LANG XA THOI TRAM

LANG XA THOI TRAM

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ang xa - ddn vi cd sd nen tang kinh te - xa hpi - vdn hda thdi Trfin da tQng dupe nghien cQu tnic tiep hofic gian tiep dudi nhieu gdc dp vfi vfin de lien quan khac nhau, chang han nhU: Lang xd trong cuoc khdng chie'n chd'ng qudn xdm iQdc Mdng - Nguyin eiia Phung Vfin CUdng. My thudt lang xd thdi Trdn eua Chu Quang ChQ trong Ndng thdn Viet Nam trong lich sQ, 1977, tap I; Chi' do qudn chu quy tdc ddi Trdn cua Nguyin Hdng Phong, Tap chf Nghiin citu Lich sii, sd 4-1986; hoae Chi'do ddt cdng lang xd, trong Chi' do rudng ddt d Viet Nam, tfip I ciia TrUdng HQu Quynh nfim 1982. Thdi dp - diin trang thdi Trdn (thi'ky XIU- XIV) cua Nguyin Thi PhUdng Chi, xufi't ban nam 2002... Nhin chung, nhQng cdng trinh tren da dUa ra each nhin nhdn khac nhau va eung cfip thdng tin hQu fch giiip hieu biet nhieu hdn mat nay hay mfit khac ve Ifing xfi thdi Trfin.

Tren cd sd dd cung nhQng tfii lieu thu dupc bfii viet nhfim gidi thieu khai quat Ifing xa Viet Nam thdi Tran ve cd cfiu td chQc h a n h chfnh tnic thupc (bp may xa quan va vai trd nhiem vu cua xa quan);

cung mpt sd chfnh sach cua nha nUde Trfin vd vai trd eua Trfin Thu Dp ddi vdi lang xa.

1. To chvic h a n h c h i n h l a n g xa Theo sach An Nam chi ciia Cao Hung TrUng (ddi Thanh) trong dd dfin Nam Viet ngog.i ky cho biet: KhUu Hda, ThQ sii nhfi DUdng bfit dfiu dem trong ngofii chau vfi huyen (b Giao Chau) chia ra: huyen gdm cd hUdng ldn, hUdng nho, xa ldn, xa nho.

Xfi nho tQ 10 den 30 hp.

Xa ldn tQ 40 ddn 60 hp.

HUdng nho tQ 70 den 150 hp.

HUdng ldn tQ 160 den 540 hp.

Khoang nien hieu Trinh Nguyen (785- 804) Dd hp Ifi Tripu XUdng bai bo vipe chia hUdng nho hUdng Idn, chi gpi chung Ifi hUdng.

Den giQa nien hipu Hfim Thdng (860- 870) Cao Bien chia dfit Ifim 159 hQdng thupc.

GiQa nien hieu Khai Binh (907- 910) Tiet dp xQ Khuc Hao gifinh dUdc quyen tQ ehu da ddi hUdng Ifim giap, cung vdi sdgiap ed tQ trUde tfit ca la 314 giap.

Khuc Hao chia dfit ra cac lp, phii, chau vfi xa cl cac xQ; dfit ra chanh Ipnh tnidng vfi Ta lenh trUdng. Moi gifip dfit ra mpt Quan

• TS. Vipn SQ hpc

L ^ g xa thdri Tran ₃₇ giap va mpt Phd tri giap d l giQ vipe danh

thue.

Che dp giap dUde duy tri cho den thdi Ly - Trfin. v a o nam 1292, nhfi Trfin cho ddi giap Ifim hUdng. TQ day giap hfiu nhU hofin tofin dUde thay the Ifi hUdng.

Sudt trong thdi ky Ly den cudi the ky XIII- hUdng - giap, sau dd Ifi hUdng deu nfim trong hp thdng ddn vi hfinh chfnh tnic thupc huyen (vung ddng bfing), thupc chau (vung trung du, mien nui). Huypn, chdu thupc lp. Nfim 1222, nhfi Ly chia ca nUdc lam 24 Id. Sang thdi trfin, 20 nfim sau, nfim 1242 chia ca nude Ifim 12 lp, nhQng nfim sau dd Ifi lp, phu.

HUdng - giap Ifi ddn vi cap dUdi chau, huypn ddng thdi tren xa. Tdi lipu lich sQ cho tha'y, thdi ky thupc Dudng mpt hUdng thUdng ldn hdn xa (hUdng nho gdm 2 den 3 xa, ldn 8 den 9 xa), tUdng dUdng vdi ddn vi tdng tQ thdi Mac ve sau ndy. NhQng tai lipu thdi Ly, Trfin eho thfiy ddn vi hQdng thQdng chi gdm dia hat mpt xa. HUdng ldn cd t h i gdm 2 xa - Trfin Khat Chan cl hUdng Cd Mai (gdm hai xa Hodng Mai va TUdng Mai).

Trfin Qude Chan b hUdng Kiet Dae, mpt xa thpc huypn Chf Linh, Hai DUdng, tham ehf hUdng nho gdm 1 lang (thdn). Che dp thdi Trfin hUdng fip la ndi ddng phu dp, dfit phan phong cua cfic vUdng hfiu; ed quyen thu thue vd td chQe hUOng binh giup vua khi dfit nude cd chien tranh. Trfin HUng Dao cl hUdng Van Kiep, Trfin Thii Dp cl Qufic HUdng. Dudi hUdng, giap Ifi ddn vi xa b ddng bfing, sdch hay dpng cl thUdng du, dQng dfiu Ifi Dpng chu, Tu trUdng thUdng giQ chQe Dpng chii. O nhQng ndi bien viin Nhfi nUde Ly - Trfin cdn cho Ifip trai. DQng dfiu la cac chii trai - la thii linh hoae eac phy dao ngUdi dan tpc t h i l u sd cai quan vung dd. Hfi Khufit, Ha Bong Ifi chii trai Quy Hda (Tuyen Quang).

Ddn vi xa thudng bao gdm mdt sd thdn (Ifing); trang hofic fip hdp thanh. Xa la ddn vi hdnh chfnh cfip ed sd trong he thdng cd quan hanh chfnh thdi Ly - Trfin. Cho den nay tU lieu ghi chdp ve bp may hdnh clifnh cfip xa thdi Ly - Trfin ma chung ta ed dUde rfit it, ehinh sii ghi chdp rfi't sd lUdc, vi the viec tim hieu ve td chQe bp may quan ly Ifing xa gfip khdng ft khd khdn.

Theo Dili Viet sQ ky todn thQ:

"... thang 12 (nam 1242) chia nUde Ifim 12 lp dfit chQc An phu hofic Trfin phii chanh phd 2 vien de cai tri. Cac xd, sach thi dat chQe Dai, Tilu tU xa, tQ ngu phfim trd len la Dai tU xa, tQ lue phfim trd xud'ng Ifi Tilu tu xa, hoae ed ngUdi kiem 2, 3, 4 xa, cung Xa chfnh (Xfi trUdng sau nfiy), Xfi sQ, x a giam, gpi la Xa quan.." (1).

Sau nay, sQ gia Phan Huy Chu khi khao ve quan chQc ddi Trfin eho biet them chQe trach ciia Xa quan giQ viec Ifim hp tich, chQe vu cung xem Ifi quan trpng. Cac ddi sau noi theo khdng ddi, trong ddi Quang Thai (Trfin Thudn Tdng 1388-1398), vao thang 4 nam 1397 nhan vipe ddi ten mpt sd trfi'n b trong nUde mdi "bai bo chQe Dai Tilu tu xa, rieng chQc Dai toat Quan giap vfin d l nhQ cu" (2).

Trong Bia chiia HQng Phuc (3) cd bfii minh vfi ldi tiia ve bia HUng Phue, thupc hUdng Yen Duyen (nay Ifi Ifing TrUdng Tan, xfi Quang Hung, huypn Quang XUdng, tinh Thanh Hda); bia diing vfio ngfiy tdt thang 12 mua Ddng nfim Gidp Ty ddi vua Khai Thai (1324) (mdt 1) va bdi bia vi tQdng cdng (hp Le) do hpi Vu thdn TrUdng Tdn khfic lai ngfiy 8 thang 6 nfim Canh Than, nien hipu Tu DQc thQ 13 (1859) (mat 2) cho biet:

ThUdng tudng Minh Tu (ngUdi ban thdn) thdi Trfin xUa la Le An, sinh eon la Dai

3S Rghlgn curu Ljch si!r. sg 4.2009 Toat Le Bao TQ, Dai toat Le Bfing; da bo

tien cua xay diing chua Hung Phiic. Chua chUa xay xong thi Le Bfing mfit. Con cua dng bfi Ifi Dai toat Dai Lieu ban Le Manh ben eung anh Nguyen Dai toat ky ban Le Nam t^, Dai toat ky ban Le Quang... Le Kha Loi cung vdi eon chau tiep tue xay diing ngdi chua vfi hofin thanh vao nfim 1324.

Trong bia cd chep sU kien khoang nien hieu Thieu Bao (1278-1285): Canh quan cua Toa Dd tien xudng phfa Nam theo dUdng biln, quan gific di tfit dUdng Co Khe dfin vfio hUdng (Yen Duyen) Ong (Le edng) da doe sufi't mpi ngUdi trong hUdng ra phdng ngu cl ben Co But, danh nhau vdi gific. Quan gific hi danh hfiu nhu khdng cdn dUdng lui chay... Sau cd ke phan boi da d i n dUdng cho gific vfio triet pha thdn, gay tdn hai ldn.

Nhu vfiy tu Hpu tQ tfi'm bia tren eho bidt, ngofii chQc Xfi quan - Dai tU xa, Tilu tU xa, Xa chfnh, Xa sit, Xa giaitr cdn tdn tai chQc Dai toat vfi Tieu toat (theo bia chua HUng Phiic). Giao sU Phan Dai Doan eho rfing Dai tofit, Tilu toat dan gian eon gpi la Dai loat, Tilu loat. ChQe Dai toat tQdng dUdng chQc Dai tU xa vd chQe Tilu toat la Tilu tU xa. Phai ehfing day Ifi each gpi khac ciia dan gian ve chQc phfim b Ifing xa thude hfing Xa quan. Le Tfic khi viet An Nam chi iQdc eung ghi "chQe quan lang ddi ddi kd tiep.

Quan giap (cd thUdng, trung, ha, ba bfic, la'y cac quan Dai lieu, Lang tudng lam chQe a'y).

Dai toat Chu do Tieu toat" (4).

Xa quan ngofii vipe Ifip sd hd tich d Ifing xa cdn cd nhi^m vu tii quan, tii vp - td chQe n h a n dan trong hUdng chien dfi'u ehdng gific n h u Le An cl hUdng Yen Duyen mfi bia da ghi. NgUdi cd tfi'm long trung cfin vfi tinh thfin chien dfi'u ehdng gific Mdng - Nguyen qua cam nhU dng vfi n h a n dan hUdng Yen Duyen da dUdc vua Trfin Thanh Tdn khuyen khich khen ngdi. Cac con chfiu cua dng ke tidp dUdc giQ chQc Dai toat Le bfio tii, Dai toat Dai lieu ban Le Manh, Dai toat ky ban Le Nam tii, Dai toat Le Quang. Dd cd the coi Ifi dien le rieng cua trieu Trfin ddi vdi chQc Xfi quan. Che dp the tfip khdng ehi gifinh cho vUdng hfiu quy tpc mfi cdn md rpng den chQe Xa quan b cac Ifing xa.

Chfnh dieu dd cung dUdc Le Tfic ngQdi dQdng thdi thQa nhfin. Chfnh sach dd da tao ra dUdc cd sd xa hpi dn dinh, vQng chfic, d l Ifim ke "sau r i , ben gdc" Ifim nen sQc manh tdng t h i cua trieu Trfin.

Diin le Ifi thd, tfit nhien khong loai trQ ngUdi ed edng vfin ed t h i dUde bd chQc Xa quan. TrUdng hdp T i l u tdt Trfin Lai dang cdm gao xfiu cho vua Trfin trong luc dang chay giac sang lp Hai Dong trong cudc khang chien Ifin thQ 2 (1284-1285); dUde khen Ifi trung vfi ban cho tUdc ThUdng phfim, kiem chQc Tilu tU xa, xa HQu Trieu Mdn d Bach Dfing.

NhQng tai lieu lich svi cho thfiy Xa quan trieu Trfin gdm Xa chfnh, Xa sii, Xa giam;

hofic Dai toat, T i l u toat, Dai tU xa, Tilu tU xa (nhipm vu eiia tQng chQe danh chUa ro), deu do nhfi nUdc bd nhipm, cong nhfin. Xa quan thupc ngach bfic quan lai ciia nhfi nude cung dUde hudng che dp lUdng bong theo quy chd ban hfinh nfim 1244 (rfi't tide Ifi chQa bidt mQc lUdng cy t h i ciia hp?).

Vipe xdt di thfing giang quan lai thdi k^

dfiu nha Trfin d i i n ra sau 15 nfim; sau dd khoang each dU(?c n i t ngfin dfin, theo dfi td

Limg xa thdi Tran 39 chQe bd may nhfi nUdc quy cii hdn cua nhfi

Trfin. ChUa bidt dUde thdi han ciia Xa quan dfii ngfin Ifi bao lau?

Duy Xa quan, neu Ifi ngUdi do trieu dinh cii ve theo nhfin xdt ciia Ngd Thi Si se rat han che. Hp chi Ifi ngUdi thiic hfinh thu thue rupng, thue t h a n b lang xfi. Cac mfit khae lien quan den ddi sdiig eua ddn Idng nhu tp bd phai, kien cfio, nhung n h i i u rat khd giai quyet. Neu Xa quan cd ndng liic mfi thanh Hem thi dan Ifing dUde nhd; Xd quan tham bi va tU ldi ve hua vdi bpn eUdng hao thi dan mfic hpa. Xfi quan Ifi ke hen kdm, vd tfch sii thi bpn cUdng hfio b Ifing xa efing dUde dip tha sQc due khodt, hfim hai dan Ifinh... Cd le vi the che dp Xa quan khong t h i tiep tue duy tri, den ddi Quang Thai (da neu) da phai trQ bo che dp Xfi quan do nhfi nUde ap dfit. Xa trUdng sau dd thay the Xa quan do dan bfiu, nhfi nUdc cdng nhfin; bfit dfiu thinh hfinh tQ thdi Le Thai Td (1428-1433).

Thong qua dpi ngu Xa quan the tdp de nhfi nUde quan ly cae Ifing xa; ddng thdi ban hfinh mpt sd chfnh sach quan trpng nhfim tfing cUdng quan ly, thu phue Ifing xa trong sU nghipp xay dUng vfi bao vp vUdng trieu Trfin.

2. M9t so c h i n h s a c h c u a n h a nxidc doi vdi Ifing x a

LSp so d i n h

Sau khi nhfi Trfin thiet lap dUde hai nfim vfio thang 10- 1227 theo che dp nhfi Ly dfi tien hfinh xdt dinh sd dinh b phii Thanh Hda.

Hfing nfim vfio dfiu mua Xuan trieu dinh sai Xa quan khai bao nhan khfiu gpi Ifi ddn sd', Ifip thfinh sd dinh. Sau dd cQ theo sd mfi dinh. Trong dd ke khai rd cac hang tdn thfit, quan vfin, quan vo, quan tuy tung,

quan nhan, tap lUu hofing nam, gifi yeu, ngUdi tfin tfit bfit cu, ngUdi bien ten trong sd phu, ngUdi phieu tan... Ai cd quan tude ma con chau tap am mdi dUdc ra lam quan.

NgUdi giau khoe manh ma khdng cd quan tude thi xung quan, ddi ddi ldm Ifnh.

Vao thang 2 nam 1238, vua Tran sai Thdng qude Thai sU Trfin Thu Dp duyet dinh so' dinh phu Thanh Hda. Ngofii ra trieu dinh sai Phung Ta Chu di duyet cae fip cd tieng b phu Nghe An. Chi rieng phii Thanh Hda ldm trUde va lam ky sd dinh. Cd t h i do trieu trUde (trieu Ly) viec quan ly hai phu Thanh Hoa, Nghe An cdn sd lUdc long leo. Nen trieu dinh Trfin phai chinh ddn lai vd lam sd dinh can thdn. TQ dfiy lfiy lam bai hpc, kinh nghiem quan ly cac vung khac trong nUdc.

Viec ldm sd hp khfiu b eac lp khae trong nUdc mai den nam 1242 mdi tien hanh.

Trong dd quy dinh con trai ldn gpi Id Dai hofing nam, nho gpi Ifi Tieu hoang nam, 60 tudi gpi la lao, gia Ifim gpi la long lao.

Viec lam hp khfiu sau dd vfin dUdc duy tri. Khoang 5 den 6 ndm nhfi nUde lai td chQc kiem tra hp khfiu. Viec Ifip sd hp khfiu d l nhfi nUde nfim dUde so' nhan dinh nhfim quan ly vd thu thud, tuyen Ifnh; nhfim duy tri bp may nhfi nUdc trieu Trfin. Diia vdo dd nha Tran da thiic thi thanh cdng chfnh sach "Ngu binh U ndng" - mpt qudc sach dUa den binh cUdng, nUde manh vUdt qua thd thaeh ac liet danh thfing de qudc Mdng - Nguyen hung manh nhat the gidi luc bfiy gid, bao tdn dUdc non sdng dfit Viet.

Nhu vay, thdng qua vipe lap sd hp khau nha Tran da quan ly dUde nhan dinh vd kip thdi dua ra chi'nh sach hdp ly ddi vdi cae hang ngUdi trong xa hpi, nhfim tranh thii sQc dan. Tuy nhien, d l giQ eho cupe sdng cua nhan dan dUde yen dn, nhfi Trfin da

40 Rghi6n cijru Lich sit. s6 4.2009 thiie thi nhieu bien phap vfi ehinh sach tfch

ciic. Sdm dinh lufit lenh dieu le trong nUdc vao thang 2 nam 1226 vfi ban hfinh nhQng quy dinh lien quan den rupng dfi't.

Mot so c h i n h s a c h q u y d i n h lien q u a n d e n r u o n g d a t .

Mua Xuan, thang Gieng nfim Dinh Dau (1237) nhfi vua xudng chieu quy dinh:

"Phfim Ifim chuc thU, vfin khe neu Ifi gifiy td ve rupng dat hoae vay mUdn thi ngUdi lam chQng in tay cl ba ddng trUdc, ngUdi ban in tay cl bdn ddng sau" (5). Sau ndy vfio thang 3 nfim 1292 quy dinh bd sung them:

"... pham vfin tu ban doan hay cfim dp rupng dfi't phai lam hai ban gidng nhau, moi ben cfim mpt ban" (6).

Cac quy dinh dd tao cd sd phap ly tin efiy, bao vp quyen ldi eiia ngUdi Ifim chuc thu, dfic bipt ddi vdi vfin khe (ben mua ban) rupng da't hofic vay mUdn, deu phai tdn trpng quy dinh mang tinh phap che dd.

Dieu nay cung chQng to trUde dd tinh hinh mua ban rupng dat da dien ra tU do md nha nUde chUa kiem soat dUdc. Trong qua trinh mua bdn rupng dfi't khdng tranh khoi sii riii ro ddi vdi ngUdi mua, ke ban. Viec dUa vfio quy dinh se dam bao quyen ldi cho ca hai phfa. Vi lam vdn khe dung nhU quy dinh tren mdi hdp phap. Neu cd xay ra tranh chfip, kipn cao thi quan xii kipn mdi cd cdn cQ phap ly de phan xii; bao vp dQdc quyen ldi hdp phdp cua ngUdi bi hai. Chfnh quy dinh mang tfnh phap che cho viec mua ban rupng dat da tao cd sd phap che cho viec mua bfin rupng dfit; md dUdng cho che dp rupng da't tU ddi Trfin phat trien.

Vdo thang 6 nfim Giap Dfin (1254) cho phdp "bfin rupng cdng moi mpt dien Ifi 5 quan tien (dUdng thdi gpi mfiu la dien) cho nhan dan mua ldm eiia tU" (7).

Quy dinh nfiy them mdt Ifin nQa md dudng cho n h a n dan cd the mua rupng cdng Ifim rupng tU. Quy dinh khdng han chd vipe mua ban rupng cdng, khien hao cUdng vfi dia chii vfi n h a n dan cac Ifing xa efing c6 dip d l mua them rupng dfi't cdng, mcl rdng rupng dfi't tu.

Mpt khi rupng dfi't dUdc md rdng, quy md san xufi't tfing len, tfi't tfing cUdng them kha nfing kinh te ciia n h a n dan cac Ifing xa.

Viec mua ban rupng dfi't thUdng diin ra dudi hai hinh thQc hofic mua dQt hay ban doan. NhUng vfio thdi diem nhQng nfim mfi't mua ddi kdm nhU nfim Canh Dfin (1290) vfi nfim Tan Mao (1291) nhieu ngUdi phai ban con lam nd ty eho ngUdi khae. Gia mpt ngudi 1 quan tien, tham chi phai cfim cd rupng dfit d l cQu ddi. Sau nhQng tinh hudng cfip bach dd neu vi§c mua ban rupng da't vfi no ty theo dinh lp se dfiy nhieu gia dinh vfio hofin canh efing khd khfin hdn vi da cfim ed het rupng dfit khdng cdn ke sinh nhai. Bdi vay, trieu dinh da ban chieu nhfim giai quyet tinh the cho dan vfio nfim 1299, eho phdp "phfim ban rupng dfit vfi mua ngUdi Ifim nd deu dUdc chupc lai, ndu d l qua nfim nay thi khdng cho chupc nQa"

(8).

Quy dinh nfiy nhfim ndi long sQc dan, tao dieu kipn d l ngUdi dan co gfing khdi phuc lai cupe sdng binh thUdng sau nan ddi kinh hofing.

Trieu Trfin dfic bipt quan tam ddn ch^

dp sd hQu rupng dfi't, nhQng quy dinh trSn deu nhfim bao vp quyen Idi ciia ngUdi sd HQu rupng dfi't. Thang 10 nfim Canh Thfin (1320), trieu dinh tiep tyc ban chi^u:

"phfim t r a n h nhau rupng dfit, kham x6t ra khdng phai Ifi ciia minh mfi co tranh b^y thi phai phan tpa, tinh so tien ve gia rupng dfi't fiy, bfit phai bdi lai gfi'p doi. Ndu Ifim

Lttig xa thdi T r ^ ₄₁ vfin khd gia mao thi chfit mdt ngdn tay ben

trai" (9).

Quy dinh tren neu dUdc thUc hipn nghiem minh chfic chfin dfi gdp phfin ngfin chfin t$ kiem tinh rupng dfit cua dia ehu, quan lai, bao v§ quyen sd hQu rupng dfit tU ciia ngUdi dan trong cac Ifing xa; md dUdng eho san xufit ndng nghiep phfit trien. Ket qua thuc td^ cho thfi'y chd dp rupng tU thdi Trfin phat triln, hdp vdi xu the lich sit.

Bilu hi$n vfio cudi thd ky XTV khi nhfi Trfin suy mat, quyen hfinh tfip trung trong tay Hd Quy Ly dfi cai each han dien vfio nfim 1397. Da cd n h i l u nghien cQu ve chinh sach nfiy. Han didn chu yeu nhfim vfio gidi quy toe Trfin. Ddi vdi nhfin dfin eac Ifing xa moi ngudi sd hQu khdng qufi 10 mfiu... Hp Hd da gifinh lai rupng dfi't mpt each bfit chfnh; dd Ifi mpt trong nhQng thfit sach Idn nhfit, sdm nhfit dfin den thfi't bai nhanh ehdng cua hp Hd trUde lich sii.

NhUng Cling phai thfi'y rfing nhQng chfnh sach quy djnh tfch cUc ciia trieu Trfin vi rudng dfi't vfi lien quan den rupng dfit dfin tren da gdp phfin dang k l trong vi$e thuc hipn kd sach chidn lUdc "Sfiu r i ben gdc" tao ra mpt hdp liic "Vua tdi ddng long, ca nUde gdp sQc" da danh tan quan Mdng - Nguyen ba Ifin xam lUpc Dai Vipt; tao nen hfio khf Dong A h i l n hach den mudn ddi.

NhQng chien thfing vang dpi dd bfit ngudn tQ vi$c xay dUng ed sd xa hpi Trfin vQng m^nh, tQ eO sd cac Ifing xa, trong dd ghi nhfin phfin ddng gdp quan trpng eiia Thdng qudc Thai sU Trfin Thu Dp.

3. D o n g g o p c u a Tran Thii D o doi vdi Ikng xa

Lich sii dfi ghi nhfin cdng lao ciia Trfin Thii Dp md ra trieu Trfin vfi vipe xay dUng vUdng trieu Trfin vQng manh, cung vai trd eiia dng trong cupe khang chien ehdng quan

xfim iQdc Mdng - Nguyen Ifin thQ nhfi't (1258). Chi xin neu ra d day ddng gdp eiia Trfin Thii Dp ddi vdi vipe xay dUng Ifing xa cd sd. Lfing xfi Ifi nen tang cua xa hpi qufin chu. Lang xa cd vQng chfic thi nUdc - vUdng trieu mdi cd the tdn tai lau dfii.

Khi Trfin Thai Tdng len ngdi ehUa dfiy 2 nfim (1227), bfi'y gid mpi quyen hfinh deu thupc ve tay Trfin Thii Dp. Ong da cho xdt dinh sd dinh phii Thanh Hda. Myc dfch dl nfim dupe cfic hang quan dan ciia phii Thanh Hda, n i t kinh nghiem d l Ifim sd dinh eac phii lp khae trong nUdc. Nfim dupe sd dinh quan trpng nhU the nfio doi vdi nhfi nUdc da phan tfch d tren. Lfip sd dinh, sd hp khfiu sau dd, dUde coi nhU mpt qudc sach eua nha nUde Tran.

Den thang 2 nfim 1238, dfch than Thdng qude Thai sU Trfin Thu Dp duypt dinh sd dinh d phu Thanh Hda. Cd the do Ifin trUde (1227) Ifim sd dinh d dd ehUa dUpc ky (ehUa dat yeu cfiu dfit ra) do dd Ifin nfiy chfnh Trfin Thii Dp tnic tiep xdt dinh Ifim ky sd dinh d phii Thanh Hda; rut ra bdi hoc thUe te khi lap sd dinh d cfic ndi khae se tidn hfinh sau dd.

Trong qufi trinh Trfin Thii Dp kinh ly xdt dinh hp khfiu (ed le d vung ngoai vi Kinh dd Thfing Long) chfnh s^ cd chdp mpt sii kipn kha diin hinh. "Thii Dp tQng duypt dinh sd hp khfiu, qudc mfiu (Linh TQ qudc mfiu - vd Trfin Thii Dp) xin eho rieng mpt ngQdi dUde Ifim Cdu dUdng (chQc dich trong xa - xUa coi viec tufin phdng giQ gin trdt tU tri an; thdi Nguyin sau nfiy chuyen lo vipe dfing cai te l i cua lfing xfi). Thii Dp gfit dfiu vfi bien Ifi'y hp ten que quan eua ngUdi fiy.

Khi xdt duypt den xfi fi'y dng hoi ten fiy dau.

Ngudi fi'y mQng chay den. Thii dp ndi:

NgUdi vi cd cdng chua xin cho dUpc Ifim Cau dUdng, khdng vf nhU ngUdi Cfiu dUdng khdc dUde, phai chfit mpt ngdn chfin d l

42 Rghito curu Ljch sit. s6 4.2009 phan biet vdi ngUdi khae. NgUdi fiy keu van

xin thdi (chQc Cau dUdng), hdi lau mdi tha cho; tQ dfi'y khdng ai dam den nhfi thfim rieng nQa" (10).

Cau chuyen tren thi hipn tinh nghiem khfic, cdng tam ciia Trfin Thu Dp ngUdi Ifim quan giQ trpng trfich luc bfi'y gid. Ong ludn

CHU THtCH

(1). Dai Viet sd ky todn thU (Toftn thu). Nxb.

Khoa hoc xa hpi, Hft Npi, 1972. Tftp II, tr 18.

(2). Dcxi Viet sd ky tiin biin. Nxb Khoa hpc xa hOi, Hft Npi, 1997, tr 503.

(3). Xem PhCtng Vfin Cudng, Pham Vfin Kinh. Mot tdm bia ddi Trdn mdi diidc phdt hien. Tap chi Nghiin cdu Lich sU, so 156 thang 5-6 nfim 1974, tr. 60- 69, 84.

ludn dQng ra bao v§ quyen lOi ciia ngudi dan, tQ chdi quydn Idi bfi't chinh cho rieng minh. Chinh vipe Ifim ciia Trfin Thii Dp da gdp phfin tao dUng dUdc niem tin gfin kdt ngay trong hfing ngu quan lai, trong nhfin dan vfi giQa dan vdi quan; tao nen sQc manh vd dich ciia qudc gia Dai Vi^t thdi Trfin.

(4). Le Tfic. An Nam chi lUdc. Nxb. T h u | n H6a. Trung tfim vftn h6a ngon ngQ Dong Tfiy, tr.

254.

(5), (6). Todn thU, sdd, tr. 15, 75.

(7), (8). Todn thU, sdd, tr. 26, 87.

(9), (10). Todn thu, sdd, tr. 121, 36-37.

QUAN HE THl/dNG MAI VIET NAM CHAU A ...

(Tiep theo trang 31) CHU THICH

(22), (23). Xem Kham Voraphet, sdd, tr. 605.

(24), (25). Xem Kham Voraphet, sdd, tr. 604.

(26). C6 t h i chiing minh qua so lifu ciia Bang 91 trong Kham Voraphet, sdd, tr. 607.

(27). Din theo Kham Voraphet, sdd, tr. 613.

(28). Bien ban ghi cfic biic di^n gOli TheTng s<i Bfic Kj^ (1900-1902), CAOM, Fonds RST, ho sd 1B2333, tr. 427.

(29). Pidrre Brocheux, Daniel H6mery, sdd.

Ban djch luu t?ii khoa S i , TrUcing DH KHXH&NV, DHQG HN, tr. 138.

(30). Pi6rr« Brocheux, Daniel H6meiy, sdd, tr. 137.

(31). Annuaire Statistique de I'Indochine.

Resume retrospectif. Din theo Kham Voraphet, sdd, tr. 616.

(32). Kham Voraphet, sdd, tr. 620.

(33). Annuaire Statistique de I'Indochine.

Resume retrospectif. D i n theo Kham Voraphet, sdd, tr. 611.

(34). Din theo sO'li^u ciia Kham Voraphet, add, tr. 622.

(35). Ministdre de I'lnformation, La mise en vcdeur de I'Indochine Francoise/ZNotes documentaires et 6tudes, N° 95, 26 Juillet 1945, p. 13.

(36). Pidrre Brocheux, Daniel H6mery, sdd, tr.

201.

(37). Chau Thi Hai, NgUdi Hoa Vi$t Nam vA Ddng Nam A. Hinh anh h6m qua vd vi thi hdm nay, Nxb. Khoa hpc xfi h$i, Hfi N$i, 2006, tr. 234- 235.

(38). Pifirre-Richard Feray, Le Viitnam auXXi siicle, Ed., Presses Universitaires de France, Paris 1979, p. 45. Xem th§m Lich sd Vi^t Nam, t^p 2, Nxb. Khoa hoc xfi h^i, Hfi N^i, 2004, tr. 99.

(39). Jean - Pidrre Aumiphin, add, tr. 152.

(40). Nguyin C6ng Binh, Tim hiiu giai cdp tU sdn Vi^t Nam diidi thdi Phdp thu^, Nxb. Vftn Sii Dia, Hfi N$i, 1959, tr. 109.