QUAN LY KINH TE
Xay dung con ngadi van hoa vdi tang traong kinh te 6 Viet Nam
TRINH THI Al HOA
di uie't ban ve vdn hoa vd moi quan he giiia xay ditng con ngiidi van hda vdi tdng tritdng kinh ted Viet Nam.
Tif 'khoa.xudn hda, con ngitdi vdn hoa, con ngiidi vdn hoa vdi phdt trien kinh te.
6
cac quo'c gia t r e n t h e gidi, t r o n g bo'n yeu td^ ngudn luc t a n g trUdng k i n h te, lao dong dUdc coi yeu to' q u a n t r o n g nha't, quyet dinh cac yeu to' con lai (vo'n, tai nguyen t h i e n n h i e n va cong nghe). Lao dong, vdi t u each la ngudn liic c6 t h e chuyen vo'n, tai nguyen t h a n h san lucfng ciia n e n k i n h te. Hien nay, cong nghe cung dUdc coi la yeu to' q u a n trong do'i vdi t a n g t r u d n g k i n h t e cua qud^c gia. Tuy nhien, suy cho cung, cong nghe cung la san p h a m cua lao dong, cua con ngudi, khong c6 con ngUdi khong cd cong nghe. Con ngUdi c6 vai tro quyet dinh t r i n h do cong nghe cua quo'c gia.Trong cac giao t r i n h kinh te hoc, con ngUdi t h u d n g dUdc de cap tdi vdi tU each lao dong, la nguon liic p h a t trien k i n h te.
Nhiing ngUdi lao dong do dUOc nghien cdu vdi so' luong, ed cau va t r i n h do lao dong xac dinh, thuoc lUc lUdng lao dong xa hoi.
Tuy nhien, d do, cac n h a kinh te hoc chUa de cap nhieu tdi nhiing p h a m cha't can thie't ciia ngUdi lao dong ma vdi nhiing pham cha't do c6 a n h hUdng n h u t h e nao tdi n a n g s u a t lao dong, tdi t a n g trUdng kinh te va t a n g trUdng kinh te' co tac dong tdi ngUdi lao dong nhU t h e nao.
1. T h e n a o la c o n ngUdi v a n h o a va mdi l i e n h e giOfa c o n ngUcfi v a n h o a vdi sU p h a t t r i e n ciia m o t q u o c g i a
TrUdc het noi ve k h a i niem van hoa. Co ra't n h i e u dinh nghia van hoa. Khi noi den van hoa, ngUdi ta thUdng noi tdi nhUng gia tri to't dep, tinh tiiy cua mot con ngUdi, ciia
mot d a n toe, mot quo'c gia. Tuy nhien, ngUcfi t a ciing lai de cap den nhiing yeu to' k h d n g l a n h m a n h , nhUng trd t h a n h thoi quen, t a p q u a n , phong each eua mot ca n h a n , mot nhdm ngUdi, t h a m chi cua mot d a n toe va dUOc coi la dac t i n h v a n hda cua ngUdi do va ciia n h o m ngUdi, cua d a n toe do. Co nhUng thoi quen, t a p q u a n cua d a n toe nay dUdc coi la co v a n hda, la dieu binh t h u d n g n h u n g do'i vdi d a n toe k h a c lai la khong CO van hoa. Do vay, theo toi, dinh nghia sau day co t h e dUdc eoi la ddn gian, de hieu, c6 t h e p h a n a n h k h a i q u a t nha't noi h a m ciia tU nay: van hoa la nhiing gi con lai theo thdi gian. Neu theo nghia nay, nhUng gi (ca tdt, ea xa'u) cdn ton tai sau thdi gian dai dUdc gdi la van hda. Do do, hien nay, d Viet Nam, xua't hien n h i e u t h u a t ngU di kem vdi tU v a n hoa: van hda dien thoai, v a n hoa giao thong, v a n hda phong bi,... va nhieu thii v a n hoa k h a c . Nhiing thii nay, trong thdi ky ke hoach hda t a p t r u n g , dUdng n h u khong co hoac c6 ra't it. No xua't hien d a n dan, dUdc lap di, lap lai va trd t h a n h thoi quen cua mot ngUdi, cua mot so' ngUdi, dUdc lay lan, md rong va trd t h a n h pho bien trong xa hpi hien n a y d Viet N a m . No da trd t h a n h nhUng hien tUdng v a n hda, mac du day la nhiing hien tUdng van hoa lech ehuan. Moi ngUdi tiep can vdi nhUng hien tUdng nay thUdng xuyen va tha'y trd nen binh t h u d n g . Ngay ca quan niem t h e ' n a o la to't, xa'u cung
Tnnh Thi Ai Hoa, PGS.TS., Hoc vien Chi'nh quoc gia H6 Chi Minh.
Nghien ciiu Kmh le so 10 (461)- Thdng 10/2016
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Xay dung con ngirai van hoa ...
CO y nghia tUdng do'i doi vdi cac ca n h a n khac n h a u va eac nUde khac n h a u . Tuy nhien, ciing eo nhiing gia tri chung luon dUdc coi la to't do'i vdi moi quo'c gia, dan toe t r e n the gidi. C h i n g ban, nhUng gia tri dao diic nhu sU chung thuy, dde t i n h t r u n g thiic, long n h a n ai, vi t h a , tinh t h a n trach nhiem, each ling xd lich sU, te nhi, sU khiem nhudng... khong c6 ndi d a u coi do la v6 dad diic, v6 van hoa. Trong xa hoi Viet Nam hien nay, ngUdi t a cdng khong t h e ndi rang nhUng dieu do la xa'u nhUng nhiing gia tri do khong dUde eoi trong va de cao n h u trUde nUa.
Khai niem van hoa mang noi h a m la nhUng gia tri to't dep, la chuan mUc chung do'i vdi moi quo'c gia, dan toe.
Vay the nao la con ngUdi eo van boa? Cd r a t nhieu dinh nghia khac n h a u ve con ngUdi cd van hoa. Song, toi dong t i n h vdi dinh nghia ciia ong Nguyen Tr^n Bat'^* ve khai niem nay. Theo ong, "ngUdi c6 van hda la ngUdi h a n h dong diing c h u a n miic ngay ca khi ho khong bi kiem soat"
Chuan miic d day la chuan miic ve dao dUc xa hoi, la nhiing quy dinh ciia p h a p luat. Nhu chiing ta da biet, h a n h vi ciia moi ca n h a n trong xa hoi dUdc dieu chinh bdi cac quy dinh eiia phap luat va nhiing chuan miic dao ddc ciia xa hoi. Mot ca n h a n h a n h dong diing chuan miic ngay ca khi ho khdng hi kiem soat, chiing to nhiing h a n h dong eua ho dUdc thiic hien mot each hoan toan tii giac. Ho la ngUdi giae ngo, biet tu trong, biet xa'u ho, la ngudi co liem si, biet lam chu ban t h a n . NhU vay, co the tha'y ngUdi eo van hoa la ngudi hoan toan t u do va ho d tang van hoa ra't cao. Moi h a n h dong cua ho deu dUde thiic hien mot each tu giac bdi le no dila tren n h a n thiic diing dan, vi loi ich cua ca n h a n , gia dinh va xa hoi. Ngudi co van hoa chinh la nhiing ngUdi tii te.
Thiie te eho thay, xa hoi cang ed nhieu ngudi hanh dong diing chuan miic mot each tu giac, cang co nhieu ngudi tii te, xa hoi
do cang l a n h m a n h , quo'c gia do c a n g tien bp. Dac biet, k h i l a n h dao d t a m quoc gia la ngudi tii te, ho co t h e m mot td cha't quan trpng, do la sU l a n toa ve sii tii te cua chinh eon ngUdi ho. Hp tao r a moi trUdng phap l u a t va dao diic sao cho d a n so'ng tii te, song CO v a n hoa. Khi do, sU tii te, song co v a n hoa se dUdc bdi d a p t h a n h sU tii te c(
t a m quo'c gia. N h a t Ban, Xingapo, Han Quoc va ca Viet N a m thdi chong Phap, cho'ng My, thdi bao cap,... la nhiing vi du to't chd nhUng n h a n d i n h nay. M a t khac, chinh sU hUng t h i n h ciia mot quoc gia (hung t h i n h ve k i n h te, v a n hoa) giiip cho mdi ngUdi dan co cupc song v a t chat va t i n h t h a n day du hdn, so'ng co v a n hda hdn, Tuy nhien, ne'u mot quo'c gia ma nhiing ngUdi CO van hda, nhUng ngUdi tii te (lanh dao d t a m quo'c gia, l a n h dao cac ca'p va ngUdi dan) trd t h a n h nhiing hien tUdng dac biet, hien tUdng la, it gap t h i do la dieu bat h a n h cho quo'c gia do va ngUdi d a n d do.
2.M6'i l i e n h e giiJfa x a y dUng con ngUdii v a n h o a vdi t a n g trUcfng k i n h t e of V i e t N a m
Xet ve moi lien q u a n giUa xay dUng con ngUdi van hda vdi t a n g trUdng kinh te 3 Viet N a m , chiing t a co t h e t a m p h a n chia t h a n h hai thdi ky: thdi ky ttf n a m 1986 den n a m 2000 va thdi ky tit n a m 2001 den nay.
• Thdi ky tit ndm 1986 den ndm 2000 Day la thdi ky 15 n a m ddi mdi thanh cong eua Viet N a m .
N a m 1986 dUdc eoi la mo'c q u a n trpng d a n h da'u ddi mdi k i n h te m a n h me toan dien d Viet N a m . TrUdc va sau 1986, nhflng ngudi diing d a u D a n g , Chinh phu, eac bp t r u d n g t r o n g C h i n h p h i i , da p h a n la nhUng ngUdi t h a m gia hdat dong each mang, trUdng
(1) Nguyen TrSn Bai. doanh nhan, luai su, nha W va'n, hoc gia, nha sang lap Invest Consult Group (cdng ty tir va'n chuyen nghiep d^u tiSn d Viet Nam ve ddu W va kinh doanh ngay sau khi Viet Nam ban hanh chinh sach d^i mcJi vao nam 1987).
26 Nghien cuv Kmh teso 10 (461) -
Xay dung con ngifofi van hoa
t h a n h t r o n g h a i cupc k h a n g chie'n. Mot so bp t r u d n g la t r i thiic, dupc dao t a o t r o n g n e n giao due ciia P h a p , mot so' dUdc dao tao tai cac nUdc xa hpi chii n g h i a (Lien x6 va Dong Au). Tii sau n a m 1975, cac can bp lam viec t r o n g bp m a y q u a n ly n h a nU6c chu yeu dUdc dao tao t r o n g n e n giao due each m a n g vdi sii giiip dd euacac nUcic xa hpi chu nghia. NgUdi d a n nUdc Viet viia t r a i q u a h a i cupc k h a n g chien, mac du ddi so'ng ra't kho k h a n nhUng nhiing p h a m chat dao diie, v a n hda eiia ngUdi Viet t r o n g gian kho v a n sau dam. Xa hpi Viet N a m . trUdc va sau chie'n t r a n h la mot xa hpi tii te vdi nhiing eon ngUdi t i te. Dieu n a y cho chiing ta h i n h dung lai nhiing vi l a n h dao, q u a n ly cac ca'p va con ngUdi lao dong Viet N a m , nguon liic lao dong Viet Xam trudc, trong va sau doi mdi.
Sau nhiing n6 lUc tim toi, th^i nghiem cua D a n g va N h a nudc. chinh sach doi mdi ciia Dang, dac biet tii n a m 1986, da giai phong tiem n a n g cua n h a n dan lao dong Viet N a m . N h i e u ngudn iuc va sdc sang tao cua ngUdi dan, sau n h i e u n a m "nam im" vi hi "trdi bupc" bdi cd che, da dUde giai phdng, dUdc khdi thong, dUde d i u tU vao san xua't kinh doanh, lam n e n sii t h a y ddi t h a n ky trong n e n k i n h te Viet N a m . Tii mot nUde trien mien phai n h a p k h a u lUdng thuc de ciiu doi chd dan. n a m 1989 Viet Nam da trd t h a n h nUdc xuat k h a u lUdng thiic thii 3 the gidi sau Thai Lan va My.
Xuat k h a u t a n g vdi to'e dp a'n tUdng. To'c dp tang t r u d n g kinh t e ' t r u n g binh cua 5 nam, tii n a m 1991-1995, dat 8.04%. Ne'u khong t i n h n a m 1991- n a m ma nen kinh t e con d t i n h t r a n g lam p h a t phi ma (67,5%). thi to'c dp t a n g trUdng k i n h te t r u n g binh ciia n e n kinh te trong 4 n a m (1992 - 1995) eon cao hdn, 8,63%.
Chinh sach va thiic thi chinh sach la san p h a m eiia eon ngUdi. Do vay, nhiing t h a n h cong cua thdi ky nay la t h a n h cong cua con ngUdi Viet N a m . Co the nhin mot each sau xa hdn, do ciing la ket qua ciia cupc each
m a n g v a n hoa tU tudng, la ket qua ciia chinh sach giao due dao t a o ciia Viet N a m t r o n g thdi ky trudc dd.
Thdi ky nay, dpi ngii nhiing ngUdi l a n h dad, q u a n ly, nhiing ngUdi l a m viec t r o n g bp m a y n h a nUdc la nhiing ngUdi di r a ttf khdi Ilia, bom d a n cua h a i cupc k h a n g chie'n, da'n t h a n va xa t h a n vi d a n tpc,lanhiing ngUdi tii te', d t a n g v a n hoa ra't cao, vdi nhiing p h a m c h a t v a n hoa cao dep.
Ve va'n de nay, con eo mot so y kien k h a e n h a u , nhUng dieu ma ngUdi viet muo'n n h a n m a n h d day ia va'n de giao due dao diic. giao due v a n hda luon dUde cac vi l a n h dao thdi ky n a y q u a n t a m t r o n g dUdng loi, c h i n h sach eiia D a n g va N h a nUdc. Hdn t h e niia, cac vi l a n h dao thdi ky n a y con lan toa sU tii te eiia chinh hp. Hp la nhiing ta'm gUdng ve dad diic, ve v a n hoa de ngUdi d a n noi theo.
Mot diem dang chii y la, t r o n g thdi ky nay, he tho'ng p h a p l u a t cua Viet N a m ehUa t h e day dii. va h o a n t h i e n n h u h i e n nay. N h u n g vdi nhiing ngUdi l a n h dao d cap cao n h a t ciing nhU dpi ngii can bo, chuyen vien cd thUc tai va co ddc, ehiing t a da t h u c hien k h a t h a n h eong viec chuyen doi "kep"' do'i vdi n e n kinh te. Xa hpi eo n h i e u ddi t h a y tich cue, k i n h te t a n g trUdng to't, ngUoi d a n ho hdi, long t i n cua ngUdi dan ddi vdi D a n g dUdc phuc hdi sau mot thdi ky kho k h a n . Co t h e noi, nhiing t h a n h q u a dat dUpc t r e n moi m a t t r o n g thdi ky nay cho tha'y khi ngudn liic lao dong con ngudi dUde dao tao, giao due to^t, CO v a n hoa, nguon lUc nay se lam dUdc nhiing dieu " t h i n ky'"'.
• Thdi ky tii ndm 2001 den nay TU n a m 2000, k m h te Viet Nam la'y lai da t a n g trUdng, d a t dinh cao nha't vao n a m 2007 va s a u do suy giam eho den n a y (hang 1). Lam p h a t ciing dUde kiem soat k h a tdt cho den n a m 2006. Tii n a m 2007, lam p h a t luon d miic cao va den n a m 2012 mdi dupe khdng che d miic 6,68 %.
Nghien cOu Kinh leso 10 (461) - Thing 10/2016 27
xay dtfng con nguili van hoa ...
BANG 1- Mot so chi tieu ve tai kli6a, h6 s6' ICOR vatoc do d Viet Nam (1991-2010)
tang GDP, ty 16 lam phat
Nam
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 20OO 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2003 2009 2010 2011*
2012 2013 2014 2015
Tong chi NSNN/GDP
(%)
14,2 19,8 25,8 25,2 23,2 22,1 21,9 20,2 20,5 22,6 24,4 24,2 26,4 26,2 27,3 27,5 34,2 32,0 31,7 32,7 28,33 30,15 28,39 28,31
-
Chi thuinig xuySn/GDP
(%)
11,4 14,0 18,8 18,3 17,8 16,4 15,7 14,5 13,8 15,9 15,9 15,7 16,7 16,9 17,9 18,6 24,4 24,1 20,5 21,7 20,82 21,85 20,8 21,72
Chi d i u tu/GDP
(*)
2,8 5,8 7,0 6,9 5,4 5,7 6,2 5,7 6,7 6,7 8,3 8,4 9,7 9,2 9,4 8,9 9,8 7,9 11,2 11,0 7,5 8,3 7,6 6,6
I C O R (lin)
3,5
4,8
5,4
6,8
6,91
Ttfc dd tang GDP
(%)
5,81 8,06 8,08 8,83 9,54 9,34 8,15 5,76 4,74 6,79 6,84 7,08 7,34 7,79 +8,44
8,23 8.48 6,23 5,32 6,78 5.89 5,03 5,42 5,98 6,68
T ; It lam p h i t
(%)
67,5 17,5 5,2 14,4 12,7 4,5 3,6 9,2 0,1
- 0 , 6 0,8 4,0
3,0 9,5 8,4 6,6 12,63 19,89 6,52 11,75 18,58 631
<,«
4,09
0,6 1
Ngudn: T6ng cu Tlitfng kfi, B6 Tii chinh. S6 lieu chi NSNN/GDP, Oii thudng xuyfin/GDP, Chi diu tu/GDP. ty 16 lam phSt tif nam 2011- nam 2014 (3uoc t5c gia tfah todn theo sd lifiu thdng k6 cua T6ng cue Th6ng ke.
28 Nghiin cAi Kinh tSsSlO (461) •- Thing 10/2016
Xay ddng eon sgircri van hda
Ben c a n h nhiing con so ve t a n g t n i d n g kinh t e v a l a m p h a t , n e n kinh t e d a n g ngon n g a n g n h i e u vaii de. Theo Bao cao kinh t e vi mo quy 1/2016 (Nguyen D i n h Cung, Vien Nghien cutu q u a n ly kinh t e t r u n g Udng): gia t r i tuyet ddi, boi chi t a n g tU miic 65,8 n g h i n ty dong n a m 2011 len mfic 263,2 nghin ty ddng n a m 2015: so vdi GDP, boi chi da t a n g tCf miic 4.4% G D P n a m 2011 l e n miic 6,1%
GDP n a m 2015. cao hdn gidi h a n 5% theo quy dinh Xd cong t a n g n h a n h t r o n g giai doan 2011-2015, tii miic 5 0 , 1 % GDP len 62.2% GDP, tiem can gidi h a n 65% theo quy dinh ciia L u a t Q u a n ly nd cong. N a m 2015 Cling la n a m dU nd Chinh phii dat 50,3%, cao hdn gidi b a n 50%, theo quy dinh. Neu tinh theo t h o n g le qudc te. nd cong Viet Xam con cao hdn nhieu, vi khong t i n h den nd cua doanh nghiep n h a nUdc vk cac td chiic cong khac.
Theo bao cao cua Tong cue Thoiig ke.
trong 5 t h a n g d a u n a m 2016, da c6 33.185 doanh nghiep h o a n t a t t h u t u c giai the, t a m ngufng boat ddng. XliU vay t r u n g binh mot ngay, c6 hdn 220 doanh nghiep Viet N a m n i t khoi t h i trUdng. So" chinh thiic giai t h e - ngiing hoat dong va t a m dtCng do kho k h a n ciing t a n g l a n lupt 19,5% va 26% so vdi cung ky.
Phong ThUdng m a i va cong nghiep A'iet Xam (VCCI) da thoiig ke, co 45,5% tfle khoang 428.000 doanh nghiep giai t h e va ngtcng boat dong. Trong do. so^ doanh nghiep gap kho k h a n phai ngiing hoat dong ngay cang t a n g len. n a m 2015 dat 80.000 doanh nghiep^"'.
Ve dao tao n h a n luc cho cac k h u cong nghiep va khu che sug^t d Viet X'am, chi c6 khoang 20°o lao dong qua dao tao, co b a n g chuyen mdn ky t h u a t . Hien tai, so" ngiidi trong dp tuoi lao dong ciia Viet X a m la 75.2%, n h u n g sd lao dong qua dao tao. co bang chuyen mon ky t h u a t . chi cbiein 17.9°o (nong thon 11.2%). X'guon n h a n luc cd cd cau lao dong bat hpp ly (1 t r i n h dp dai hoc - 0,43 t r i n h do t r u n g cap chus'en nghiep -
0,56 t r i n h dp cong n h a n ky thuM); d a n g l u u y la, chi t r o n g quy I n a m 2016, co 225.000 ngUdi t r i n h dp tii cii l i h a n trd len t h a t nghiep'^'. Chiing t a con t h a y t i n h t r a n g t h a m n h i i n g t r a n lan, dao diic xa hpi xudng cap n g h i e m trpng, t e n a n xa hpi gia t a n g . . . .
O t ^ m quoc gia, t a n g t n i d n g k i n h t e da dUdc q u a Uu tien trong k h i bao ve moi t n i d n g sinh t h a i , giao due dao diic, v a n hoa chUa dUdc coi t r p n g diing miic. Trong q u a n ly k i n h te, ky cUdng bi buong long, yeu k e m t r o n g kiem t r a , t h a n h t r a , xii ly vi p h a m chua nghiem. Co t h e ndi, thUc thi p h a p l u a t . chinh sach chUa to't da d a n tdi t i n h t r a n g nhdn luat, coi t h u d n g ky luat, coi t h u d n g p h a p l u a t khong chi ciia ngudi dan va cua ca nhiing ngUdi thiic t h i p h a p l u a t .
Trong giao due dao tao, ngay tii cuoi nhiing n a m 90 cua the' ky XX, mot so' chu i r u d n g dUdc cho la sai l a m t r o n g giao due, dao tao, da dan den t i n h t r a n g suy giam chat lupng giao due dao tao. Chinh sach t u y e n dung cong chtfc, vien chUc vao cd quan n h a nUdc k h o n g p h a n biet loai h i n h dao tao. Bang cap dupe d u a vao tieu c h u a n bd n h i e m can bp...Muc tieu dao tao 20.000 tien sy cung gop p h a n lam b u n g nd quy mo dao tao sau dai hpc d Viet N a m . Viec md rpng quy mo dao tao d cac cap hoc, coi n h e chat lUdng cung vdi yeii kem trong q u a n ly giao due da khien dao diic cua ca th&y va tro deu hi t h a hoa.
Trong gia dinh, n h i e u bac p h u h u y n h lao vad kiein tien vi muu sinh, vi muc tieu lam giau (ea chan chinh, ca b a t chinh) m a quen di hoac coi n h e \dec giao due, day do con cai.
XTiieu gia dinh, cha me con lam gUdng xa'u cho con.
Ca xa hpi, tii gia dinh tdi trUdng hpc, tii cd quan n h a nude tdi cac doanh nghiep, ngUdi
'2i Hem 220 doanh nghiep "chei" in6i ngay;
htip://kinhdoaiih.™express.nei; ThiJbay. 28-5-2016 (3) 3 thang diu nam. 225.000 cii nhan thft nghiep;
http:/Aietnaninet.vn, 26-05-2016.
Nghien cOu Kir^ teso 10 (461) - Thing 10/2016
2 9
xay dtfng con ngtfdf van h6a ...
dan, hi eu6n hut vao muc tieu kinh t^. D^o dfle xa hdi xuong cap ngay cang nhanh, d^n lUdt no, can trd va pha nat nin kinh ti. Chiing ta co the tha'y, hang trSm c6ng trinh vdi chi phi tdi hiing tram ty d6ng, th$m chi ca nghin ty d6ng, dUdc x^y dUng bi bo hoang do quy^t dinh sai. ChS^t lUdng nhilu c6ng trinh kem do bi nit ru6t. Tinh trang gian doi, lam ^u cua ngudi lao ddng trd ngn phd bi^n. Thiic pham b^n cung da tr3 nSn bao ddng. TS^t ca nhiing hiSn tUdng dd do 8\( xuong cS'p ve dao diic xa hoi. D^o dl^c con ngUdi bi tha hda, ngUdi c6 van hda ng^y c£ing trd ngn kh6 tim trong xa hdi hi$n nay.
3. Xky dufng con ugifdi van hoa D I cd the x§y diing con ngudi van hda trong diiu kifn hien nay d Vi§t Nam, cin thiic hi$n nhOng bi§n phap sau:
Tha; nhat, Nha nudc phai thiic thi lu^t ph4p nghi&m khic,. tham chi^ trong mdt sfi"
trUcing hdp c ^ sut dung nhiing quy dinh luat phap ha kh^c, nha't la d6i vdi toi tham nhiing va tdi cudp cua, gi^t ngUdi, tr^m c^p, cudp gi^t. Tang mfic dp ch§' tai xfi phat d6i vdi tiSit ca cac hanh vi l§ch chu^n, til nhiing hanh vi, hi$n dUdc coi la binh thiidng, nhU xa rac ndi c6ng cpng, v§ sinh khong diing ndi quy dinh, di xe, ban hang khdng diing quy djnh..., xam pham cua cdng d biCt clS miic d5, hinh thiic nao (vi du hai hoa, dim l§n CO...) d^n cac hanh vi tham 5, tham nhiing, an cap cua c6ng... Cac quy dinh x\t phat phai diidc luat hoa va dUdc cdng khai, nigm yet d cac dia dilm cong c6ng di mpi ngudi bl^t va thuc hi§n. Tang cudng xfi phat lao dfing c6ug fch dfii vdi trUdng hdp kh6ng c6 du kha nang nop phat b^ng tiln.
Doi vdi nhCng d6i tUdng trom d p nguy hilm, nhiing ngUdi tai pham nhilu Iln...
cin cho cai tao lau dai trong cac khu bidt
lap vdi cong dong xa hoi, td chute cho hp lao dong tii nu6i ban than.
Td chiic thUc thi phap luat that nghigm, theo do, cac nhan vi§n nha nUdc thiic thi phap luat, vi pham co the bi thai h6i, nhdn vign vi pham, can bo lanh dao phai chju trach nhi$m va co thi bi thoi chiic vu.
Thii hai, t$.p trung ddi mdi chfnh sach giao due dao tao, trUdc het ddi mdi ddi ngu nhi3ng ngudi' lam quan 1^ giao due. Trong giao diic, dao tao, chii trong cha't lUdng thay vi Uu tign s^lUdng, giam quy m6 dao tao dai hpc va sau dai hpc nhU hiSn nay. Chii trong giao due dao ddc trong cac trUdng sU pham, trong cac t r U ^ g pho thong va dai hoc. DcS vdi giao due ph^ thdng, co th^ nghien ciiu ap dyng chUdng trinh sach giao khoa cua Nh4t Ban, Xingapo...
Thd ba, cin phai hiiu ro gia dinh dUdc coi la y^u tS" quan trong diu ti@n hinh thanh n6n nhiing tinh each, phim chfft dao diic (yiu tS" quan trong ca!ii thanh van hda) cia mSi con ngudi; do dd cha me cin quan tSm giao due dao diic cho con cai ngay tii khi lot long. Cha me can giao due con cai qua ta'm gUdng dao diic cua minh.
Nin kinh t l ViSt Nam vdi nhiing gia (finh van hoa, vdi con ngu6i van hoa, ch^c chin sg tao n§u nhfing di$u "thin k^' vl tang tnidng kinh^'te bin viing nhU nhilu nUdc trSn t h i gidi.
Tkit tu, Nha niidc cin co chinh sach khuyln khich cac lang xa, t^ dan phfT xfiy di^g va thiic Men cac quy dinh v l van hda mang tinh hudng udc 6 moi ndi.
Th^ ndm, dilm mau chdi cuoi ciing Ik chiing ta cin c6 nhQng ngUcli lanh d^o 6 t i m qu6c gia U nhfing ngUdi c6 van hda, c6 the lan toa van hoa ca nhan, lan toa si^ ttt t l ciia ho cho ca b6 may, cho ca xa h6i.
30 Nghiin cihi Kinh t4s610 (461) - Thing 10/2016
