LICH Sir Hdi QUAN CUA NGl/dl HOA d VIET NAM
NGUYilN V A N BANG*
NGUYEN DUY BfNH**
N
gudi Hoa, do n h i l u nguyen nhfin dfi di cu vdo "S^fit Nam. Luc ddu cM la nhflng ngiidi di cu luu l^c, d i n dtfn Mnh thdnh cdc nhdm cdng ddng tuong dtfi dn dinh. Cdng vdi vific dinh cu, ldm fin, ngudi Hoa thudng xfiy dung hfii qudn cho cdc nhdm cdng ddng. V&y hfii qudn ciia ngudi Hoa dugc h i n h t h d n h td bao gid, vai tro cua nd ra sao?. Trong bdi vitft ndy, vtfn d l chiing tfii quan t a m ngMIn cdu Id lich sd hinh thdnh hpi qudn ciia ngudi Hoa fi^ e t Nam.
Vfiy, hfii qudn Id gi? Hfii qudn, cho dtfn nay van Id van d l dUpc nMlu nhd khoa hpc quan tam ngMIn cdu vd duoc gidi tMch b&ng nMlu cdch khdc nhau. Theo Td dien titfng \^pt, hfii qudn Id "Nhd ciia mpt doan the, ldm ntfi hpi hpp vd cdc hdi vien gdp nhau"*" hoac Id "noi ddnh cho cdc Mfip hpi theo ngfin ngfl xutft xd^2)_ 5 mdt kMa canh nao dd, hpi qudn cd chdc ndng nhu mdt "ngdi nhd cdng cfing", la tru sfi cua mpt nhdm cu dan Trung Hoa cd cung ngudn goc dia phuong fi Trung Qutfc vd cd chung ngon ngfl. Hdi qudn tuy khfing phdi
Id mfit td chdc xd hdi dung nghia nhUng cd vai trd quan trpng trong vific t&p hop lUc lugng, chdm lo cho ddi stfng cda nhdng ngudi ddng huong qua cdc hoat ddng tuong than, tuong di.*^'
Nhin chung, hfii qudn Id mdt dia didm ciia mfit td chdc dugc l&p n i n bdi cdc nhdm ngudi Hoa, trong dd phdi k l den vai trfi ciia cdc thuong nhdn. O Vifit Nam, cfing ddng ngudi Hoa gdm 5 nhdm chu ytfu:
Quang Dfing, Trilu Chfiu, Phuc Kien, Hdi Nam vd He (Hakka).«>
Trong Uch sd Trung Hoa, lich sd Mnh thdnh hfii qudn g&n h i n vdi cpng dong thuang nhdn. Thuong nhan ngudi Hoa gom; thuong n h a n loai ldn, thuong nhdn loai vda, tilu thuong bdn 11 vd thuong nhfin cua chinh quydn. Cdc to chdc xfi hfii ciia thuong nhfin ngudi Hoa tM Hang Id td hgp hdnh nghe sdm nhtft; sau dd Id Bang, Id loai td hgp ngMfip vu ciia thuong nhan;
hdi qudn Id td chdc theo khu vUe ciia thuong nhdn.
Theo sd lifiu Trung Hoa tM Hang Id td chdc xutft Mfin sdm nhtft vdo thdi Dudng
' Ths. Nguj^ Vdn ^ n g , ** PGS.TS. Nguj^ DMy Binh, Khoa Lich siXTnJtog Dai hoc Su pham HdNBi
42 Nghiin ciiu Ddng Nam A 6/2012 Ttfng. Hfing liic ndy khfing cM bao gdm
thuong nhfin md cfin cA nhflng ngudi sdn xutft thii cfing nghidp. Dtfu tiln, thuong nhdn vd nhflng ngudi sdn xutft thii cfing ngMdp cCuig ddng ra md cdc cufB hdng hay thuong didm. Trong ljch sd Trung Qutfc, fi cdc dfi thi tM khu v^c thUdng nghidp diu cfi ranh gidi nhtft djnh dugc chinh quyin cM dinh, khu v^c dfi Id chg. Dtfn thdi Dudng, cdc thi t'Jf. ciSa hdng trong khu v\rc thuong ngMdp cdn ^ th^o ^^ h ^ S ^ " ^ doanh md ttfp trung b mdt chfi, cdc thUOng ditfm bdn cung mfit m&t hdng t&p tnmg d chd tfy gpi Id Hdng.t'*'
Trong cdc dfi tM, thUOng ditfm cua ngUdi Hoa thudng tdp trung b mdt chd vd do chinh quyin kidm sodt theo phuong thdc m$nh ldnh hdnh chinh, muc dich Id dl tidn cho vific qudn ly, thu thutf vd phdn btf tap dieh cho cdc thuong nhdn vd nhil^ng ngudi sdn xutft thii cfing ngifip. Cdc thuong ditfm cung nghi ngMdp °id cda hdng trong Hang vd tu iMnh Mnh thdnh mdt loai td chdc, td chdc ndy cung gpi Id Hdng. Cdc thuong nhfin trong td chdc ndy gpi Id Hfing nhfin, Hdng thuong. Hang hd— trong mdi hang cM dinh ra ngudi ddng ddu ggi Id Hang ddu, Hfing thii, hodc Hdng lfio. Luc dau, Hfing chua phdi Id td chdc dugc Mnh thdnh dl bao vfi quyin Igi ciia gidi cfing thuong ngMdp.
Nhdng ngudi gpi Id Hang dau ddi Dudng Ttfng trin thuc ttf chinh Id dai bilu cho Igi ich ciia cMnh quyin, nhUng theo su phdt trien khfing ngiftig cua thuong ngMdp, Hang da khfing tMch dng dugc vdi yeu ctfu cua thuong nhdn nen den thdi Minh Thanh nd khdng cfin Id hinh thdc td chdc
chu ytfu cua gidi cfing thuong nghidp. Hp cfin cd vdo ylu ctfu ciia ho^t ddng thuong ngMdp ciia minh, thfing qua cdc mtfi quan hd md Mnh thdnh cdc td chile ngMdp vp, hinh thflc phtf bitfn nhtft Id Bang, cflng gpi Id "thuong bang*.
Bang chd ytfu Id ttf chdc theo quan hd khu v^c, cflng cfi kM theo quan hd ngM^p vy md Mnh thdnh. Vf dy, thuyin luong Bang Id bang bufin bdn dudng ddi; Sa bang Id bang budn bdn di l^i trdn sa m^c; Md bang Id cua nhflng ngudi ddnh xe n ^ . 0 dd thi ldn, phtfn ldn thuong nhfin ngudi Hoa diu cfi cdc bang ciia minh nhu }Qiyfin bang, Qudng bang, Ninh Ba bang^.. cdc thuong bang d dfi thi ddu ttf chdc theo qui qudn, cdng cfi kM theo ddc ditfm sd tnidng vd hdng hod chuyin doanh, nhU cdc bang d Giang Nam chii ytfu Id kinh doanh cd mu^, to. Cfi nhflng Bang Itfy quan hd ddng huong ho$c ddng ngMdp nid ktft thdnh dodn thl gpi Id khdch Bang, Kinh bang, Tdn bang, TMlm bang. Son Dfing bang.
Son Tdy bang, Ninh bang, Quang bang^ .*®' d Trung Qutfc, Hfii qudn xutft Mdn td thdi nhd Minh. Luc btfy gid, cd dtfn miia tM, Sl tiJt td khSp noi tren dtft nUdc Trung Hoa rdng ldn dd vl Kinh do dU tM, ddng thdi cfin cd mdt bd phfin khfing It thdong nhfin ttf p trung vl kinh thdnh ldm dn. Su tdng cao dfin luu trd trong mdt thdi diem nhu vdy ldm cho nhu ctfu vl noi tru ngu tdng ddt bitfn, cdc chii phdng trg nhfin dip ndy dtfy gid thul phdng lln mdc cao nhdt cd thl de kitfm ldi. Khfing cM cdc sT td kha ndng tdi chinh cd han, mfi ngay ca cdc thuong nhdn cung khd kham n6i gid phfing trp ddt dfi cua mua tM cao diem. Mfit
Nguyin Duy Binh, Nguyen Vdn Bdng - Ljeh sii h$i qudn cila ngUdi Hoa... 43
phfing trp cM cfi mfit cMtfc giudng cdng khdng dudi mtfy chuc ddng. TrUdc thuc ttf dd, mdt f tudng v l vide xdy dyng mfit noi de giup nhflng ngudi ddng huong tru ngy kM cd vific cdn phdi dtfn dia phuong minh dang sinh sdng dfi xutft Mfin. Trong mfin Mdu Gia Tinh thdi Minh (1522 - 1567), ft Bdc Kuih da bdt d i u xutft Mdn nhflng dia didm cho ngudi dl'n td cdc dia phuong trd ngu, hdi hgp, goi Id hfii qudn. Nhu vdy, hdi qudn vdi chdc ndng ban ddu Id n d fin b tam thdi cho cdc tM sinh v l kinh dfi dy tM, nhijfng thuong nhfin Id ddng hUong di bufin bdn xa nhd cd noi hfii hpp, g&p gd, bdn chuydn hop tdc ldm dn vd luu tru. Hdi qudn xuat Mpn tfl thdi nhd Minh vd ngdy cdng phd bidn. Hfii qudn cfi mdt d hdu k h i p cdc thdnh phd t r i n dtft nudc Trung Hoa, nhu Quar^ Chau, Trung Khdnh, Thugng Hai, Han Khtfu, TMen Tan.., nhung nMlu nhat van la d Bdc Kinh. Neu b thdi Minh (1364 -1644), b B i c Kinh sd hpi qudn cM xtfp xi 50 CO sd tM den thdi vua Can Long (1736 - 1796) ]k t r i n 180 co sd va den thdi vua Quang Tu (1875 - 1909) cfi gan 400 ctf sd.
Hau nhu cdc tanh tren todn qude diu cfi hfii quan cua iMnh b B i c Kinh.
Theo thdng ke, thdi Trung Hoa dfin qudc, sd lugng cac hfii quan d B i c Kinh nhu sau;
tinh Ho Bic cfi 12 sd. Son Ddng cfi 8 sd, Son Tay 35 sd. Ha Nam 13 sd, Giang Tfi 26 sd, An Huy 34 sd, Giang Tfiy 65 sd, CMtft Giang 34 sd, Phuc Kien 23 sd. Ho Bic 24 sd, Hd Nam 18 sd, TMlm Cam 26 sd, Td Xuyen 14 sd, Quang Dong 32 sd, Quang Tay 7 sd, Vfin Nam 9 sd, Quy Chau 7 sd, Tuy Vien 2 sd, Phung TMIn 1 scf, Cdt Lam 2 sd, Tan Cuong 1 sd va Ddi Loan 1 sd.*'''
Trong lich sd, chinh quyin nhd Thanh tdng quy dinh ngUdi Mdn b nfii thdnh, ngudi Hdn b n g o ^ thdnh n i n ttft cd cdc hfii qudn vtfn xdy ctft trong ndi thdnh ddu bi bfi hoang, trong kM dd, cdc ciia Chinh Duong, Sdng Vdn, Tuyin Vu phia Nam thdnh Id noi thuong ngMdp tUcfing dtfi phdt triln, trd thdnh noi t&p trung cdc Hfii qudn.
Ngodi Bic Kinh, d cdc thdnh tM khdc ciia Trung Qutfc dUtfng thdi cung cd hdi qudn. "nnh Td Chdu, m l n Mfiu Van Lich thdi Minh sd hfii qudn dfi phdt t r i l n dtfn con stf 90 sd. Ddi Thanh, b cde tinh Qudng Chdu, Trdng Khdnh, Thugng Hdi, Hdn Khiu, TMIn Tfin, cung diu cd hfii qudn.
Llic dau, hdi qudn khdng cM gidi ban trong vipc kinh doanh thuong ngMdp, muc dich hpi qudn Id de bdo v l Igi ich cua nhifng ngudi dong huong, n i n nhi3ng ngudi dau tien xfiy dung hfii qudn khdng hoan toan cM Id nhiShg thuong nhan. Vi dy, d Bic Kinh hfii qudn dugc nhflng ngudi l l n khao tM xay dung, vi v&y, phan ldn hp deu Id quan lai ldm vile tai Bic Kinh. Hpi qudn cua thanh p h i n ndy It cd quan h i vdi Igi Ich ciia thuong nhfin.
Co the phfin loai hpi qudn theo cdc loai sau:
Hpi qudn do cdc thuong nhfin thdnh Idp:
Loai ndy Id do cde thuong nhfin xfiy dung dd bao ve loi Ich cua cdng dong thuong nhdn tai dia phuong. u Bac Kinh, dudi thdi Thanh, p h i n ldn hpi qudn la do thuong nhan bo tien xfiy dung. O cac thdnh phd khac viec thdnh l&p hpi quan deu mufin hon B i c Kinh.
Trong cdc van bia, bi ki con lai deu gM
44 Nghien Cliu Ddng Nam A 6/2012 rfit r6 myc dich thfinh Ifip h^i qufin khdng
phfii d« cdng t(f mfi d« ngUdi di xa hpp m?it giao tinh, ii Uln l^c ding hutmg, ddn dKc tin nghia, H tiSn lui tdi budn bfin, giM hfing, ho(ic tni ngy. HJi qufin cdn lfi ndi hdi hpp, giao djch vfi cudi cCing lfi ndi thd thAn phd hd,. (S hOi qufin, ngudi Hoa thudng bfin btic cdng vi^c lfim fin. Ha cd, tich trO cfic lo^ hfing hofi, ndi li6n l^c tinh cfim, cfing ti^n cho vi$c dofin k(ft tuong tr?, hifp tfic budn bfin. Ngudi Hoa cd cfiu: 'Ldng ngubi hgp, bgc tiin cung hgp' (nlldn tinh tu ldc tdi tiie du). NhU vfiy, mdt m^c dich quan trong lfi xfiy difng hdi qufin phyc vy cho vi^c lfim fin.
HOi qufin d thfinh phif Thidn Tfin tinh Sdn Tfiy thdi nhfi Thanh lfi mdt trong nhOng hdi qufin ldn. Hdi qufin nfiy do '^udi ba bang, mudi tfim nhfi" dai thudng nhfin d Son Tfiy x&y dung. Gdm bang budn bfin mudi, vfii, gao, s^t, kem, thi^c, trfi, da, hfing fin, hUdng li^u, cfim dd, ngfin hfing, tap hofi. Hfing nfim cfic bang dinh ki hdi hop, ngudi trong cfic bang cu thl lai theo cfic thfing gap gd, hdi hop.
Hdi qufin do quan lai chinh quyin cdng thUdng nhfin td chdc.
So vdi hdi qufin do thUdng nhfin thfinh Ifip, loai hdi qufin do quan lai gdp tiln cung thudng nhfin xay dung it hdn. Lo^i hOi qufin nay reit dfic bi$t, nd khdng chi phuc vu cho cfic thudng nhfin mfi cdn phuc vu cho cfic quan lai vfi ting Idp nhan si.
Theo cfic sd U^u Trung Qudc d thfinh phd Giang Tfiy cd Hdi qufin Giang Tfiy.
HOi quan nfiy do cfic quan lai vfi thuong nhfin cimg dufng ra xfiy dung vfio nien hiOu
(}ia Khfinh. Theo bi ki ghi trong hd) qufin thl nhOng ngudi ddng ra xfiy dyng lfi thudng nhfin bfin gai, giliy, than, dd g6, d6 gdm..Cu(ri ddi Thanh, t ^ thfinh phd Thiin Tfin cd Hdi qufin Vfin QuJ do tdng ddc TrAn Qu^ Long, d^i thuong nhfin Thfii Thu^t Dudng, gifim ddc cinh sfit Vidn Thl Khfii ddng ra dyng.
Sd lu?ng thfinh vifin HOi qufin lo^ nfiy cd khi ldn din hfing trfim ngudi, hp diu li cfic quan 1^ dp phu, d|io, huy^n.
HOi qufin do quan l^i vfi chinh khfich ddng ra xfiy dyng.
Loai hOi qufin nfiy chu ylu do quan lai, bd tiln ddng ra xfiy dyng. MOt sd hOi qufin cdn cd cfi sy tham gia vl tfii chinh cua cfic thudng nhfin dja phuong. D|[c dilm ciia loai hOi qufin nfiy lfi khdng lidn quan hofic lidn quan it din cfic hoat ddng thUdng mai.
Chdc nfing chu ylu cua lo^ hpi qufin nfiy lfi ndi lidn lac hOi ddng hUdng. Bfin canh dd lfi ho^t dOng quang bfi hinh anh, dfinh bdng cho cfic chinh khfich. Trdn thuc tl, nd trd thfinh vii dfii boat ddng chinh tri cho cfic chinh khfich.
HOi vidn cua hOi qufin loai nfiy chu y&
lfi nhiing ngudi dong hudng. Khi dfi lfi hOi vifin cua hOi thi phfii dfing kj vfio s6 vfi ddng hOi phi. Cfi biOt cd hOi qufin khong thu hOi phi, tit ca nhOng ai lfi ddng hUdng diu dudc kit nap vfio hOi.
Chi do qufin la hOi qufin ciing cd nhilu loai: MOt lfi chi dO true nftm (true nidn chi) tdc lfi do nhdng ngudi dong sy chia nhau phu trfich mOt nfim. Hai lfi chi dO ciing qufin 11, theo dd cfic khu vuc khfic nhau nhu cimg mOt tinh nhung khOng cimg mOt
Nguyen Duy Blnh, Nguyin Vdn Bdng - Ljch sii h0i qudn eUa ngudi Hoa... 45
chau, huydn tM cdc dia phuong phdi cd ra sd ngudi nhu nhau d l cCing qudn U. Ba Id chtf dfi phy trdch ddng sU chtf, nghIa Id tu^
theo stf lugng a i a cdc thdnh v i l n trong cdc gidi: thdOng nhfin, chinh gidi, thuong nhfin xufi't duong,..theo chtf dfi phfin phdi qua cdc hpi viln bdu cd.*^*
d Tifit Nam, sy Mnh thdnh vd phdt trien c d i ^ ddng ngUdi Hoa Id ktft qud ciia sy di cu khfing mdt mdi, vda mang tinh ty phdt, vda cfi ttf chdc qua nMlu thtf hd.
Khdng phdi cM dtfn nhflng thtf It^ g i n dfiy ngudi Hoa mdi di cU dtfn Vidt Nam. Theo Vichto Puxen tM ngUdi Hoa cfi mdt b Bfing Nam A vd Vidt Nam td thtf ky HI trudc cfing nguyin.
B i n canh nhflng bitfn ddng ve cMnh tri nhu ngoai xfim, ndi loan, kinh dich gia tdc vd nMlu nguyin nhfin khdc, dilu kifin ty nMIn Tnmg Qutfc cung Id mpt trong nhflng nguyin nhdn kMtfn ngudi Hoa di cd xudng cdc nudc Dfing Nam A trong dfi cd
\^pt Nam.
Nhi3ng dgt di cu d at, cd td chdc dien ra d cdc thdi ky: cutfi Dudng - dau Ttfng (960 - 1279); cutfi Ttfng - d i u thdi Nguyin (1279 - 1368); cutfi Nguyin - dau Minh (1368 - 1644); cutfi thdi Minh- dau thdi Thanh vd n h a t Id trong thdi ky CMtfn tranh thutfc pMdn (1840); Phong trdo Thai Binh TMen qudc (1850 1863);
Chitfn t r a n h Trung - Nh&t (1895) vd Cdch mang Tfin Hgi (1911).'^*
Cf "Vipt Nam, ngudi Hoa song tfip trung chu ydu d cdc thdnh pho, thi xa, tM trtfn, thi td. Hoat ddng kinh ttf chu ytfu cua hg trong llnh vUc thUOng ngMlp, tidu thu cfing
ngMdp vd dich vy, mdt kM ngudi Hoa dinh cU d ddu, tM mang ludi ho^t ddng kinh doanh cda hp khd ch&t chi. Trong llnh vyc vdn hod tinh t h i n , nhflng ngdy ttft, ngdy 11, cdc dip l l hdi cua hg thudng diln ra 6 cdc hfii qudn trdn dia bdn ntfi hg sinh stfng.
Hdi qudn cda ngudi Hoa Mdn difin d h i u htft cdc thdnh phd ldn t r i n todn qutfc.
Ngudi Hoa dtfn sinh stfng, bufin bdn d Thdng Long td thdi Ll. Ntfu b m i l n Nam, ngudi Hoa tU xUng vd dugc ggi Id ngudi Minh Huong (qui nhd Minh), dfic bifit Id nhflng ngudi ch^y trtfn nhd Thanh, tM tai m i l n Bic, ngudi Hoa khfing ddng t i n tfy (cfi l l d l trdnh sy dc cdm cua ngudi bdn xd vdi gi&c Minh trudc kia). O m i l n Bic ngudi Hoa tu nh&n Id ngudi Dudng, b thdi L l ngudi Vi$t cung gpi ngUdi Hoa Id Dudng nhdn, Phudng Dudng nhfin n&m b khu vUc phtf hdng Lam
Tai Thdng Long, ngudi Hoa cM dugc sinh sdng vd bufin bdn tai mfit khu ggi Id phudng Dudng Nhfin. Dudi thdi vua Q u a i ^ Trung, mfic du gidc Thanh hi dudi, nhung nhflng ngudi Hoa d phudng "Dudng Nhfin"
vdn binh ydn. Vdi tdi buon bdn, hg da d i n d i n thfiu tdm dugc ca pho hdng Lam. Hp cho dyng b hai dau phtf hai cdnh cdng chin ngang, ttfi dfing, sdng md. Tfl dd mdi cd ten phd Hdng Ngang. Bdc tudng vd cdnh cdng chin ngang con pho tao thdnh phd ciia ngudi Hoa Quang Dfing vd phd China town ndy da tdn tai khoang 200 ndm, cung vi thtf cfi t i n phd Hdng Ngang, du ching cfi loai hdng hod nao ten la "ngang" cd.
Hfii qudn ngUdi Hoa b Hd Ndi cd bdn cdng ddng Id Quang Dfing, Phuc Kien, Trilu Chfiu, va Hai Nam.
46 Nghiin Cliu Ddng Nam A 6/2012
Trong bdn cOng ddng dd thi eOng ddng ngudi Hoa Qufing Ddng thfinh Ifip sdm nhtft, chiim hdu hit dfin s l phS Dudng Nhfin, ndn phi nfiy cdn cd tdn gpi khfic lfi Qufing Ddng hay ViOt Ddng, nay lfi Hfing Ngang.
Khu phi cua ngUdi Phdc Kiln cOng gpi lfi phd Phdc Kiln, nay lfi phS Lfin Ong.
Hai cOng ddng nfiy chiim hiu hit cfic gian phi giao thuong d khu vyc Dudng Nhfin, Lfin 6ng, sau nfiy cdn md rOng sang cfi PhS Hfing Budm, Hfing Bac.
Dudi thdi Tfiy Sdn, nfim 1801 ngudi Hoa Qufing Ddng dfi dyng hOi qufin, hon 10 nfim sau cOng ddng ngudi Phuc Kiln cung dyng hOi qufin. Hai hOi qufin nfiy cimg thd bfi Thidn Hfiu, ddng thdi lfi ndi tu hpp sinh boat cOng d&ng.
(5 Hfi NOi, HOi qufin Phuc Kiln d trdn khu dtft ngofii ctjTa DOng Hoa ciia hofing thfinh trilu Le cu, ngudi Phuc Kiln chuyOn kinh doanh cfic mfit hfing thutfc b^c, hp nhfip hfing td Trung Quic vl rli bfin di cfic tinh. Sau nfiy ngudi Vipt ciing tham gia budn bfin thutfc nhung khdng canh tranh dupc vdi ngudi Hoa. Phtf Phuc Kiln ^d thl sau nfiy gpi lfi Phtf Lfin Ong.""'
Phdc Kiln HOi qufin, toa lac t^li stf 40 phtf Hai Thupng Lfin Ong, thuOc qufin Hofin Kiem. HiOn nay, hOi qufin nfiy khdng cdn hoat dOng vl tdn gifio, xfi htfi nhung vin cdn nguydn tiin bien sdn son thtfp vfing vdi bon chO "Phuc Kiln Htfi qufin"
treo d vfich trudc ciia tien sfinh. Theo bfi Phan Thi Yin Tuylt thi hOi qufin nfiy chii ylu do cOng ddng ngudi Hoa d Phuc Kiln tai Hfi NOi vfi HAi Phdng x&y dung vfio nfim Gia Long thd 16 (Dinh sihi 1817).
Nfim trdng tu lfi nfim At Sdu (1926). Trong thdi gian nfiy, cdng ddng ngudi Hoa Phdc Kiln cOng xfiy dyng trudng hpc cho con em hp. NhOng ngudi Hoa ddng ra td chdc trCing tu Phdc Kiln Htfi qufin lfi Qufich Hofing Tilu, Qufich Tru Phfin, Td Chung Khang... Trong cutfn "Phdc Kiln HOi qufin Thiin HJu cung", xudng in Minh Tfin, IB NOi, nfim 1936 cdn ghi danh sfich nhOng ngudi Hoa vfi stf tiln hp quydn gdp d^
trdng tu Phdc Kiln Htfi qufin vfi cfic cd sd cd lifin quan.*"'
d Nam Bd, HOi qufin ciHa ngudi Hoa xutft hiOn phin nhilu vfio culi thl ky XVIII niira diu thl ky XDC Tfic gifi GU Dinh Thfinh Thdng Chi dfi ghi nhfin, diu phia Tfiy dudng ldn d Cu Lao phtf cd HOi qufin Phuc Chfiu, phia Ddng Ifi HOi qufin Quing Ddng. d Chd Ldn thl diu Bfic dudng phtf ldn cd ba hOi qufin: Phuc CMu, Qufing Ddng vfi Trilu Chfiu, phia Tfiy c6 Htfi qufin On Lfing vfi phia Nam lfi ChUdng Ch&u HOi qufin<i2).
NOi dung cfic bi k^ cdn luu gid tai cfic hoi qufin ciia ngudi Hoa d thfinh phtf Ho Chi Minh cdng cho bilt vl thdi gian ra ddi cua hO thtfng hOi qufin. HOi qufin Quynh Phd cua ngudi Hoa bang Hai Nam khong rd nfim xfiy dung nhung vfin bia nfim 1827 dl c$p vl nhdng khd khfin trong viOc tao quy dl xfiy dung hOi qufin, bi k# nfim 1869 cho bitft vl sy md rtfng hOi qufin trdn cd sd dS cd td nfim 1827; Tup Thfinh hOi qufin ciJa nhdm ngudi Hoa Qufing Ddng lfi ngdi nhfi cd hai gian vfi mfii..
MOt stf thfinh phtf thi trSon khfic d miln Nam cdng cd hOi qufin cua ngudi Hoa. 0 Cdn Thd cd nfim sfiu hOi qufin cua ngUdi
Nguyin Duy Blnh, Nguyin Vdn Bdng - Ljch sU hdi qudn cila ngUdi Hoa... 47
Hoa Trilu Chfiu, Qudng Dfing. Mfii hfii qudn d i u do mdt nhdm ngUdi Hoa tao dung. B i n quih dd cung cfi mfit sd hdi qudn do cd ngudi Hoa vd ngudi Yi^t cCmg nhau xdy dUng, n h u Hfii qudn Hifip TMdn cung b thi trfih Cdi Rdng tinh C i n Tho. Hdi qudn ndy gdm ndm ban: Qudng Dfing, Trilu Chfiu, Phuc Kitfn, Hp vd mdt ban ciia ngudi ^^dt• Da stf hfii qudn ciia ngUdi Hoa b C i n Tho d i u dugc xfiy dung d khu vyc s i m utft, thu&n tidn cho vide di l^i, sinh boat, l l hfii ciia ngudi Hoa. Cdc thfing tin td cdc hi ky cho bitft m l n dai cua cdc hdi qudn ndy k h o d i ^ 150 ndm. Kitfn tnic ciia cdc hfii qudn cung htft sdc da dang. Cd noi xdy theo Mnh chd nhtft (-) nhu hfii qudn Hifip TMIn Cung; cfi hdi qudn Mnh chfl dinh (T) nhu Hdi qudn HidP TMIn Cung Thanh My, xd Thanh My, thdnh phtf C i n Thtf, ktft ctfu ciia hdi qudn thudng theo kilu khdp kin, vudng gfic vdi nhau, ktf phan cda chinh, thudng cd sdn TMIn "nnh, xung quanh Id cdc hodnh pM, cfiu dtfi, vong rdm, Mnh hoa Id, chim mudng. Trang tri ngodi thudng Id hinh ve Bdt tiln, sy tich Tam Qutfc diln ngMa, hinh cd hod long.. Mdi cua hpi qudn thudng lgp ngdi fim duong.
T r i n bd nfic thudng Id Mnh nhdn b&ng gdm, sd du mdu, tUOng t h i n nh&t nguydt, ludng long tranh chdu.. t r i n cdc thanh xd ngang thUdng dugc cham k h i c cfing phu, son son thtfp vdng lfing Uy. Trang trgng nhtft Id gian chinh dipn, noi bdy cdc hUong dn de thd, thudng dugc bd tri theo hdng ngang. Bdn thd Quan Thdnh De Quan dugc ddt b gifla, bdn thd TMIn H$u, ph&t bd Quan Am dugc dfit b hai ben. O noi ndo khdng thd ph$t bd Quan Am tM thd Quan
Cfing, TMIn H&u Thdnh Miu cung dugc thd cung mdt gian nhU: Hdi qudn Hidp TMIn cung.
H&ng ndm, trong cdc Hfii qudn cua ngudi Hoa d C i n Tho cfi nMlu k^ 11, cdng ttf. Tilu bilu nhtft Id cdc ngdy via Quan Thdnh Dtf Qufin vd TMIn H&u Thdnh Miu. Ngdy via Quan Thdnh Dtf Qudn dUOc td chdc vdo ngdy 26 thdng 6 dm Uch, ngdy TMdn H&u Thdnh Miu dugc td chdc vdo 23 thdng 3 fim lich. Trong cdc ngdy ndy, ddng bdo Hoa, Vifit cdng nhau td chdc mua ldn, dtfu ddn, diln vdn nghfi,... Ttft cd nhdng hoat ddng trdn t h l Mfin truyin thdng dodn ket g i n bd gifla cdng dfing n ^ d i Vidt, Hoa, Khmer... d dia phuong^^^*.
Cung nhu b ede dia phUOng khde, b Phan TMdt cutfi thtf ky 17 mfit bfi ph&n ngudi Hoa dfi ddng chdn d cda b i l n Phu Hdi, trai ddi dtfn Hdm Nhon (thi treui Phu Long bay gid), noi dfiy binh thdnh mdt cda bien bufin bdn, trao ddi s i m utft vdi thuong thuyin nudc ngodi. Do hodn ednh Hch sd vd nhflng cupc di dfin ngdy cdng dfing, ngudi Hoa chuyen d i n v l Phan TMtft (cdch Phu Hdi 7 km). Ngodi cdng vific ldm fin budn bdn, lo ddi stfng kinh te hdng ngdy, ngudi Hoa van bao luu dugc truyen thong tin ngudng riing ciia minh. Dd duy tri ddi stfng tin ngudng, hp da Ifip ra hdi qudn rieng theo tifiig bang. Hien nay ngudi Hoa b Phan TMdt cfi 4 bang hpi ldn Id: Quang Trieu, Phdc Kien, Trieu Chau va Hai Nam.
Hau htft hpi quan cua ngudi Hoa diu dugc xfiy dyng vao cutfi the ky 17 dau the ky 18.
Hpi quan cua ngudi Hoa b Phan TMtft thfing thudng co kien true nhu sau: Ngoai cdng Tam quan co tfin rieng cua tdng hfii
Nghien Cliu Ddng Nam A 6120/2
qufin (thudng dip biUig xi mfing chd nli), mfii Ipp ngdi fim dUdng, dinh ndc trang trt Unh tupng "Ludng long chiu nguyOt" ddng thdi khic ho? nhttng Mnh finh diln tich xua nhu: Bfit tidn qufi hfii, Phdc 10c thp, td linh (long, lfin, quy, phyng) cfic mfing trang tri diu dupc khic, ch4un tri ciu kJr, cdng phu.
BOn trong gin cfic cfiu d(S, hofinh phi nOi dung lfi rfin d ^ con ngudi fin d hiln hofi, tu nhfin tich ddc.. ttft cfi duyc khic trOn g& qu^.
Htfi qufin thudng lfi ndi luu gid cfic bfii vi ciJa tiln nhfin hay bfii v\ cua nhdng ngudi trong bang, hOi khOng cdn ngudi th&n vi li do nfio dd luu l?c, di lfim fin xa.
Cd hdi qufin cdn thd cfic vi t h i n thfinh nhu;
Phudc Ddc Chfinh Trin (dng Bin) d hOi qufin Phuc Kitfn, 108 vong linh ngudi Hoa td nan nfim 1876 khi thuyin buOn cua hp bi dim dUdc thd d HOi qufin Hfii Nam. Mdi nfim, ngofii vipc gid chap cfic hOi qufin cdn t l chdc 11 theo tinh chtft dfic trUng ridng cua tdng bang.
Mpt v a i n h | i n x e t
Su hinh thfinh, phfit triln cua HOi qufin cua ngudi Hoa lfi mOt qufi trinh ljch sijf l&u dfii. O ViOt Nam, hOi qufin cija ngudi Hoa gin liln vdi lich sd di dfin, dinh cU vfi hda nhfip vdi mOt mOi trudng mdi. Hinh thdc lidn ktft mang tinh ddng hUdng - phudng ngii cd vi tri quan trpng trong ddi stfng xfi htfi cua cOng ding ngudi Hoa trudc dfiy, ngfiy nay cbn dupc duy tri khfi phi biln, dd lfi hOi qufin. HOi qufin cua ngudi Hoa ddng vai trb quan trpng trong viOc gifl ^m bfin s^c vfin hda, liOn kit cOng ddng, noi gfip gO, giao luu, bfin viOc lfim fin, tudng thfin, tUdng fii. Cd the ndi, hOi qufin lfi mpt thfinh ttf
quan trpng trong ddi s i n g ciia ngudi Hoa, gidp hp t i n t^, phfit triln, hba nhOp vdi ddi stfng xfi htfi sd t ^ mfi vfin luu gifl dupc nhong ddc trung vfin hda ttfc ngudi/
C H U T l r i C H
1. Vfin Tfin (chu bifin): Tif diln tiing ViOt, Nxb Khoa hpc Xfi hdi, Hfi NOi, 1994, tr. 403.
2. Li Tana - Nguyin C&n Thdy (chu biOn): Bia chiJT Hfin tnmg hOi qufin ngubi Hoa tai thfinh phtf H i Cbi Minh, Nxb Khoa hpc Xi hOi, Hfi NOi, 1999, tr.9.
3. Nguyin Dfi: T l chiJc xfi hdi cua ngudi Hoa b Nam BO, lufin fin Titfn A I|ch sd, thfinh phi H6 Chi Minh, 2(X)8, tr.84.
4. Nguyin Duy Binh: Hbn nhfin vfi gia dinh cda ngudi Hoa d Nam BO, Nxb Dai hoc Qudc gia thfinh phtf Hi C3li Minh, 2005.
5. Vuong TriOu Tudng, Luu Vfin Tri:Tning Qutfc cl dai dich thUdng nhfin, Cdng ty trfich nliiOm hiJu h^n ThUdng vu In thil qufin qutfc ttf, Bic Kinh, 1995. (Can Ti(
Thanh djch) Nxb Tri, I999,tr.89.
6. VUdng TriOu Tudng, LUU Vin Tri^Truilg Qudc d dfi dich tllUtmg nhfin, sdd, tr. 92.
7. VUdng TriOu Tudng, Luu VSn TrifTrung Qutfc d d ^ dich tliuong nhfin, sdd, tr. 95.
8. VUdng TriOu Tudng, Luu Vfin Tri: Tnmg Qutfc d d4u dich thuong nhfin, sdd, tr. 99.
9. Chfiu Hii: dc nhim cOng ding ngudi Hoa h ViOt Nam, Nxb Khoa hpc Xfi hOi 1992, tr.l7 10. httpy/www.36phoplujong.vnAiguoihoaol]Bnoi 11. Phan Thj Yin Tuytft: Vl lai lich mpt ngSi milu xua tai Hfi NOi. trong cutfn: Nghi v^
Thfing Long Hfi NOi, Nxb Ttl 2001, tr. 118.
12. Tiinh Hofii Dde: Gia Dinh Thfinh Th6ii|_
Chi, tfip Trung, Tu Trai Nguyin Tao dicfi"
Nlia Vfin hba Phu Qutfc vu Ichanh dfic tlficl
vfin hba xutft bfin, 1972. ' J 13. Trin Phdng Dilu: Hpi qufin cda ngudi Hoa
d Cfin Thd, tiong cutfn: Nam BO - Dtft vk Ngudi. Nxb TA, 2002, tr.341.
