Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Truang Quang Dung
^ VAN DE PHAT TRIEN DU LICH VAN HOA C H A T LtrONG CAO d VIET NAM
TRU'ONG QUANG DUNG' TOM TAT
Cimg vdi qud trinh hdi nhap nin kinh te thi gidi, nganh du lich Viet Nam dang phdt trien nhanh chdng Tuy nhien, di ddp img nhu cdu ngdy cdng da dang eiia du khach, ben canh cdc sdn phdm du lich dai trd hien dang ddng vai trd chii luc nhu nghi ngai gidi tri, tham quan thdng cdnh, le hoi... thi cung cdn nhimg sdn phdm cd chdt lugng cao Bdi viit ndy gidi thieu mdt sd sdn phdm "du lich vdn hda chdt lugng cao " vdi mong mudn gdp phdn lam cho du lich nude ta ngdy cdng phong phii, hien dgi han
Tu khda: san pham du ljch, du ljch van hoa, du lich dai tra.
ABSTRACT
Developing high quality cultural tourism in Vietnam
Along with the integration with the world economy, our country's tourism industry is growing rapidly. However, to meet the increasingly diverse needs of tourists, besides the mass tourism products that currently play a leading role such as recreation, sightseeing, attending festivals... high quality products are required, too. This article introduces some ''high quality cultural tourism" products in hope of helping to enrich and modernize the country's tourism.
Keywords: tourism product, cultural tourism, mass tourism.
1. Dat van de
San pham du ljch, ciing nhu nhirng san pham thuong mai khac, khong ngimg thay doi theo thdi gian de dap iing nhu cau eon ngudi. Hien nay d Viet Nam, nhirng san pham du ljch dai tra (nghi ngai giai tri, tham quan thing canh, ll hpi...) van ddng vai trd chii luc, nhimg sd lupng du khach ddi hoi san pham chat lugng cao ngay cang tang [2]. Nhutig eo sd kinh doanh du ljch, cac nganh ehiie nang Hen quan, cac co sd dao tao nhan luc can phai nghien cihi xem xet van de nay mgt each khoa hgc va toan dien.
2. Ngi dung
Trong bai viet nay, chiing toi tim hieu ve npi dung ciia "du lich van hda chat lugng eao" ed npi dung nhu the nao.
Ve mat lich sir, du lich van hoa la coi ngudn cua du ljch. 6 chau Au thdi co va trung can dai, ngudi ta di du ljch de kham pha: tham cac viing dat mdi, xem each song Ciia ngudi nude ngoai, tim hieu ljch su, nghe thuat, lii sing ciia ngudi dan nude khae [2]... Sau nay, du lich dai tra (du ljch theo miia nhu di tam bien, tam suoi nude nong) va du lich giai tri (cae khu vui choi kieu Disneyland) xuat hien lam md nhat din y nghTa ciia coi ngudn dd. Ngay nay, nhu cau du ljch da dang
' TS, Tru'6'ng Dai hoc C6ng ngh6 TPHCM
Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Sd 60 ndm 2014
hon va mot si ngudi co xu hudng quay vl vdi nhiing hinh thiic du kich van hda nhung vdi chit lugng eao hon [I]. Cong ding chau Au cd han mpt ea quan chuyen nghien ciiu va de xuat nhiing chinh sach mdi ve du lich. Hien nay, mgt trong nhung moi quan tam ciia cpng dong nay la du lich van hoa chat lugng cao.
Theo nhung nghien ciiu ciia Cpng dong chau Au thi san pham du ljch van hda chat lugng cao van phai dam bao nhiing dieu kien nhu san pham dai tra, tire la day dii ve ca sd ha tang (khach san, nha hang, xe eg di lai...), dgi ngu hudng dan va dgi ngC cham lo cac dich vu can thiet khae.
Nhung khac vdi san pham thong thudng, du ljch van hda chat lugng cao doi hoi phai CO nhirng nhan to sau:
(i)Ham lugng tri tue cao: Du ljch van hda ehat lugng cao cd ban sac van hda sau dam hem binh thudng nen viee thiet ke san pham nay can su dau tu tri tue dang ke [3]. Chang han, neu san pham thugc loai tim hieu ljch sir thi nd phai dugc cac ehuyen gia ve su tham gia dan dung, san pham thugc ve van hgc thi can ed chuyen gia bao tang va eae nha nghien cuu van hgc tham gia thiit kl.
(ii) Dgi ngu hudng din, phuc vu du lich phai co trinh do chuyen mon nghiep vu va tay nghi cao. Ching han, muln dam nhiem viec td chire mgt hdi thao qudc tl ve mpt vin dl khoa hgc thi dpi ngu phuc vu phai thanh thao ngoai ngtr va biet each lien kit vdi cac nha khoa hgc hay mgt trudng dai hpe nao dd dl lap cac chuong trinh va thuc hien hgi thao.
(iii) Du Heh van hoa ehat lugng eao khong the do mot don vi rieng le dam
nhiem ma phai la sir hgp tac thudng xuyen giiia nhieu don vj, nhieu co quan chiic nang, nhieu eo sd van hoa, giao due... Chang han trong 16 trinh nha van Marguerite Duras tir Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh (TPHCM) di Sa Dec, mgt chuong trinh diy dii phai cd nhiing khau nhu sau:
Gidi thieu nha van M. Duras do mgt CO sd Phap ngir dam nhiem tai mdt dja diim d TPHCM.
Don vj du lich dua khach ve Sa Dec (phuang tien di lai, luu tru...).
Trudng Tilu hgc Sa Dec gidi thieu ve nha van, hudng dan khach tham nha eii, trudng cu... ciia nha van.
Ban phu trach ngoi nha "Nguoi tinh" ddn tiep khach va gidi thieu gia dinh "Ngudi tinh".
Td Van hgc cua Sd Van hda Thong tin hay Sd Giao due va Dao tao sd tai gidi thieu vg eac tac pham cua M. Duras.
Dan vj phat hanh sach dia phuang gidi thieu va bay ban nhiing tac pham ciia nha van.
- Khi trd lai TPHCM, khach se dugc mdi di tham trudng qude tl Phap mang ten Marguerite Duras (tir nam hgc 2011- 2012), trudc do cd ten la Colette.
(iv) San pham du Ijeh phai da dang.
Nhu trudng hgp cua Marguerite Duras ndi tren, lg trinh du ljch khong ehi goi ggn vao viec tham Trudng Tilu hgc Sa Dec, ma bao gdm ca viec tham nhiiu noi lien quan eung nhu nghe thuyet trinh ve nha van va mua sach bao tai cho.
2.1. Phdt trien du Tick van hoa chat lugng cao d mpt sd nude
• Cung theo Cdng dong chau Au, cac loai hinh du Heh van hda chat lugng cao
Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Trugng Quang Dung
bao gdm cac hinh thirc: co sd van hda khoa hgc tdng hgp, diem van hda chuyen sau va mang ludi cac lg trinh van hda.
Cac minh hpa sau day deu lay tir kinh nghiem eua ehau Au.
Ve cac CO sd van hoa - khoa hpc tong hpp, thi du ndi bat la Trung tam khoa hgc La Villette d Paris. Dd la noi du khach tim hieu ve nhiing thanh tuu khoa hgc mdi va tu minh tham gia vao nhiing hoat dpng nghien ciiu sang tao. Ndi chung, bat ki nude nao cung cd mpt hay nhieu CO sd van hoa - khoa hpe de du khach den tim co hpi nang cao hieu biet ve van hda - khoa hgc ciia minh.
Ve eae diem van hda chuyen sau, chau Au la noi tap trung nhieu thanh tuu dang ke do nen van hda lau ddi cua hg va eac diem nay lam ndi bat ban sac van hoa eiia timg qude gia rieng biet. Nhirng \'i du ve ITnh vuc nay rat nhieu va da dang.
Trude het, do la nhiing bao tang luu giir nhirng eong trinh cua cac nha van, nha nghe thuat ten tudi nhu Bao tang Monet ve hgi hga hay Bao tang Balzac d Quan 16, Paris. Du khach hien dai rit quan tam den nhiing nha van, nha tho, nghe sT...
ma hp yeu thich. Tham chi nhiing nhan vat hoan toan hu ciu nhu Nang Tien Ca, Sherlock Holmes, Maigret, Don Quiehotte, Hamlet... deu phai co "bao tang" rieng eho hg va ddng dao du khach sin sang viing tham, nghien eiiu. d Dan Mach, tugng Nang Tien Ca la noi khdng the thilu ddi vdi du khach tham dat nude nay. Tugng dai dd gin liin vdi nha van Andersen, tac gia nhiing chuyen cd tich ndi tilng thi gidi. CJ London, ngdi nha phd Baker ciia Sherlock Holmes duge
xa> dung theo ddi hoi cua du khach, vi hg mudn chiem ngudng "mgt each vat chat" nha tham tii hmen thoai chir khdng chiu dimg lai d chd dgc sach thuan tuy. d Paris, ngudi ta ciing phai bd tri mot phong lam viec cho vien thanh tra eanh sat Maigret, nhan vat hu cau ciia nha van G. Simenon, ngudi Bi noi tieng Phap.
O Trung Quoc, hai bai tho Dudng ndi tieng "Hoang Hac lau" cua Thdi Hieu va "Phong Kieu da bae" ciia Truong Kl cung da lam eho nganh du ljch tao ra hai diem du Ijeh van hda dgc dao: Lau Hoang Hac d Vu Xuong va ben Phong Kieu d Giang Td. Du khach den lau Hoang Hac de thudng thirc am hudng ciia bai tho, cung nhu den ben Phong Kieu ngu lai de ve khuya nghe tieng chuong chiia Han Son d ngoai thanh Co To.
Ve mang ludi cac lg trinh van hda, d Trung Quoc cung ro net cac lot trinh ndi tieng nhu "Con dudng to lua" ndi lien eae xii sd Trung Can Dong thdi xua vdi Trung Quoc hay "Hanh trinh eiia Duong Tang di Tay Thien lay kinh" dua theo tac pham Tay Du Ki. 6 chau Au, gan day ngudi ta khdi phuc mgt so lg trinh ndi tieng ngay xua nhu "Lp trinh hanh huong ve Santiago de Compostela" (mgt thanh pho d Tay Ban Nha). Cac tin do Ki td giao chau Au hanh huong ve Santiago de vieng mg Thanh Jacques d nha thd ldn trong vung. Ngudi ta ciing tao dung nhieu 16 trinh van hoa - lich su khac nhu
"Ld trinh ngudi Cehes" (bg lac Celtes xam chiem viing Nam ehau Au hay "Lg trinh ngudi Viking", dudng xam nhap ngudi Bic Au xudng phia Nam. Ciing ed nhiing lg trinh ve ngon ngii nhu "Lg trinh
83
Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Sd 60 nam 2014
tilng Tay Ban Nha" va 16 trinh ve van hgc nhu Le Cid. Le Cid la cau chuyen Tay Ban Nha duge nha van Phap Pierre Comeille (1606-1664) dan dung thanh kjch tho va dupe eu Ung Binh Thiic Gia Thi dich sang tieng Viet vdi ten "Tuong L6i Xich". Lg trinh vach lai nhiing tuyen dudng ma nhan vat chinh cau chuyen da di qua. Ro rang mang ludi cac 16 trinh van hda phai dugc thiet ke va xay dung mgt each cong phu vdi su hgp ddng cua nhieu don vi lien quan den du lich.
Ndi chung, nhiing hinh thirc du ljch van hda chat lupng eao khong thu lgi ngay nhu kieu dai tra. Trong thdi gian dau viec thua 16 thudng xay ra. Vi vay, nha nude hay eae quy xa hgi can h6 trg trong mgt thdi gian. Y nghTa ciia cac loai hinh nay co hai mat, mat kinh tl (lgi nhuan) va mat van hoa (bao tdn ban sac van hoa quoc gia).
2.2. Phdt trien du lich vdn hda chdt lugng cao d Viet Nam
Trong hoan canh nude ta hien nay, eac loai hinh du ljch van hda chit lugng eao noi tren can dugc quan tam xay dung, c i n phan diu de trong mgt thdi gian ngin, nganh du Ijeh co du eac loai hinh dd va moi loai hinh hoat dpng mgt each viing chae.
Ve loai hinh thii nhit, tiic la eac co sd van hda co he thing, ta ed thi lien tudng din nhtrng hinh thire da hinh thanh it lau d nude ta.
Lang ddn toe hoc. Sang kiln nay da mang lai nhiing kit qua dang khich le.
Bao tang dan tpc hpc d Ha Npi dugc xay dung cdng phu nhung du khach chi din tham quan mgt each dai thi chir khdng
tim hieu dugc sau sic ddi sdng thirc te cac sac tgc. Lang dan tgc hgc da gidi thieu ti mi ddi sdng do va du khach c6 thdi gian tham gia vao nhung cdng viec cu the.
Hoc Idm ndng ddn, ngu ddn. Sang kien nay d Hpi An ciing mang lai ket qua kha quan. Khach nude ngoai muln kham pha nhthig each lam an cua eae dan toe khac. Hp rat thich thii khi dugc huong dan cay rudng, dap liia, xay cac cay rom... Hg ciing thich thii khi dugc tham gia danh ca vdi ngu dan ven bien.
Ve cac diem van hda ehuyen sau, ggi su lien tudng den eac bao tang du loai lim trir cac truyen thong van chuang, nghe thuat, bach nghe. Linh muc Nguyin Dinh Thi, hgi truong Hgi Huynh De Viet Nam d Paris, da xay dung d Huang Son, Ha TTnh mdt bao tang ndng cu cd tim co dang ke. Du khach den tham quan bao tang nay se biet dugc ngudi Viet diing nhung eong eu gi trong viec khai thac ndng nghiep: cay, hira, c6i gia gao...
Nhimg bao tang nganh nghe nhu \ky ck duge phat trien. Rieng vl van hgc, nhimg diem van hda se rat da dang va se d6ng gdp ldn eho viec de eao di san van h6a dan tgc. Chang han d sdng Nhu Nguyet (Song c i u hay song Ca Ld hien nay), can cd bao tang Ly Thudng Kiet dl tdn vinh bai tho tir tuyet "Nam quic son ha..."
dugc coi nhu tuyen ngdn dgc lap cua nude ta d ddi Ly. Lich su ghi rang bai tho dugc ngam vang trong dem, khich le tudng sT nude Viet tien len danh bai quan xam luge Tong. Du khach cd thi nghi qua dem ben song Nhu Nguyet de nghe am vang bai tha liic dem khuya (Tuang
Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Truang Quang Diing
tu nhu trudng hgp bai tho Phong Kilu da bae eua Truang Kl ddi Dudng).
Ba Huyen Thanh Quan sang tac rit it nhung nhiing bai tha ciia ba diu bit hii (Thang Long thanh hoai cd. Qua Deo Ngang...). Thiit nghT, dudi chan Deo Ngang d Quang Binh hien nay nen co mgt bao tang nhd vinh danh bai tho "Qua Deo Ngang" ciia ba. Du khach dimg chan nghe ngam tho va tudng tugng ra canh ba Huyen di qua day ngay xua da cam tac nhu the nao.
Ve cac mang Id trinh van hda - lich sir, nude ta vdn cd nhieu tiem nang xay dung va khai thac. Sau day la mdt sd y tudng de xuat:
Lg trinh Trudng Son: Ld trinh xuit phat tir Ijeh sii "Dudng mon H6 Chi Minh" chay xuyen su6t Viet Nam. Lp trinh du ljch nay se dupe nhieu ngudi quan tam ma trudc het la cac cuu chien binh MT cung nhu Viet, eac nha nghien cim sir hgc va quan su, cac chinh khach, nha ngoai giao.... Con dudng Ho Chi Minh hien dai se thuan tien cho viee thuc hien 16 trinh.
Lg trinh van hda Vien Dong: Day la con dudng di san van hda Phuong Dong, bat ngudn tir Van Mieu Ha Ngi, Hoang Thanh Thang Long, qua Thanh Nha H6 d Thanh Hda din Khu di tich Hui. Du khach cd the lam quen vdi van hda ed Viet Nam tir cac bia cua Van Mieu va eac lang tam d Hue. Can dua vao Id trinh nay nhirng dinh mieu tieu bieu nhu Dinh lang Dinh Bang, Mieu Hai Ba Trung... Lp trinh nay cd the bao gdm Trudng Viln Dong Bae ed ciia Phap d Ha ndi va Vien Han Ndm ciia Viet Nam.
Lg trinh van hoa Nam A: Day la con dudng di san van hoa Champa bit dau tir Bao tang Cham d Da Ning; Thanh Dja My San d Quang Nam, Thap Cham d Phan Rang cho din cac lang mac Cham d Nam Trung Bd va Nam Bp. Lp trinh gidi thieu cho du khach ve kien triic, phong tue tap quan, chir viet, van hgc, ljch sii dan tgc Cham rai rac d Viet Nam. Cd thi dua vao day nhiing nganh nghe thu cong n6i bat ciia ngudi Cham.
Vl sac thai t6n giao, co thi nghT den hai lg trinh quan trpng:
Lp trinh Thien Chiia giao khdi dau tir Biii Chu - Phat Diem, qua cac hp dao lau ddi d mien Bac va mien Trung, din thanh dja La Vang d Quang Trj va eac tu vien d Da Lat, cudi eting la Bao tang Alexandre de Rhodes d TPHCM. Lg trinh nay gidi thieu sir hinh thanh chii qu6c ngii, nhimg tai lieu quy hiem dau tien nhu cac loai tu dien La tinh - Viet, Viet - B6 Dao Nha... va cae sach kinh thdi ki mdi cd quoc ngti. Ld trinh eung bao gdm Bao tang Cadiere d Hue va cac eupe hanh huong ve tham Dire Me d La Vang.
Ld trinh Phat giao khdi su tir cae chiia cd nhat d mien Bac, qua cac dja diem chii yeu trong lich sir Phat giao Viet Nam. Nhtrng khau quan trgng trong 16 trinh nay la Chiia Yen Tir d Quang Ninh, noi vua Tran Nhan Tdng tu hanh va Bao tang Bd tat Thich Quang Dire d phia Nam.
Ve van hgc nghe thuat, ed the hien thuc hoa cac y tudng sau:
Lg trinh Marguerite Duras, nhu da ban d phin dau bai viet, 16 trinh van hgc
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Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM S6 60 ndm 2014
nay se hip dan nhiing ngudi sir dung Phap ngu va gidi sinh vien, hpc sinh.
Khdi diu lp trinh la nghe noi chuyen ve nha van Phap timg sing thdi tho au d Dong bang sdng Cim Long. Tiep do la chuyin di vl Sa Dec tham trudng cu ciia ba va nha ciia "Ngudi tinh". Trd lai TPHCM, du khach den tham trudng quic te Phap M. Duras d Quan 9.
Lg trinh Han Mac Tir: Lp trinh nay trai dai tir Quy Nhon den Hue, nhtrng noi ma nha tho da timg s6ng va sang tae nhung bai tho n6i tieng, trong do co bai
"Day th6n VT Da".
Lp trinh "Tay tien" dua tren bai tho ciia Quang Diing trpng thai ki chdng Phap. Lp trinh nay danh cho gidi tre muon phieu luu, song lai nhiing ngay
gian khd ciia cudc khang chien eh6ng Phap lin thir nhat. Nhung chang trai do thi, hinh anh ciia nhiing chang trai Ha Npi nam 1947, rdi thanh phi len rimg lap can eii khang chien. Day la Id trinh ciia ude mo thdi trai tre.
3. Ket luan
Trong qua trinh hdi nhap, nganh du lich Viet Nam can dau tu phat trien nhiing san pham du ljch van hoa chat lupng cao de dap iing nhu eau khach du lich trong va ngoai nude. Tir nhiing y tudng ve san pham du lich van hoa chat lugng cao da neu trong bai, chiing toi hi vgng se dugc hien thuc hda, gdp phan lam phong phii them ve san pham du ljch Viet Nam, ddng thdi bao tdn nhirng net dep cua van hoa dan t6e.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
Minh Quang (8-6-2004), "Du lich van hoa xu thi mdi cua Viet Nam?".
httpj/vietbao vn
Duong Van Sau (2013), '"Van h6a du lich", san phim ciia van hoa Viet Nam trong tien trinh hpi nhap'. Tap chi Vdn hda vd Du lich, (4).
Bill Thanh Thiiy (2009), "Vl npi ham van hoa du lich", Tap chi Du lich, thang 12- 2009.
(Ngay Toa soan nhdn airgc bdi 13-5-2014, ngay phdn bien ddnh gia- 26-5-2014;
ngay chip nhdn dang: 17-7-2014)
