'^^'^ Renee Hagesteign goi la sU ket hgp, phan ly, lien ket gida cdc "Circles of Kings".'^^' Hay nhu J. C. Heesterman quan niem, dd la cd'u true lien quan den sii lien minh, lien ket, canh tranh, gida cac th6' life chinh tri vdi su gidp dd hau thudn cua cdc lUe lugng tdn giao.

Tap chf Nghidn ciiu vh Phdt triln, s6' 4 (102). 2013

De td dd, vi Idnh tu se thiet lap khu trung tam vdi mdt thuc the chinh tri, vd xung quanh dng ta la mdt h§ thd'ng cdc thilt chd tuong dng.'"' Chinh sU xuyen suot cua hien tugng ludng phan trong vung dd't dugc ggi vdi nhieu cdi ten kh^c nhau: Lam Ap, Hodn Vuong, Chiem Thanh, Champa, chung ta thd'y rd dan khdi niem Bdc Chdm va Nam

Sa dS 1. Ludng phSn cuong vi^c Nam Cham - BSc Cham ^, ' , ^

^ thuc the ma cdc nhd nghign cdu thudng nhac den khi ndi vl vUcfng qud'c nay.

2. LU&ng phan thi tgc

Trong nhilu sd lieu cung nhU truyen thuyet ddn gian lan bi ky, cd mdt thdng tin dugc lap lai mang tinh xdc quyet nhieu lan, dd Id tpc ngUdi Chdm phan lap thanh 2 thi tpc (c6 tdi lieu dung Id bp lac hay bp tpc):

"Ngudi Chdm chi co d miin Trung Viet Nam vd ngudn gdc cua ngUdi Chdm xudt phdt tic bd lgc Kramuka Vams'a (theo bi ky chiZ Phgn) con ggi Id bg tdc Cau vd bd lgc Narikela Vams'a (theo bi ky cha Phgn) con ggi Id bg lgc Ddo. Hai bg lgc ndy cU tru td Qudng Nam din Thudn Hdi ngdy nay vd xudt hiin vdo thdi ky vdn hda Sa Huynh. Vdo ddu Cdng nguyin, bg lgc Narikela Vams'a (bg lgc Dda) chiu dnh hudng sdu sdc Bd La Mdn gido vd ldp ra vixong qudc Champa • kinh dd ddu tiin cua Champa Id Simhapura (den ddi, thdnh quack con dugc lUu ton tgi Idng Tra Kieu, thudc huyen Duy Xuyin, tinh Qudng Nam ngdy nay). Tic giai dogn ndy den giai dogn tiip theo la sU xudt hiin ciia vuong trieu Panduranga (xudt hien vdo thiky XIH vd IX sau Cdng nguyen vdi 6 ddi vua lien...V^^^

Mdt tdi lieu khdc neu:

"Trong xd hgi Chdm trudc ddy,'^^' chung ta thdy co hai thi tdc Cau (Pindng) vd thi tgc Dica (Li-U) hay khdi thuy co le Chiim Thdnh gom nhieu tieu qudc bdn dgc lap vd phong kien. Hai bd lgc dugc ghi nhdn cd uy thi han cd Id

Tap chi Nghien ciJu vS Ph^t triln, s6' 4 (102). 2013

"thi tdc Cau" vd "thi tdc DUa". Ddn Chdm hUng khdi dugc, la nhd sU ddng nhdt vi tilp tuc vd dd cd trin danh nghia han Id thuc ti mdt dng vua thdng linhV^^'

G. Coedes da cho chdng ta biet duge chdng tich cua hai thi tdc Cau (Kramuka Vams'a) vd thi tdc Dda (Narikela Vams'a) xud't hien trong bi ky cua Harivarman IV d My Sdn (bia My San Xn).*^^'

Trong cupc thdo luan vdi G. Masp6ro, J. Boisselier cung da dl cdp din hai thi t6c nay. J. Boisselier kh6ng ddng y gan Hodn Vuang vdi Panduranga hay thi t6c Cau.'32)

L. Finot trong mdt tdi lieu cua minh cung cd nhac den mdt hodng than ten la Thau vdi sU giup dd cua ngUdi em la hoang than Pau, da mang lai cho Champa sU phuc hdi. Hoang than Thau tu hao la cha dng thupc tpc Dda (Narikela Vams'a) va me dng thudc hp Cau"^' (Kramuka Vams'a) dd Idn ngoi vdi danh hieu Id Harivarman IV.

Su tdn tai cija hai thi tpc Cau vd Dda, khdng chi cd trong truyln thuyet, ma la mpt thuc td' hien hdu d nhdng ngudn tai lieu ddng tin cay nhdt la bi ky eua ngudi Chdm. Vdn de 6 day la khdng gian sinh tdn cua hai thi tdc dy trong lich sd ? Vd tai sao ddu d'n thi tpc lai duge nhdc d§'n mpt cdch dam ndt trong nhdng hoat dpng vugt khdi pham vi ddng ho huyet thd'ng, vd li6n hd kh6ng nhd den nhdng su kien chinh tri lich sd cua ca trieu dai?

3. Li£&ng phan dong doi

Ngdy nay trong viee thd cung to tien, ngudi Cham cung cd hai ddng td ti§n. Td tien ddng Nui (Atau Chok) vd to tien ddng Bien (Atau TEIXI).

Nghi thdc thd cung to tien thupc ddng Bien tien hdnh cdu ky va phien todi ban viec thd cung td tien thupc ddng Nui. Day co phai la sd bie'n dang cua hai thi tdc Cau vd Dda?

Phai chdng td tien dong Nui trUde day thupc thi tdc Cau vd td tidn ddng Bien thupc thi tdc Dda ma thi toe Cau thudc tang ldp binh dan (Bai la oa hoa hawai [Dan cay k6o roil) cdn thi tdc Dda thupc tang ldp hoang phdi quy tpc (Kha patao bmao muh [g6'c vua mu vdng])?"'*'

"Ngdy nay, nhdng vi chiic sdc Bd La Mdn, nhdng ngudi "Chdm Rdt"

(Chdm gdc) vd nhdng ngUdi thudc dong hodng tdc diu kiing udng nUdc dda vd dn dda. Dieu ndy c6 thi liin he din su kieng cd mang tinh chdt "td tem" cda ngudi Chdm Rdt, ngudi hodng tdc vd dong hg Pindng con thdy phd biin d ngUdi Rang Klai (Rdc Klay), mdt nhdm Chdm nui. Phdi chdng nhdng ngUdi Rang Klai [Ra Giai- NHT] mang hg Pindng Id di due ctia thi tdc Cau xa xUa".'^^'

Truyln thuyet lien quan den tdng ldp binh dan vl cdy cau va tang ldp hodng tpc cay dda deu cd chung m6t mdu hinh. Dieu ndy phai chdng dd phan dnh su tra'n tri dd'i vdi cde tilu qudc/ldnh dia trong lich sd Chdm, khdng chi nam trong tay tang ldp hodng tdc Cham Rat, ma vdn cd nhdng tieu qudc, ngUdi Idnh dao thudc tang ldp xud't than thupc nhdm nui - binh dan.

Nhdng suy luan vda n§u khien chung t6i lien tudng den mpt dang logic gan ket nhdng hien tugng phdn cue tren Idnh dia dugc ggi Id vUdng qudc Champa, md d dd, mdi cUc deu cd md'i lien he trung khdp cd the tim gap tren nhieu dang tU lidu.

Tap chi Nghi§n ciiu va Phit trien, s6' 4 (102). 2013

Ten t h | tpc/

bp l^c/bp tQC T h | tgc Dda [Narikela Vams'a]

[LI-U]

Thupc d o n g tgc Ddng Bl&'n [Atau Taxi]

(Cham bidn]

D^ng cd'p xa hpl Quy tpc [Cham Rdt]

[Kha patao bmao muh]

(Gdc vua mu vSng)

K h d n g gian tri/c thupc Amaravati

Indrapura Vijaya

Ci/cfng VLfc

B^c Cham

Thj tpc Cau [Kramuka Vams'a]

[ P I N A N G ]

Ddng Nui [Atau Chok]

[Cham niii]

Blnh dan [Bai la oa hoa hawai]

(Dan cdy k^o roi)

Kauthara Panduranga Sd do 2. Ludng phSn thj tpc va ddng ddi

rV. Song Ba - Hoa Anh, dau hoi t\i nhu'ng khoang trong trong lich suf Khoang trdng d sa dd 1 chinh Id khdng gian dugc dinh vi td deo Cu Mdng den Ddo Ca ndm trong dia phan Phu Yen bay gid. Dd cung chinh la khoang trdng ve nhieu mat, nhieu giai doan, trong sd lieu iSn bi ky Chdm, trai ddi gan ca thien nien ky (the ky VI den the' ky XIV).

Nhin td gde dp khao cd hgc, di tich trong khu vtic Nui Bd (nay thupc th6n My Thanh D6ng, xd Hda Phong, huyen Tay Hda, tinh Phu Yen) d vung trdng tren sg dd, da tdng ton tai vd trai qua mdt thdi gian khd ddi. Mac du, khu din thdp An Dp giao d Nui Bd dugc xac dinh vdo khoang td the' ky XJII den the ky XV: "Khong chi cdc tdc phdm nghe thudt md tdi lieu bia ky cdng cho chung ta nien dgi tuang dng (ndm 1333 saka tdc ndm 1411 sau Cdng nguyen)".^^^'

Tuy nhien, theo H. Parmentier nhdng hien vat duge tim thay d Nui Bd cdn cd nhdng chdng cd xa xua hdn di tich Nui Bd, chdng han nhU phien da't nung ed hinh Phat ngdi va chd phia sau. Theo tdc gia cd mdt cau lien quan den Phat gido "Ya Dharma vd bd'n ddng chd thudc the' ky 6 Saka (the ky VI-VII Cdng nguyen)".

Tdc gia J. Boisselier da xep bdc phu dieu da't nung d Phude Tinh ndy vao nhdm nhdng bdc tugng Phat giao Champa thupc thdi ky trUdc the ky VII.'^^'

Trong Iuc nhdng hi§n vat dugc phdt hien d Nui Ba trai ddi nhilu the ky nhu da neu, thi mot di tich quan trpng khdc la Thdnh Hd (xa An Nghiep, thi tran Phu Hda, huyen Phu Hda, tinh Phu Yen) lai duge phan Idn cdc nhd khao cd cho rdng chung dugc xay dUng khoang the ky XIH-XV vd dugc sd dung Hen ttJc cho de'n cudi the' ky XVI.

Nhu vay, chinh ndi day da tdng la dia diem ndm trong vung anh hudng cua Bdc Chdm hodc cua Nam Cham; mpt khu dem gida hai lanh dia nay. Vd phai chdng, sau dd thupc nude Hoa Anh trong hon mpt the ky?

0 day, chung ta cung can chu y he di tich Champa ndm sau vl phia tay, doe Song Ba len de'n eac chi lUu d vung thugng ngudn nhU thdp Yang Prong, dugc xay diTng nen bdi Jaya Simhavarman III. H. Maitre khi phat hien nhdng tudng thdnh d Yang Prong, da cho rang, thanh dugc ngUdi Cham xay len nhU

Tap chi Nghien cdu va Phat trien, so 4 (102). 2013

mdt bien phap bao ve thdp khi ehUa bi cupc chie'n tranh vdi vua Lda va vua Nudc.'^^' H. Parmentier xem di tich ndy dUde xdy dung td dau the ky XIV theo phong cdch Pyramidal Art (nghe thuat kim tu thdp), dang thdp thudc giai doan thd hai trong ti6'n trinh my thudt Chdm.'^^' Trong luc dd, thdp Yang Mum d Cheo Reo (Gia Lai) canh sdng Ayun (mdt chi luu cua Sdng Ba) dugc J. Boisselier danh gia cao vl mdt nghe thudt vd ggi dd la phong cdch Yang Mum, chiu khd nhieu anh hudng nghe thuat Khmer."'*"' Ngodi ra, edn ed rat nhieu nhdng di tich khdc nam dpc cdc chi luu thudc thugng ngudn Sdng Ba nhu Kodo Ruin (phe' tich vung Kodo d nam Kon Tum).'^" Thdp Bmong Yang, Rong Yang (Kon Tum),'"^' di tich d Idng Phuong Hoa (Kon Tum) canh sdng Bla.'^^' Di tich Pxat Yang Glon (lang md tugng than vi dai) d ddo ChU S6 (Kon Tum),''*^' di tich Tieu nang Bia (giudng cua la Bia).<^^'

Dac biet trong cdng trinh "Nhdng nghidn cdu d vung Champa" J. Dournes cho biet: "Thdp Yang Mum a thugng nguSn Sdng Ba trin dia phdn Gia Lai-Kon Tum, ngudi Jarai ggi thdp ndy theo ngdn ngUcua minh Id Ya H'mum xudt phdt td Rcom H'mum, tin bd td cua bg lgc Rcom cda ngudi Jarai".'^'^^^

Nhu vay, nhilu di tich vdn hda Chdm ndm khd sau vl phia tay, rai rdc khdp Tay Nguydn vd ddc biet xua't hien d nhdng phu lUu dau ngudn hay hai ben bd Sdng Ba eho den vung ha luu. Dieu ndy chdng td trong lanh dia cua ngUdi Gia Rai, E De, da tdn tai dd'u vet Cham. Vd, ngUdi Chdm eung da tdng cd nhdng sU dung dp vdi ngudi Gia Rai, E De trong vung.

Ly giai van dl tren, chung ta cd t h i loai suy td hai sU kidn: Hodc vung da't ndy da tdng cd thdi ky ngudi Cham thd'ng tri; bode tren con dUdng giao thuong qua nai nay, thuang nhdn Chdm vdi nhdng mdn Igi kech xu, da xay dung nhiftig den thdp de ta an than linh.

Dieu chung ta cd the khang dinh duge la eon dUdng giao thuong huyet mach d thugng ngudn Sdng Ba, cda ngd quan trpng nd'i cang bien Da Dien vdi khu vifc Tay Nguyen, ludn phai di qua lanh dia cua ngUdi Gia Rai, E De, Ba Na..., noi ed nhung td chdc xd hdi dua tren t h i n quyIn va du thifc luc nhu Thuy Xd, Hda Xa. Rd rang, day Id mot lUc lugng quan trpng, quyd't dinh sU thudn Igi hay khd khan tren con dUdng giao thuang, lien quan din nhilu the lUc chi phoi nam sau ve phia tay.

Cho ndn, ndi de'n thi trUdng trao ddi rdng Idn nd'i Tdy Nguyen vdi cda eang, thong qua ngudn thuy Id Sdng Ba, khdng the khong tirih de'n SLf chi phdi cua mdt lUc lugng quan trpng d vung thugng ngudn.

Cdn cd tren tinh phdn cue vda di cap d trin, luu vile Sdng Ba ndm trong vdng ddt Phu Yin hdm. nay, chinh Id mdt giao Id liin quan den quyin lai cua 3 thi lUc Bde Chdm • Nam Chdm vd Thuy Xdl Hoa Xd, do Id chUa hi din nhdng thdi ky chiim cd cua ngudi Khmer hay Java.

Su manh len eua mpt trong ba t h i luc d'y cd the tao nen anh hudng, mang tfnh khuynh lodt trum len hai the lUc con lai trong tdng thdi ky nhdt dinh.

Chinh vi the, nhdng di tich lien quan den Champa eua ca trung tam phia bac (Indrapura hay Vijaya), lan phia nam (Kauthara, Panduranga) deu cd co hpi hien dien d vung da't ndy.

Tap chi Nghi&n cdu vli Phat triln, sd 4 (102). 2013

- Kauthara

Tuy nhien, cdn ban thi ddy van Id mpt vung dem, mpt lanh dia, mdt trung tam trao ddi c^ng sinh cua nhilu the lUc, it ra Id trUdc khi c6 dd'u chan cua dodn quan cua Le Thdnh Tdn (th§' ky XV). d ddy, chung ta cd the nhdn thay diem giao Ip quan trgng chinh Id Cung Sdn, nai cd Thdnh Hd vd cdc di tich Chdm thudc nhieu thdi ky khdc nhau, xud't hi$n vd phdn bd rai rdc khdp ndi.

Chung ta cd the nhdn dign yeu to' cdng sinh cua nhilu the lUc d Phu Yen qua sa dd sau:

Ddy cung Id cdch ly giai tai sao

^^^^^f'^ vung dd't Phu Yen trong sd lieu

; . , _, cua Trung Qud'c lan bi ky Chdm ' Aniaravaii "^"^ khong nhdc den ro rang,

- viiaya * °'^° ^^ ^""^ ngoai trd cdi ten Hoa Anh Qud'c EDe n cd td thdi nhd Le; hay Ayaru,

.j_i^, j^. w _ Mon-du/Mdn Ddc Qud'c..'••" ma HfiaXii ^'^^^^ A "ciifasongBa mpt so' tdc gid dd tdng dl cap mpt cdch mu md, thieu tu lieu thuyet phuc. Phdm nhdng vdng DGO Ca (Jat khdng thd'ng thudc mdt vUOng - Panduranga qy5'(, ^^Q^ J-JJJ g^ ^ g ^ thUdng rd't it nhdc de'n hay md ta nhdng sU NAM CHAM ki^" cy *^^' ^^ ei^i sd gia duang

—— thdi thudng chu muc de'n cde Sd do 3 Cac the It/c chi phoi vCing hg nguon Sdng vUPng qud'c dang bi thd'ng thupc

Ba tgi Phtj Yen tri/dc the kJ- XV hodc chiu anh hudng.

Ndm 1471, vua Le Thdnh Tdn cua Dai Viet dem qudn chinh phat Champa, chiem Vijaya, bat vua Ban La Tra Todn. Bien gidi Viet md rdng den deo Cu Mdng. "Sau khi Trd Todn bi bdt, tUdng cda hdn Id Bo Tri Tri chgy den Phien Lung (Phan Rang ngdy nay) chiem ddt dy xung Id Chiem Thanh, Bo Tri lay duge 1/5 ddt cua nude Chiim, sai sd xUng thdn, nop cdng dugc phong vUang.

Vua Igi phong cho cd Hoa Anh vd Nam Bdn gdm 3 nude de rdng bugcV'^^' Trong Phd biin tgp luc, Le Quy Don cung nhdc den sU kien nay: "Thdng 2 [ndm Hong Ddc thd 2, 1471] ddnh phd Chd Bdn [Vijaya - NHT]. Qudn Thudn Hoa bdt sdng dugc Trd Todn. Tudng nUdc dy Id B6 Tri chgy den Phan Lung (vung Phan Rang ngdy nay) gid ddt dy xUng vUang, chi con dUgc 2/5 ddt nUdc, sai ngUdi vdo cdng. Ben pliong Bo Tri Id C/iiim Thdnh Vuang, lai phong Hoa Anli Vuang vd Nam Bdn Vuang, chia ldm 3 nudc".^'^^'

Sd phan cua vung da't dem (Phu Yen ngay nay), luc ndy trd thdnh trung tam trao ddi cdng sinh cua 3 the luc:

1. Chiem Thdnh Id the lUc chdng dd'i Dai Viet, thao chay vdo trung tdm Panduranga vd Kauthara;

2. Hoa Anh la nude chiu anh hudng cua nhd Le, noi quan Dai Viet da tdng chiem ddng, nhung, cd the do chUa thuan Igi, Le Thdnh Tdn chi dimg lai d day mdt lanh dia phu thupc rdi rut vl dia gidi Cu Mdng;

3. Nam Ban thudc quyen kiem soat cua nhdng thd' life phia tay (Thuy Xd - Hda Xa), chu yeu la ngUdi Gia Rai vd E D6: "Li Thdnh Tdng ddnh Chiim Thdnli,

Tap chi Nghi&n cu'u va Fh^t triln, s6' 4 (102). 2013

chiim ldy ddt ndy [Phu Yen] ddt ldm huyin Tuy Viin, ldy nui Thgcli Bi ldm gidi hgn nhUng td deo Cu Mdng vi nam cdn thugc vi ngudi Man, ngUdi LgoV^'^'

Nhu vdy, cdn cd tren sd lieu Dai Viet, ehung ta thay vung dd't Phu Yen thdi Ld Thanh Tdn da dugc dinh vi khd ro n^t, mdc du, sa dd phdn lap vung anh hudng trong thdi gian d'y da cd nhdng thay ddi ddng k l (Sa dd 4).

Hoa Anh Qudc, ngodi mot vdi sd j. lieu nhdc tdi nhU vda neu, hau nhu

| | s . khdng cdn mdt ddng ddc ta chi tiet

^*' ^'^^ ndo. Va'n de ndy, theo chung toi cd

• Deo Cii Mong ^j^g ^ud't phdt td quan niem day ehi Id mdt vung dem ndm trong vung

Q

anh hudng cua Dai Viet. Dilu ma

"oudc" -^'^ ^^"^ ^^ ^^' Viet cdn giai'quye^ Id Chiem . °^°^ Thdnh Qud'c d phia nam^. NhUIig, tren thUe te Hoa Anh van la dd't

• Deo Ca dang edn bi ehi phdi bdi nhieu the CHIEM THANH . luc phdc tap. Mpt vung giao Id vdi QUOC nhdng sU dan xen ve quyen Igi kinh te cua nhieu t h i life, nen nhd Le can de nd tdn tai mpt each dpc Sd do 4. Phan lap vijng anh hudng cCia cac the li;c lap tren danh nghia dl tim ke on

6 hg nguon Song Ba vao th^ ky XV dinh lau ddi.

Va sau ndy, chinh Luang Vdn Chanh la nhan vat thUc hidn mdt cdch linh boat vd hieu qua y dd ndy bang nhieu bien phdp, khi anh hUdng cua ngudi Viet d vung dd't ndy da dupe xdc lap manh me.

Trong mpt lan trao ddi vdi chdng tdi, TS Shine (Dai hpe Tokyo, Nhdt Ban) ed dua ra mdt kien giai ve danh xUng Hoa Anh, md theo ehung tdi cung nen tham khao. Td Hoa Anh dugc nhdc den, ed the la hdu qua cua mdt su nham Idn tu dang khd gan nhau ctja hai danh xUng Hoa Anh [W-^] vd Tra Lai [3^5^] (Trd Lai Id ten Han Viet de gpi ngUdi Gia Rai). Cho nen td Trd Lai ggi nham Id Hoa Anh Id dieu ma theo tdc gia Shine cd t h i xay ra.

Va cung theo TS Shine, day Id vung da't thudc viJng anh hudng manh me cua ngudi Gia Rai ndn vua Dai Viet ddt ludn ten Id Trd Lai Qud'c (nUde cua ngudi Gia Rai), sau nay cd the vi ed sU gan gui tU dang nhu da neu, nen, ngUdi sau dgc nham Id Hoa Anh Qud'e.'^^'

Trong thdi ky tdn tai cua nude Hoa Anh, chung ta thd'y d day da tiep ndi vd phdt trien nhdng hoat dpng tren true thuy Id Sdng Ba cung nhilu boat ddng khdc. Ke thda nhdng di tich Champa trudc dd, nhd cam quyIn cung nhU than dan Hoa Anh da chan chinh vd phdt huy tac dung nhieu di tich quan trpng nhu Thdnh Hd, cdc cd sd tin ngUdng nhU thdp Ddng Tdc (Phu Lam, Tuy Hda), PhUde Tinh (Nui Bd), thdp Nhan (Tuy Hda).'^^'

Sdng Ba khdng chi ddng vai trd quan trpng vdo dUdng thdi, ma sau khi vung dd't Tuy Hda thudc Dai Viet, Thdnh Ho tren Sdng Ba van ed vi tri ddng ke tren nhieu linh vtjc chinh tri, kinh te, xd hdi... cua ea khu vUc.

Tap chl Nghi&n cdu va Phat trien, s6' 4 (102). 2013

Vdi nhdng gi vda neu, viec nghi§n cdu vd khao sat dpc Sdng Ba khdng ddn thuan chi Id cdng vipe thd'ng ke nhdng di tich tr§n pham vi mdt tinh, ma d day, lich sd da tifng chdng kie'n mot giao Ip sdi dpng mang tinh lien qud'c gia.

Mpt cda cang cd sU tij hdi cua nhieu ludng hai thUdng td nhieu qud'c gia trong vd ngodi khu vUe Ddng Nam A.

Cung td ddc diem ay, bdn canh vdn hda Viet qua he di tich td thdi Le trd vl sau, cdn c6 dd'u an nhdng cupc di cU cua ngudi Hoa, md'i quan he dan xen gida ngudi Vigt, Chdm, Hoa, cdc tpc ngUdi E De, Gia Rai, Ba Na,. Day chinh Id mdt bdc tranh nhilu mdu sdc vdi nhdng bie'n dieu vi te trong qud trinh hda nhap cua ngUdi Viet. Td bd'i canh cpng sinh vdi nhieu the lUc, nhieu tdc ngUdi, trong budi ddu de'n vdi vung dd't ndy, ngUdi Viet da tim dugc cho minh mot the tdn tai bdng tdng bUdc tiem tien can thiet.

Trong mdt chdng mUc ndo dd, cdi ten Hoa Anh hien hdu trong lich sd gan mdt the' ky, da Id mpt chdng tich phan dnh sU khdn kheo trong chie'n lugc xudi Nam cua Dai Viet. Ddng lai d Cu Mdng va phong vUang cho hai nUde Hoa Anh vd Nam Bdn, chinh Id luc md Dai Viet cdn cd thdi gian khdc che va binh dn mdt giao Id lien quan de'n quyIn Igi cua nhieu the lUc. Ma ngay trong tdc thdi, dodn quan cua Le Thdnh Tdn du bifng bdng khi thd' chie'n thdng, van chUa the giai quyet chuyen dd't dai vd dan tinh mdt cdch thuan Igi vd ben vufng dugc.

N H T CHU THICH

(1) G. Maspero. Le royaume de Champa, Van Oest, Paris, 1928

(2) - B. Bronson. Exchange at the Upstream and Downstream Ends: Notes toward a Funiionat Model of the Coastal State in Southeast Asia, Economic Exchange and Social Interaction in Southeast Asia: Perpeclives from Prehistory, History and Ethnography [Huttere, Karl L.el], Ann Arbor, Center for South and Southeast Asia Studies. The University of Michigan, 1977 - R.K, Hall. Maritime Trade and Early State Development in Southeast Asia. Honolulu:

University of Hawaii Press, 1985.

- O. Welter. History Culture and Religion in Southeast Asia, Singapore Institute of Southeast Asia Studies, 1982,

- Dougald J, W O'Reilly: "Cham dupc n g h t d i j n g nhat khdng phai la mpt the che chinh trj thd'ng nhat ma nhu la tap hpp cac lanh dja nho hdn cung chia se cAc truyen thong van hPa va ngdn ngd" {Early Civilization of Southeast Asia, Lanham Alta Mira Press, 2007, tr. 127).

(3) "Quy che lien bang d Champa rat gan gui vdi quy chd liin bang d vUdng quoc Ma Lai hdm nay, hay vUdng qudc Champa khong phai la mgt quoc gia tap quyen nhU cd chd chinh tri d Viet Nam hay Trung Quoc thdi trudc. nhung la mot quoc gia lien bang M6i tieu bang thudng difdc hudng mot quyen ti/ tri khd rong rai" ("Phong trao phgc hung Champa vao nam 1693- 1694", tgp chf Champaka [www champaka org/cgi-bin/viewitem]). NhiJng trong bai "Gop phan tim h i l u l|ch si!f Champa" (cung tren tgp chi Champaka) Po Dharma igi viet "Champa la mot qudc gia lien bang. Mgt tieu vddng qud'c co mgt the che chinh tri ti/ tri va co quyen ly khai ra khoi liin bang Champa de xSy di/ng lay mot vUdng qudc doc lap rieng biet".

(4) Dpc th&m: Kenneth Smith, "Eastern North Bahnaric: Cua and Kotua" trong Man-Khmer Studies IV, Language Senes. No 2, Center for Vietnamese Studies and Summer Institute of Linguistics, Saigon, 1973, tr, 39.

(5) Dpc thgm: D. Thomas va R.K. Headley, "More on Mon-Khmer Subgroupings", trong Lingua 25, No, 4, Center for Vietnamese Studies and Summer Institute of Linguistics, Saigon, 1970.

(6) David Thomas, Sdd, 1973. tr. 39-40.

(7) 6 Viet Nam nhdng tdc ngudi ndi ngon ngO Malayo-Polynesie gom: Cham, Cham H'roi, Gia Rai, E De, Ra Giai, Chu Ru.,.

(8) Charles Wheeler. "Re-thinking the Sea in Vietnamese Histoiy: Littoral Society in Integration

Tap chl Nghi&n cdu v^ Phat trien, so 4 (102). 2013

of Thuan Quang, Seventeenth-Eighteeth Centuries" trong Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 37.1, Feb. 2006.

(9) Chiing hgn, tieu qud'c Amaravati 6 vung Quang Nam ngay nay dupc hlnh thanh dya tren 5 yeu td sau: 1) Nui thieng \h Mahaparvata (My Sdn) hay Rang Meo, 2) Song thieng la Thu Bon;

3) Cda bien thieng la Cda Dgi/H^i An; 4) Th^nh pho thieng la Sinhapura/thanh si/ td Tra Ki§u;

Dat thieng la Srisanabhadresvara tgi My Sdn [Trin Ky PhUdng (2002), "Gbp phan tim hieu v l n i n van minh cua vUdng qudc cd Champa tgi mien Trung V i f t Nam", tgp chf NghiSn cu'u va Phat trien, Sd Khoa hpc, CPng nghe & Moi trudng ThCra Thien H u l , s6 3(37), 2002, tr. 63].

(10) Khi hai Ip lien qudc gia c h u y i n ddi td eo Kra (vijng trung chuyen xuy&n qua dat Xiem La d l d i n vdi PhCi Nam) qua eo b i l n Malacca de den vdi cdc cda cang 6 mien Trung XU the ky V-VI, cdc t i l u q u l c duygn hdi noi day mdi thi/c si/ trd nen hung manh v& phat huy tam dnh hudng cua minh trong thd'ng tri, cdt cu" hay lien minh.

(11) " ...chinh hogt dpng thUdng mgi da cimg tgo ra lien ket giiJa mien nui cung nhu dong bdng g i l n g nhu cdc mgng ludi bu6n ban quoc te. Hogt dpng budn ban dudng dai da k i t noi giiJa cac vung cung nhu cdc cpng dong ddn cU d mien nui va dong bang, vdi nhQng tdc ddng chinh trj va van hda quan trpng dot vdi ca hai khu vi/c, Dieu ndy t h i hien rat ro thdng qua danh sach nhufng Idm san (vung cao) nhU nga voi, sdng te giac, sap ong, cay Id hdi, que , dupe xuat ra nUdc ngoai bdi cac nha nUdc d dong bang - dieu da dUpc ghi chep trong cdc bdo cao va thu tich co v l Ddng Nam A lyc dja TUdng ty nhu vay, dieu dd cung dupe khang djnh thdng qua mdt logt nhiJng san pham uy tin dupe "nhap kiiau" nhU cong chieng bang dong ty Myanmar va binh Ip ty Trung Quoc vdi vai tro trong viec bieu thj uy tin v l tdm linh va chinh trj 6 khu vyc mien nui tren toan bd vung dat lien va Ddng Nam A hai dao, trong dd, mat hang dac bi^t quan trpng la muoi (biln), thyc pham toi can thiet d l duy tri sy sdng 6 Cao nguyen.,." (Oscar Salemink, "Mpt gdc nhin ty vung cao: phan lich sCr quan trpng v l moi quan he giij'a dong bang va mien nui 6 Viet Nam" in trong Thdi ky md cda nhdng chuyen doi kmh le-xa hoi 6 viing cao Viet Nam, Nxb i<hoa hpc va Ky thuat. Ha Not, 2008)

(12) Gerald C, Hickey. Sons of the Mountains Ethnohistory of the Vietnamese Central Highlands to 1954. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982, tr, 116.

(13) Henri Maitre Les Jungles Moi {RUng ngudi Thupng), ban dich cua Luu Dinh Tuan, Nxb Tri thyc. Ha Npi. 2008, tr, 42-43.

(14) H. Maitre, Les Jungles Moi. Sdd, tr. 177 (15) H. Maitre, Les Jungles Moi. Sdd, tr 178.

(16) G Maspero "Le Royaume de Champa", trong T'oung Pao. thang 5, 1910, tr. 172-173 (17) H, Maitre. Les Jungles Moi, Sdd, tr, 180.

(18) Trudng ca/anh hung ca Tdy Nguyen tieu bieu phan Idn dupe khai thac va cong bd xuat phat ty dia ban nay

(19) "NgUdi Jarai da vUdt qua nhieu the ky va den vdi chung ta ngay nay nhu ta mot ddng tgc Idn.

vSn minh hdn cac ddng toe lang gieng cua ho. Cac thu ITnh phu thuy cua ho dUOc ggi la Sadet Lda, Sadet NUdc - tieng Jarai goi la Patau Pui va Patau la Chac chan la ban dau cac thO Unh do cd quyen lUc... Theo Henri Maitre, chinh cac bo lac Djarais cU tru d thung lung thU0ng nguon Song Ba lam chung ta lUu y. Hp ndi mgt thU thd ngQ nda Djarai nda Rhade va dUgc ggi la ngUdi Krungs 6 vung Cheo Reo (bay gid thugc Phu Yen), ngUdi Churs d phia ddng nam xU ngudi Krungs, ngUdi Mdurs 6 thung lung ha Sdng Ba trong viing M'Drack va Sdng Hinh"

(A, Laborde Tlnh Phu Yen, [BAVH, Xap xy\. 1929], trong NhUng ngUdi ban Cddd Hue,Nxb Thudn Hda, 2003, tr. 397).

(20) Bl ky Champa (Poh Nagar II) d Kauthara ghi Idi vua Yan Po Ku SriHarivarmandevaco the giup chung ta hinh dung sy phan hda cdc tieu vung/tieu vt/dng quoc/ mandala thdi bay gid:

"Po Pon Tana Raya (vua td'i cao), da chien thang quan thu, ke ca Kamvuja, Yavana; 6 m i l n bdc nhu Amaravati, m i l n nam nhu Panduranga, phia tay nhU ddi vdi ngudi Randaiy [Ra Glal - NHT], Mada, Mvleccha. Bdi vi ddc vua toi cao vui hUdng c h i l n thdng da ciing nhieu cua cai va hoa Ipi cho Yang Po Nagar,,".

- Bi ky My Sdn XXIV, ndi ve hoang thdn Ongvatuv chgy ve kich dpng dan cdc vung Amaravati, Ulik. Vijaya. Jhy, Traik chong Igi vua; trong trudng hpp nay Amaravati dupc ke nhu mpt trong 5 vung phfa bdc, nhung, Amaravati thyc ra la dia ban bac Vijaya.

- Bia Poh Nagar I d Kauthara ghi. "Ndm 1145 quan Campuchia va quan Vijaya keo den giao tranh vdi ngai (Sri Jaya Harivarmandeva) d Virapura, ngdi danh thdng va len ngdi vua".

Tap chi Nghi&n cdu va Phdt triln, s6' 4 (102). 2013

- Bia My Son XXIV ghi Igi sy ki$n mpt dng vua ddi nghjch "dem quSn tien danh Vijaya, thang Ipi r l i trj vl trSn ntidc Vijaya [Nagara Vijaya] (LUdng Ninh, VUdng qudc Champa, Nxb Dgi hpc Qud'c gia Hd Npi, 2006. tr, 172-174).

(21) Ngp v a n Doanh. VSn hda cd Champa. Nxb Van hda DSn t d c Hd Npi, 2004. tr. 63.

(22) G, Maspero, Le Royaume de Champa, Paris et Bruxelle, 1928,

(23) L, Finot. "Notes d'dplgraphie. V, Panduranga", trong BEFEO, tdp III, 1903. tr. 645.

(24) L Finot, "Notes d'dpigraphie. IX, Les Inscriptions de My Sdn", trong BEFEO, tdp IV, 1904, tr, 940 (25) Ngd Vdn Doanh, VSn hda cd Champa, Sdd, tr, 74.

(26) Renee Hagesteign, Circles of Kings, Polictical Dynamics in Early Continental Southeast Asia.

Foric Publications - Dordrecht - Holland/Providence, 1989, USA.

(27) J.C. Heesterman. "Power and Authority In Indian Tradition" in R J . More: Tradition and Politics in South Asia. New DelhiA/ikas, 1979, tr. 77.

(28) M g c D u d n g , " C d c t h d i k y ljch sdct^ia vdn hda Champa", trong Van de vSn hda dan tdc Cham.

TP H I Chf Minh, Vi#n Ddo tgo md rpng, thdng 12, 1992, tr. 3 1 .

(29) Mah Mod. "D^c d i l m gia dinh, thdn tpc vd xa hpi cCia ddng bdo Chdm", trong Nhang vdn de v4 din tdc hgc d miin Nam Viit Nam, TP H i Chf Minh, Uy ban KHXHVN - Vign KHXH tgi TP Ho Chf Minh, 1978.

(30) N g u y i n Vdn Lu$n. NgUdi ChAm Hdi giSo d miSn Tay Nam phan Viet Nam, Sai Gdn: TO sdch bien kh^o Bp Vdn hda Gido dye vd Thanh Ni&n, 1994, tr. 25.

(31) G. Ccedes. "Inventaine des Inscriptions du Champa e t d u Cambodge". trong SEF£0, tap Vll, biaky hiSu C, 90.

(32) J, Boisselier, La statuaire du Champa, Pans, 1963, tr, 6 1 .

(33) L. Finot. "Les inscriptions de Quang Nam" trong BEFEO, tap IV. 1-2. 1904.

Hien nay dong hp co ten Id Pindng (Thj tpc Cau) con sdt Igi d ngUdi Ra Giai can c d vd cDng ngO he vdi ngudi Chdm van tiep tyc cU tru tren dja bdn phia tdy Khanh Hda va 2 tJnh Ninh Thudn, Binh Thuan ndm trong lanh dja Nam Cham cu (Kauthara va Panduranga) [NHT].

(34) Mah Mod, 1978, TIdd, tr. 52.

(35) Mah Mod, 1978, Tldd, tr. 53.

(36) Ngo v a n Doanh, "Thanh Ho va nUdc Hoa Anh", trong K j yeu Hpi thao quoc te Di san van hda Nam Trung Bo vdi sU phat tnen du lich trong hdi nhap quoc te, Tuy Hda, 2/4/2011.

(37) J. Boisselier. La Statuaire du Champa, Paris' Ecole Francaise d'Extreme-Orient, 1963, tr. 28, (38) H. Maitre. "Notes sur la tour Chame du Nam Lien", trong BEFEO. No VI - 3,1906, tr, 342-344.

(39) H, Parmentier. Invenlaire des criptif des monuments Cams de L'Annam (2 vol, vol 1, Paris:

Imprimerie National), 1909, tr. 194, (40) J Boisselier, Tldd, tr. 340, (41) H Parmentier. Tldd, tr 344-345.

(42), (43) "Chronique", 1919, in BEFEO, No 3.

(44) J Y. Clayes. Inspections et reconnaissances en Annam. France Asie 24. 1928. No. 2, tr 6.

(45) Jacques Dournes. Recherches sur le haul Champa, France Asie 24. No, 2, 1970, t r . l 4 4 . (46) Jacques Dournes, Tldd, tr. 156-157

(47) - Tran Q u l c Vdpng "Phu Y6n trong thdi ky Chdm-Pa thupc tieu quoc Mon-du (Mdn Dpc Qulc)"

trong Nam Trung Bg dUdi cai nhin dia vSn hda din gian. Ha Npi. Nxb KHXH, 2005, tr, 23 - "Phu Vgn ndm trong lanh t h i Chdm-Pa, glQa hai xiJ Idn la Vijaya (Chd Bdn, Binh Dinh) vd Kauthara (Nha Trang. Khdnh Hoa)", [Ld Ngd Cat, Phgm Dinh Todi: Dai Nam qudc sd diin ca, Sai Gon, Nxb Trudng thi, 1956]. (Trich td Idi tya va ddn cua Hodng Xudn Han, tr. 152:

3 -^chu giai) Tdc gia trich Igi ty bdo cdo tham ludn ciJa N g u y i n Thj Hoa: "Vai tu lieu va quan d i l m ve vung dat Hoa Anh trong ljch sd", trong Hpi thao Dg an khao sat dieu tra he thdng di san vin hoa lUu vi/c Song Ba, TP HCM, ngay 12/i 1/2011, trang 2 trong tham luan, - Phij Yen la tieu q u l c Ayaru ( N g u y i n Vdn Huy, 2003, "Tim hieu cpng dong Cham tgi Vigt Nam", Thdng luan, Paris, 2003-2004), Ddn Igi ty Tran Sy Hue, Phu Yen thdt khan hoang lip ling, TP HCM, Nxb Ndng nghiep. 2007, tr. 34,

"Nude Nam Bdn thi dgi khdi la m i l n cfiau Thupng nguyen trudc kia, tyc mien Tdy nguyen ngdy nay. Nude Hoa Anh cd le la mien PhO Yen. Chung tdi dodn Id ty dat Cu Mdng den Dgi Lanh" (Ddo Duy Anh, Dat nUdc Viet Nam qua cac ddi, H& N6i, Nxb Van hda, 1964, tr. 180), - Hoa Anh d phia nam nui Da Bia (Le Thanh Khoi), tai l i i u ddn td Nguyen Q u l c Lpc-Vu Thi Viet, Cac dan tgc thieu sdd Phu Yen, Sd VHTT tinh PhO Yen, 1990, tr, 35.

Tap chf Nghi&n ciiu vd Phdt triln, s6' 4 (102). 2013

- Hoa Anh Id viing dat Phii Yen ngdy nay (Nguyen Q u l c Ldc-Vu Thj Viet, Sdd, tr, 35).

- "Vua L§ Thanh Tong sau khi chidm Phat thinh, diy quan Chiem vio Nam dio Ci, da lap nUdc

"dem"li Hoa Anh vi Nam Bin tren vung ddt ven bien mien Trung vi vung cao Phii Yerf, LUdng Ninh [chu bidn], Lich sd Viit Nam giin ydu. Ha Npi, Nxb Chfnh trj Qudc gia, 2000. tr. 183.

- "Dja bin Hoa Anh chinh li thh Ouing Ngai ngiy na/', N g u y i n Thj Hda, "Vdi tu lieu vd quan diem v l vCing d i t Hoa Anh trong ljch sd", Tldd, tr. 4.

- G. Maspero. Le Royaume de Champa (Paris and Brussels, G. Van Oest) ddn td Khim dinh Viet sd thdng giim cUdng mgc chfnh biin cho rdng: "Thdnh Tong chia dat mdi chiem ldm thanh ba qudn: Chidm Thdnh hay Dgi Chiem, Hoa Anh vd Nam Phan, md ba thdng sau. dng d i i thdnh cdc phO ThSng, Hoa, Ty NghTa vd Hodi Nhdn, gPp thanh mdt dgo Quang Nam."

(Bdn djch cCia L6 T y Ldnh, tr. 405).

(48) Ngp ST Lien, Dg/ Viet sCl ky toin thu. t$p li, Hd Npi, Nxb KHXH. 1968. tr. 158.

(49) Le Quy Ddn toin tap, tdp I, Hd Ndi, Nxb KHXH, 1977, tr. 42-43.

(50) Qulc Sd Qudn trilu Nguyen. Dai Nam nhat thdng chl, t$p III, H u l , Nxb Thudn Hda, 1996, tr, 64.

(51) Day chl Id mpt gid t h i l t mang tfnh tham khao, khong anh hUdng gi d i n ldp ludn md bdi v i l t nay dang dUa ra.

(52) Thdnh H i c6 the dupc xay dyng vd t i n tgi cung vdi ngoi thap Nui Ba, thdp Nhgn, thdp Dong Tdc (khodng t h i kJ XV-XVI) [Ngd Vdn Doanh, 2011, Tldd, tr. 201],

TOM TAT

Sdng Ba Id h§ t h i n g thiHy Ip huyet mgch d vOng Nam Trung Bp Viet Nam. Trong ljch sd, vdng hg nguIn Sdng Ba (ttnh Phu Yen ngdy nay) tyng la dia ban tranh gidnh quyen lyc giOa cdc t i l u q u l c , bp tpc sinh s i n g dpc theo luu vi,tc song vd ca nhOng vung lan can d l lam chu he thd'ng thuy Id quan trpng nd'i iien vCing Nam Trung Bp vd ca Tay Nguydn vdi t h i gidi ben ngodi.qua cda b i l n Dd D i l n . Khdi ddu Id sy tranh chap giOa ngudi Cham vd cac toe ngiidi^khdc nhu Gia Rai, E De, Ba Na„. ma ket qud Id ngddi Chdm Idm chu dupc khu vyc hg nguon, day cdc b6 tpc khdc xa dan l^n phfa thupng nguIn, D i n khi vUdng quoc Champa dupc thanh lap, Song Ba trd thanh vOng dem trong qud trinh d i l n ra hien tupng ludng phan cua vUdng quoc nay (LUdng phdn cUdng vyc:

Bdc Chdm - Nam Chdm; Ludng phan thj tpc: thi tpc Cau - thi tdc Dya; Ludng phdn ddng ddi: t l tidn dong Nui - to tien ddng Bien). Sang t h i l<y XV, vdi sy xuat hien ciJa Dgi Vi?t, khu vyc hg nguon Sdng Ba Id dja bdn cPng sinh ciJa 3 the lyc: Chiem Thdnh Quoc - Nam Bdn Qud'c - Hoa Anh Quoc.

Sau khi chua N g u y i n binh djnh dUpc vOng dat nay, Phu Yen mdi chinh thyc sdp nhdp vdo Dgi Viet.

• So vdi sdng Thu B i n vd cdng thj Hpi An 6 phia bac. Song Ba do'i vdi khu vyc Nam Trung Bp ddng vai trd quan trpng khdng kem ma n l u nghien cdu day dCi, chung ta cd t h i lan tim va nhan dien nhieu vdn d l lien quan d i n tjch sCf, kinh te, van hda cua ca mien Trung vd Tay Nguydn.

ABSTRACT

BA RIVER: THE SPECIFIC INTERCHANGE OF POLITICS, ECONOMY AND CULTURE IN HISTORY Ba River is an important waterway system in the Southern Central region of Vietnam.

Historically, the lower reaches of Ba River (present Phi3 Yen Province) was the area of power struggles among minor states and tribes living along the river basin and the surrounding areas for the control of that important watenway system linking the South Central region and the Western Highlands with the outside world through Da D i l n Estuary. Originally, the disputes broke out between the Cham people and other ethnic groups such as the Jarai, the Rhade, the Bahnar.

e t c . and, in the end, the Cham controlled the lower reaches of Ba River and drove other tribes to the upper course. When the Champa kingdom was founded, Ba River became the buffer zone during the process of dichotomy of that kingdom (territorial dichotomy: Northern Champa- Southern Champa; dichotomy between clans: Areca clan-Coconut clan; dichotomy of lineages:

ancestors coming from mountains-ancestors coming from the seas). In the fifteenth century, with the appearance of Dgi Vi#t, a Vietnamese dynasty, the Ba River basin became the territories of 3 minor states of Champa, Nam Ban and Hoa Anh. After that land was pacified by the Nguyin Lords, Phu YSn was officially merged into Dgi Viet.

The role of Ba River in the South Central region was no less important than Thu B i n River and Hpi An Seaport in the north, which we can track out and identify issues relating to the history, economy and culture of the Southern Central region and the Western Highlands if adequate studies are carried out.