TAP CHi KHOA HQC DAI HQC VAN LANG Phan Huy Xu va tgk
VE PHAT TRIEN LOAI HINH DU LICH SINH THAI TAI VIET NAM
DEVELOPING ECOTOURISM IN VIETNAM
PHAN HUY XV^'^ v(t V6 VAN THANH^"^
TOM TA T: Du lieh sinh thdi phdt trien tir thdp nien 1990 vd cd xu hudng ngdy cdng tdng mgnh. Nhin chung, tdi nguyen phdt trien du lich sinh thdi a Viet Nam rdt da dgng vd phong phii, gdn vdi khdng gian 7 viing du lich dd dugc quy hogch, moi vung cd tdi nguyen du lich ddc trung thu hut du khdch. Nhung tren thuc ti, logi hinh vd sdn phdm du lich sinh thdi a Viet Nam chua gdy dugc dn tugng den du khdch. dgc biet Id du khdch thu hudng du lich sinh thdi cao cdp vdi nhung ddi hdi ve chdt lugng sdn phdm nhdm thda mdn td hpp the chdt, tinh thdn vd tdm tri cua hp. Bdi viet ndy, chung toi bdn ve logi hinh du lich sinh thdi d Viet Nam vdi nhirng lugn diem ca bdn nhu nhdn thirc ve du lich sinh thdi, tiem ndng, thuc trgng, nhirng gidi phdp giiip cho logi hinh du lich ndy phdt trien cd bdn sdc, ddu dn vd hda vdo chudn mirc chung cua du lich sinh thdi the gidi.
Tir khda: du lich sinh thdi; du lich thien nhien; du lich xanh.
ABSTRACTS: Ecotourism has flourished since the 1990s and become more and more developed. In general, resources for ecotourism development in Vietnam are diverse and plentiful, associated withthe seven planned areas of tourism which each has its own unique tourism resources to attract tourists. In fact however, ecotourism products and products in Vietnam have not impressed visitors, especially visitors enjoying high-end ecotourism with high demands on quality products to satisfy their physical, spritual and mental well-being. In this article, we discuss about ecotourism in Vietnam with basic insights such as ecotourism awareness, potential, status and solutions for developing ecotourism withits own identity, impression and harmony with the general standard of world ecotourism.
Key words: ecotourism; nature-based tourism; green tourism.
1. DAT VAN DE cua du Hch sinh thai de xay dyng diem den va Hien nay, d nude ta nhilu noi phat triln khu du lich sinh thai dung nghTa khoa hpc.
du ljeh sinh thdi d gt, manh ai ndy lam, khdng Du lich sinh thai giiip cdn bdng cdc muc diing vdi bdn chdt vd ngi hdm ciia khai niem tieu phat trien md UNESCO va cdc td chire du lieh sinh thdi. Do do, hieu qua thdp khdng thi gidi dua ra: Kinh ti - xd hgi - mdi trudng hdp ddn du khdeh va phan tdc dung. Vi vdy, hoae: Kinh te - vdn hda - xd hoi - mdi trudng, ehiing ta edn ndm viing khai niem va dae diem trong dd, eon ngudi la trung tdm cua mpi su
"•' PGS.TS.GVCC. Trucmg Dai hgc Van Lang, [email protected]. Ma sd. TCKHl 1-18-2018 '"' ThS. Truang Dai hpc Khoa hpc Xa hoi va Nhan van, [email protected]
TAP CHi KHOA HQC DAI HOC V A N LANG S6 11, Thing 9-2018 phat trien. "Ngudi ta du bdo rdng, den the ky
XXI con ngudi se biit sdng hda dieu v&i thien nhien, han Id phd phdch tu nhien vd triet ly cua thi ky XXI la triit ly Tdn tu nhien (Neo- Naturalism)" [15, tr.332]. Trudc day, con ngudi ludn xem minh ngu tri thien nhien, cd gang cai tao thien nhien vd dd Id quan diem sai ldm frong qua trinh phat trien khiln cho eon ngudi da va dang phai trd gia bang nhimg biln ddi khi hgu, thien tai (nguyen nhdn gian tiep eua eon ngudi) vd nhdn tai.
Vdi nhgn thiie mdi hien nay, trong eude chinh phuc tu nhien, eon ngudi dang timg budc nhdn ra rang, minh khdng the ddng vai dng chil, ma edn phdi la nhiing ngudi ban than thien vdi mdi trudng sdng [7, tr.373]. Bd Gro H. Brundtland (1990), nguyen Thu tudng Na Uy timg nhan dinh: "Cd hai moi nguy hiem Idn dang rinh rap chiing ta: chgy dua vQ trang hgt nhdn vd nguy ca d nhiem.
Tire la hai qud bom: qud bom hgt nhdn vd qud bom sinh thdi" [3, tr.269]. Theo caeh ndi ciia ba, "qua bom sinh thdi" dang ddn hien hiiu rd net hon vdi mdi trudng sinh thdi todn eau. Trong bdi viet nay, ehiing tdi lam rd khai niem du lieh sinh thdi ciing nhu nhiing ddc trung cua nd, tiem nang vd thye trang phat trien du lich sinh thai d Viet Nam cimg vdi nhimg gidi phap eho du lich sinh thai phdt trien ben vung, cd diem nhdn va gdp phdn vao muc tieu dua nganh Du lich Viet Nam trd thanh nganh kinh t l mUi nhgn.
2. NOI DUNG
2.1. Cdc khai niem lign quan
Tir nam 2002, Td chire Du lich T h i gidi (UNWTO) dua ra thdng diep "Du lich sinh thdi - chia khda de phdt triin du lich ben vUng" da hudng cac qude gia din phdt trien sinh thai nhu mdt logi hinh du lieh eo
ban ciia phdt trien ben vflng. Tren thye t6, d nhilu nude viee tgp trung phdt trien du ljeh thien nhien vd du lieh sinh thai dang la mdt nganh kinh doanh sinh lgi, nhieu trien vpng phdt trien vd ddng vai trd quan trgng trong thu hiit ngoai te [2].
Cd nhieu khai niem ve du lieh sinh thai da dugc d l xudt theo gde do ehuyen mdn va each nhin eiia cdc td chiie, ea nhdn cac nhd nghidn ciiu du lich hgc. Khdi niem du lieh sinh thai da dugc cdc nhd sinh thai hpc dua ra vao nhflng nam 1960 vd cac nha nghien ciru du lich chap nhdn trong nhiing ndm 1980 khi du lich sinh thai la mpt phdn khiie du lieh phat trien nhat trong nh&ng nam 1990 [18, tr.l2]. Mgt sd quan niem ndi bat ve du lieh sinh thai, theo Td chiic Lien minh Bdo tdn Thidn nhien Qude te (lUCN):
"Du lich sinh thdi Id su di du lich tham quan cd trdch nhiem ddi vdi mdi trudng tgi nhung nai cdn tuang ddi nguyen sa de thudng thuc vd hieu biet ve thien nhien, cd hoge khdng kem theo dgc trung vdn hda bdn dia, cd syr hd trg doi vdi cong tdc bdo tdn vd it tdc dpng den moi trudng, giup du khdch tham gia thiet thuc vd eo ich doi vdi vdn hda xd hoi cua ngudi ddn dia phuang" [16, tr.l 13].
Bd quy tae ling xir dao diic todn cau trong du lieh cua WTO (nay la UNWTO) tir ndm 1999 eung da khdng djnh, du lich thien nhien vd du lich sinh thdi dde biet cd lgi de lam phong phii va ndng cao vi the ciia du ljeh, giiip hg tdn trpng cde di san thien nhien, eu ddn dja phuong va phii hgp vdi nang luc thyc hien ciia ede diem tham quan [17]. Trude va sau d l xudt ciia Td ehiic Du lieh t h i gidi (1999), mdt logt cac qude gia phdt trien du lich ngdy eang quan tam den du lich sinh thai, ehang ban nhu Uc
TAP CHI KHOA HQC DAI HQC VAN LANG Phan Huy Xu va tgk (1994), Hoa Ky (1998), Nepal, Malaysia,...
dua ra dinh nghTa du lieh sinh thai lam khung ly thuyet trien khai phat trien du ljeh sinhthdi trong thye tiln [8, tr.l31-133],
Hpi nghi Thugng dinh Qude te ve Du lich sinh thdi tai Quebec, Canada (2002) da cd gang ldm rd sy nhdm Idn nay bang caeh sir dung khai nidm du lich sinh thdi nhu mdt cdng cy thyc hi6n bdo tdn va phat trien ben vihig vdi m^t sd ddc diem nhgn dien du lieh sinh thai nhu: Du lieh sinh thdi ddng gdp mgt each tich eye eho viee bdo ve cac di san fy nhien vd van hda; Du lich sinh thai dua cdng ddng dan cu dia phuong tham gia viec phat trien va khai thac logi hinh du lich ndy, ddng thdi ddng gdp vao viec ndng cao cugc sdng cua hg; Du Hch sinh thdi cung cdp cho du khach su diln giai ve cde tdi nguyen ty nhien vd van hda;
Du lieh sinh thai phii hgp vdi du ljeh ca nhan eung nhu eae ehuyen du lich dugc cac td chiie eho ede nhdm nhd [18, tr.13-14].
Cae nha nghien ciiu tren the gidi eiing de xuat nhirng djnh nghia ve du lieh sinh thdi, cd the ke den Hector Ceballos Lascurain, ngudi Mexico (kien tnie su, nha mdi trudng hge, ed van du lich sinh thai qude tl tir ndm 1987) da dua ra dinh nghTa du lieh sinh thdi: "Du lich sinh thdi den nhirng khu virc tu nhien it bi 6 nhiem hoge it bi xdo trdn vdi nhung muc tieu ddc biet:
nghien ciru, trdn trgng vd thudng ngogn phong canh vd gidi dpng thuc vgt hoang da cUng nhu nhirng bieu thi 'van hda (cd qud khir vd hien tgi) dugc khdm phd trong nhirng khu vi^rc ndy" [8, tr.l31].
Tgi Viet Nam, Hdi thdo "Xay dung chiln luge phat trien du lich sinh thai d Viet Nam" (1999) dl xudt dinh nghia du
lich sinh thai: "Ld logi hinh du Ijch dua vdo thien nhien vd vdn hoa bdn dia, gdn vdi gido due mdi trudng, cd ddng gdp cho no luc bdo tdn vd phdt trien ben virng, vdi su tham gia tich cue cua cpng ddng dia phuang" [14]. Lugt Du ljeh (2005): "Du lich sinh thdi Id hinh thuc du Hch d\ra vdo thien nhien, gdn vdi bdn sdc vdn hda dia phuang vdi sir tham gia cua cpng dong nhdm phdt trien ben vurng" [Khoan 19, Didu 4]. Ludt Du lieh Viet Nam sua ddi (2017): "Du lich sinh thdi la logi hinh du lich dua vdo thien nhien, gdn vdi bdn sdc vdn hda dia phuang, cd su tham gia cda cpng dong ddn cu, ket hgp gido due ve bdo ve moi trudng" [Khoan 16, Dieu 3].
Dgc diem cua du lich sinh thdi Martha Honey vdi bdi viet Ecotourism and sustainable development Who owns paradise?, cho rang du lich sinh thai ed bay dde diem: 1) Nhiing dde diem du lieh ty nhien; 2) Hgn ehe nhung tdc ddng tieu cyc den sinh thdi (tir khdch san, rdc thdi, hdnh vi du khdch); 3) Xdy dung nhdn thire diing dan ve mdi trudng (gido due du khdch va cdng ddng dja phuang); 4) Cung edp Igi ich tai chinh true tiep eho viee bao tdn; 5) Cung cap tai chinh vd quyen lgi hgp phap cho ngudi ddn dia phuong; 6) Tdn trpng van hda ban dia; 7) Vdn de dan chii va the ehe [4, tr.29].
Theo Hector Ceballos Lascurain, trong Idi ndi ddu bdi Global ecotourism policies and Case studies - Perspectives and Constraints, hau het cde nha nghien cim du lieh deu eho rdng, du Ijch sinh thai ed nhung dae diem nhu sau: 1) Hogt ddng cua du lich sinh thai dugc tiln hanh trong mdt boi canh ty nhien tuong ddi chua bi xdo trpn; 2) Nhung tdc ddng tieu cue cua boat ddng du lieh duge
TAP CHi KHQA HQC DAI HQC V A N LANG So 11, Thang 9-2018
giam thilu; 3) Hogt ddng du lieh hd trg eho sy bdo tdn di sdn ty nhien vd van hda; 4) Lien quan din cdc edng ddng dia phuang trong qua trinh thyc hien vd cung cdp lgi ieh ehp hp; 5) Ddng gdp cho sy phdt trien ben viing va la mdt cdng viec cd lgi; 6) Yeu td giao duc/danh gia/giai thich (di san tu nhien vd van hda) phdi dugc hien hG'u [5].
Logi hinh du Hch sinh thai cd mdt sd dac diim ndi bat nhu sau: 1) Gdn lien vdi gido due mdi trudng, bdo ve he sinh thdi thdng qua du lich; 2) Chit trpng mdi quan he giira con ngirdi vd thien nhien hoang da; (3) Gidm thieu tdc dpng tieu cue cua du khdch den mdi trudng, vdn hda bdn dia [11, tr.l46].
Nhin chung, cac dinh nghTa ve du ljeh sinh thdi ed su thdng nhdt cao ve ndi dung vdi bdn dgc diem: Du lich sinh thai phai dugc thyc hien trong mdi trudng tu nhien edn hoang so hoge tuong ddi hoang so gdn vdi van hda ban dia; Du lich sinh thdi hd trg tich cue cho cdng tdc bao tdn cdc dac tinh tu nhien, van hda va xa hdi tgi diem tham quan; Du lich sinh thai cd tinh giao due mdi trudng cao vd cd trach nhiSm vdi mdi trudng; Du Ijch sinh thai phdi mang lai lgi ich eho eu dan dia phuong va ed sy tham gja ciiacdngddng dan cu dia phuong [18, tr.14-17].
Nhflng ddc diem ca ban eiia du lieh sinh thai la dua vdo gid tri cua canh quan thien nhien, ket hgp vdi v3n hda bdn dia nhdm nd luc phat trien ben vung ve mdi tru'dng, van hda va cdng ddng eu dan ban dia.
Ddc diem ciia du lieh sinh thai d Vidt Nam: phdt trien dya vao gia trj (hdp dan) cila thien nhien va van hda bdn dia, duge quan ly ben viing ve mdi trudng sinh thai, ed gido due, dien giai ve mdi trudng, cd
ddng gdp cho nhfl^ng nd lye bao tdn va phdt trien cdng ddng [6].
Lien quan den du lich sinh thdi, chiing tdi trinh bay them cdc thudt ngfl":
Khdch du Hch sinh thdi: la nhung du khdeh tim hieu, trdi nghiem, thdm nhdn gia trj sinh thai ty nhien vd sinh thdi nhdn van tgi cdc diem den.
He sinh thdi tu nhien: la mpt he thdng md hoan ehinh, bao gdm cac quan xa sinh vat vd khu vyc sdng eua sinh vat. He sinh thai bao gdm he ddng vat, thyc vdt, vi sinh vat vd mdi trudng vd sinh nhu dnh sdng, nhi^t do, ehdt vd eg,... He sinh thai thudng dugc chia thanh he sinh thai tu nhien va hp sinh thai nhdn van.
He sinh thdi nhdn vdn: la mdi quan he cd he thdng giu:a eon ngudi, xa hdi va ty nhien.
Tdm lgi, du lieh sinh thai khdng eho phep eon ngudi can thiep vao cac he sinh thdi ty nhien, eho dii la can thiep mang lai lgi ich kinh te - xa bdi cho con ngudi va eon ngudi chap nhgn den bii bang vat chat cho nhiing thiet hai ma hp gdy ra ddi vdi ty nhi6n[18, tr.l5].
2.2. Tiem nang du Ijch sinh thai Vi|t Nam Tdi nguyen thien nhien phuc vu eho du lieh sinh thai tai Viet Nam rdt da dgng va phong phii. Nude ta ed tai nguyen dia chat, dia hinh, dia mgo, khi hau, thuy vdn, ddng thye vgt rdt ddc biet (cd khodng 21.000 loai thye vat, gdn 12.000 loai dpng vat, trong do cd nhieu loai dge hfln, cd nhflng loai dugc dua vdo Sdch Dd ciia thi gidi nhu Sao La, Vooc mui hich, Bd biln,...), la 1/10 qude gia cd da dang sinh hgc phong phii nhdt the gidi, xep hgng thOr 16 tren the gidi ve miic do da dgng ciia tai nguyen sinh vat (theo WCMC) vd la mdt trong eae nude dugc uu
TAP CHi KHOA HQC DAI HQC VAN LANG Phan HuyXu va tgk tien eho bdo tdn toan cdu. Den het nam
2017, UNESCO edng nhdn din 10 khu du UQ: sinh quyin thi gidi d Viet Nam, 8 khu Ramsar eila thi gidi. Tren ed nude cd khoang 300 hang ddng,... cd 3.260 km bd bien vdi 125 bai tam, hdu het la eae bai tam dep. Nude ta Id 1/12 qude gia ed vinh dep nhat the gidi,... cd nhieu sdng, hd ndi tieng nhu sdng Hdng, sdng Tien, sdng Hdu; hd Ba Be,... Hien ed 164 rimg dde dung, trong do ed 31 vudn Qude gia, 69 khu bao tdn ty nhien, 45 khu vyc bdo ve ednh quan, 20 khu rirng nghien eiiu thye nghiem khoa hpe. Mdt sd di san ty nhien dugc UNESCO vinh danh nhu: Vinh Hg Long, Di sdn Thien nhien Thi gidi (1994, 2000); Vudn Qude gia Phong Nha - Ke Bang (2003, 2015); Cdng vien dia ehdt Cao Nguyen da Dong Van (2010); Di san Ty nhien va Van hda Danh thang Trang An (2014); Cdng vien dja ehat Non nude Cao Bang (2018).
Day la nhung tai nguyen rdt tdt de nghien ciru, tim hieu, phat trien logi hinh du lich sinh thai, tham quan tim hieu ve ddi sdng dpng thyc vat hoang da va van hda ban dia.
Chinh vi vdy, ehien luge phat trien du ljeh Viet Nam thdi ky 2001 - 2010, Chiln luge phat trien du lieh Viet Nam cho thdi ky mdi din nam 2020, vd tdm nhin den ndm 2030 ludn xac dinh du Hch sinh thai la mdt trong cdc ddng sdn phdm du lich chinh, cd siie egnh tranh eao so vdi cac nude trong khu vyc vd tren thi gidi [2],
2.3. Thuc trang va thdch thiic ciia phat triin du Ijch sinh thai Vift Nam
Theo UNWTO (2002), logi hinh du lieh sinh thdi ddi hdi eao va chat che ve y nghTa gido dye eho du khdeh sy tdn trpng, bao tdn thien nhien vd van hda ban dia.
ddng thdi mang lai lgi ieh kinh tl eho edng ddng dia phuong. Du khdeh khdng ehi thudng thiic thien nhien md quan trpng hon Id phdi biet tdn trgng, bdo tdn, giii gin thien nhien, mdi trudng, ddng thdi phai biet tdn trgng, bao tdn gid tri van hda va quyen lgi kinh te eua edng ddng dia phuong. Lau nay, vi khdng nhdn thiie diing ve khai niem, ndi dung ciia du lich sinh thai va do lgi ich eye bd, ca nhdn nen mdt sd diem du Hch sinh thdi da lam sai lech, tiiy tien. Chang han, ed nhung noi ngudi ta gilt thjt dpng vat, chgt phd cdy rimg va xd rdc khap noi;
Mpt sd diem du lich sinh thai xay dyng gia tao, sai quy lugt mdi trudng thien nhien, ldm hiiy hoai tai nguyen. Co quan qudn ly can cd ehinh sach, chd tai xir ly theo phap lugt ddi vdi eae diem du lieh sinh thai tren.
Nha quan ly, nha kinh doanh, nha khoa hge va cdng ddng ddn cu can gdn ket, hgp tac, td chiie, xdy dung diem du lich sinh thdi dimg nhu ban chat ciia nd [10].
Phat triln du Hch sinh thai d Viet Nam mdi di nhiing chdng dudng ddu tien, bat ddu tir eudi thap ky 90 trd lai day, du lieh sinh thai mdi ndi len va dan dan phat trien trd thdnh mdt ITnh vyc day hiia hen. Lugng khdch du lich trong va ngoai nude tdng len nhanh chdng, chiem khodng 8% tdng sd khdeh qude te. De ed the phdt trien du lich sinh thdi ben vu:ng va ed trach nhiem, chiing ta cdn hieu dimg the ndo Id du lich sinh thdi vd ling dyng trong hoan ednh d Viet Nam. Cdn thdy rdng, du ljeh sinh thai Id loai hinh du lich dya vao cdc gid trj ty nhien, gdn vdi ban sac vdn hda dia phuong vdi sy tham gia eiia cdng ddng nham phat triln ben vung. (3 mgt khia egnh khde, cd the hilu du lieh sinh thai la logi hinh du
TAP CHI KHOA HQC DAI HOC V A N LANG So 1 1 , T h a n g 9-2018
lich md lgi ieh eiia nd gdn chat vdi trdch nhiem bdo tdn mdi trudng va cai thien phuc lgi cho ngudi dan dia phuong. San phdm du lich sinh thai eua Viet Nam ehua thgt sy tao ra diim nhdn trong cam nhdn ciia du khdeh trong va ngodi nude.
Vdi Nghi quylt cua Dai hgi ddng Lidn Hgp Qude "Du lieh sinh thdi - Chia khda dl xda ddi gidm ngheo va bdo ve mdi trudng", du lieh ViSt Nam can cd nhieu ludn cii dl nang cao ehdt lugng du Hch sinh thai va ddng gdp cho du lieh Viet Nam trd thdnh nganh kinh te mui nhgn [2].
Tdi nguyen thien nhidn vd nhan van ciia nude ta rdt phong phii vd da dgng.
Tiem ndng ve du Hch sinh thai rat Idn nhung thyc te de ed mdt md hinh du lieh sinh thai diing nghTa la khdng de dang. Do hieu sai khdi niem du lieh sinh thdi nen nhieu noi dd xdy dyng md hinh du lich sinh thdi gia tao, khien eudng, chap vd, thay ddi canh quan tu nhien bang ednh quan nhdn tgo, chat rimg, ddo ao va kenh rgch, nudi, nhdt ddng vat va trdng mdt sd cay,... rdi treo bien quang cdo dd Id du lich sinh thai.
Nai dd, lgi tiep ddn nhieu du khdeh ldm cho
"siic chiia" qua tai. Du khdeh den ngdm ednh va an nhau thit rung cac loai,... Nhu vdy, rd rdng dd khdng phdi la mdt hinh du lich sinh thai.
Thyc trgng ve du lieh sinh thai nhdn vdn chua ed gi ndi trdi va hdp ddn. Vl hudng ddn vien du lich sinh thai edn rdt thiSu vd yeu, dge biet chua am hilu khoa hgc sinh thai nhiet ddi vd edn nhi§t ddi.
Tuy nhien, d nude ta, cung'cd trdn 10 khu du lich sinh thai dugc vinh danh, dge biet la Topas Ecolodge (d Sa Pa) da dugc Tgp chi National Geographic ca nggi. Ngoai ra.
mdt sd dja phuang da giir gin, bdo ve he sinh thdi ty nhien vd sinh thdi nhan van phuc vu tdt eho du lieh sinh thdi. Nhung is mdt sd viing mien, he sinh thai ty nhien va sinh thai nhdn vdn dang bj suy thodi. Theo kit qua cua bdo cdo thudng nien ndm 2012 mang ten The Environmental Performance Index (EPI) ciia hai trung tdm nghien ciiu mdi trudng thuge Dgi hpc Yale va Columbia thyc hien, ve dnh hudng cua chat lugng khdng khi, Viet Nam dirng thii 123 trong bang xep hang 132 qude gia khao sat, duge xem Id cd khdng khi bdn thii 10 the gidi. 6 miln nvii, tinh trgng pha rung lam eho ednh quan ddi niii nham nhd, xo xac, dnh hudng den du lich sinh thdi. CJ miln bien vd hdi dao, tinh trang rdc thdi va nude xd thai edng nghiep lam cho du khdeh nude ngoai phdn ndn. Vi du, mdt nhdm du khach Hoa Ky dau ndm 2017 khi den Cii Lao Cham da phdn ndn ve rdc. 0 ndng thdn, ednh viit bira rdc, ga vit, heo bi ehet b§nh ra sdng, rach. Mdt sd nha ipay hoac Id gach gay d nhiem ngudn nude va khdng khi khien eho dan dia phuong biie xiic. 0 cac dd thi, nhdt la cae thdnh phd Idn, tinh trgng ket xe, rdc thdi, tiing dn, nha vp sinh ban dang sg dd ldm cho du khdch khd chiu.
Du Hch sinh thai la loai hinh du Ijch mang lai cho du khdch sy trai nghiem, tham nhgn, cdm thu, gidi tri vl thidn nhi6n va nhdn van. Nhung thye trgng d nhiem mdi trudng d nhieu noi kha trdm trgng da va dang lam cho du khdeh thdt vgng. Dd la chua ke den nhung sdn pham du Hch sinh thdi ngheo ndn, dieh vu du lich cdn yeu kem da lam eho phdn Idn du khdch nude ngodi khdng trd lgi Viet Nam (theo sd lieu khao sdt ed din hon 85% du khdch nude
TAP CHi KHQA HQC DAI HQC VAN LANG Phan Huy Xu va tgk ngodi khdng trd lgi Viet Nam). Tren thye t l
cho thay, hdu h i t ede diim du du lieh sinh thai ciia nude ta hien nay d i u khdng tuan theo mdt nguyen tdc nao. Ngudi ta chi lam du lieh theo kieu "mi an liln", khdng cdn biet rang mdt trong nhfling yeu cdu co ban de tiep can du lich sinh thdi la kha ndng nhan thiie eiing vdi traeh nhiem cao ddi vdi cac gia trj thien nhien, rdng mgi hogt dgng deu phdi hudng tdi sy phdt trien bin •vung.
Tdt ca can mdt hanh ddng mdi va cu t h i tir gilt gin ve sinh vdi cdng ddng, hgn chi gdy d nhiem nude, khdng khi, rdc thai, tiing dn va tiet kiem ndng lugng.
Mpt thdch thiic niia ddi vdi du lich sinh thai Viet Nam dd Id tdc ddng xdu ciia bien ddi khi hdu trong nhimg nam gdn ddy ma theo ede nhd khoa hge, Viet Nam cd khoang 40% dien tich Ddng bdng sdng Ciiu Long, 1 1 % dien tich Ddng bang sdng Hdng, 3 % dien tich ciia cdc dia phuang khae thudc khu vyc ven bien se bi ngap nude, se cd khoang 10 - 12% ddn sd Viet Nam hi dnh hudng tryc tiep, vdi tdn thdt khoang 10% GDP [19].
Nhu vgy, he sinh thai t u nien vd sinh thai nhdn van eiia nude ta se bi tac ddng Idn, dnh hudng khong tdt den du lich sinh thai. Nhiing nam gan day, chi lay vi dy d riing tram Tra Su, An Giang, bien ddi khi hau da lam nhiet dp tang cao, tinh trang han han keo dai gay thieu nude, tdng nguy co chay rimg; lii lut khdng theo quy lugt, lam thdi gian phuc vy du Hch sinh thdi ngdn lgi, da dang sinh hpe vd he sinh thai rimg tram bj mdt di cung anh hudng din tinh hdp ddn ddi vdi khdch du Hch, co sd hg tdng bi hu hai, ngudi dan dia phuong bj anh hudng din sire khde vd ddi sdng [1].
Cd the de nhdn ra nhiing ban che trong phat trien du lich sinh thai d Viet Nam: Du lieh vdi sd ddng du khdch tae ddng tieu cyc din mdi trudng tu nhien, khu vyc nhay cam; Chua ed chien lye trong quy hoach, phdn vimg phdt triln du lieh sinh thai; Quy md va hinh thiie td ehiic hoat ddng du Hch sinh thdi cdn nhd le; Chua cd eae nghien eiiu thi trudng bai bdn cung nhu vipe quang ba du lich sinh thai cdn yeu; Cdng tae qudn ly du Hch sinh thai cdn ban chi; Thilu sy ddu tu CO sd ha tdng, vat chdt ky thudt;
Khdng tudn thii cde nguyen tic phdt trien du lich sinh thai, pha vo ednh quan. Cde trung tdm gido due mdi trudng eho du khdeh edn yeu.
Khdng gian phat trien du lieh sinh thdi d Viet Nam dya tren td ehiie khdng gian du lieh Viet Nam bao gdm:
1) Vung trung du mien nui Bdc Bg: Du lieh sinh thai trdi nghiem thidn nhien hiing vT. Tham quan, tim hieu, nghien eiiu he sinh thdi, da dgng sinh hpc rimg a nhiet ddi niii eao vd riing thudng xanh nhiet ddi; He sinh thdi ndng nghiep (ngdm canh theo miia, tham quan rudng bae thang).
2) Vung Ddng bdng sdng Hdng vd duyen hdi Ddng Bdc: Du lieh sinh thai, khdm phd da dgng sinh hpe va di san thien nhien the gidi. Tham quan thdng eanh, tim hilu he sinh thai niii da vdi ngap nude - di sdn thien nhien the gidi vjnh Ha Long.
Tham quan, tim hieu, nghien ciiu khu dy trii sinh quyen the gidi chdu thd sdng Hdng.
3) Viing du lich Bdc Trung Bg: Du Heh sinh thai hang ddng va da dgng sinh hge Ddng Trudng Son. Tham quan, tham hiem he sinh thai mii da vdi, hang ddng di san thien nhien the gidi Phong Nha - Ke Bdng;
TAP CHI KHOA HQC DAI HQC VAN LANG So 11, Thang 9-2018 Tham quan, tim hieu, nghien eiiu da dgng
sinh hge Ddng Trudng Son.
4) Vung duyen hdi Nam Trung Bp: Du Ijch sinh thdi biln dao. Tham quan, trdi nghiem thang ednh bien, he sinh thai bien:
cdn cat, ran san hd, tham cd bien.
5) Vung Tdy Nguyen: Du Hch sinh thai - trai nghiem canh quan vimg cao nguyen dat dd bazan. Tham quan, tim hieu eae he sinh thai rimg Khdp (rimg thua la rdng, rung Id theo miia). Du lieh sinh thai gan Hen du lieh cdng ddng va tham quan ban lang dan tdc.
6) Viing Ddng Nam Bg: Du Heh sinh thai sdng. Tham quan, tim hieu he sinh thai dgc tuyen sdng Sdi Gdn, he sinh thai rimg ngap man Cdn Gid.
7) Viing Ddng bdng sdng Cuu Long: Du ljeh sinh thai - he sinh thai dat ngap nude.
Tham quan, tim hieu he sinh thai ddt ngap nude ndi dja vdi he thdng cdc kenh rach Ddng bang sdng Cim Long; Tham quan, tim hieu he sinh thai ngap man ven bien.
2.4. Mpt so giai phap can thiet de phat trien du lich sinh thai 6' Viet Nam
1) Nang cao nhdn thiic ve du Hch sinh thai (thdng qua gido due, tuyen truyen...), trong dd viee am bieu diing ve khai niem du lich sinh thai va dge diem du lieh sinh thdi de quy hoach, xdy dyng va qudn ly diing dan md hinh du lich sinh thai.
2) Cdn hodn thien co ehe chinh saeh de phdt trien du Ijch sinh thdi tuong xiing vdi tiem ndng: phdt trien du lieh sinh thai va sdm hdi nhdp vdi the gidi, can cd ehinh sach diing dan ve co sd hg tdng theo quy hoaeh va theo ludt. Ddu tu ddo tgo ngudn nhdn lye, can bd qudn ly, hudng dan vien, nhdn vien phue vu. Doanh nghiep tu nhdn can tham gia ddu tu vd qudn ly du Hch sinh thai cd bdi
ban. Cdng ddng ddn cu dia phuong can dugc thy hudng lgi ich xiing dang.
3) Cde nha kinh doanh, nha quan ly, nhd khoa hge va nha dan edn ed sy hgp tac, Hen kit trong viec quy hogch, xdy dyng, qudng bd du ljeh sinh thai.
4) Nha kinh doanh va edng ty IQ- hanh khdng dugc thuong mai hda du ljeh sinh thai. Ddm bao dgo diic du lich sinh thai, quan tam den "sire chiia" cua diem den du lieh sinh thai.
5) Cdn dao tgo bai bdn hudng dan vien du Ijch sinh thai, dge biet ve kien thiic sinh thdi hgc (tu nhien va nhdn vdn), ngoai ngii de cung edp diing dan ve gido due mdi trudng cho du khdeh (hoac ddo tao, cdp chiing ehi hudng ddn du ljeh sinh thdi).
6) Cdng ddng dia phuong phai dugc tham gia vd hudng lgi trong ede dy an phat trien du lich sinh thdi, duge tra edng bang tien, hien vat tir du khdeh hoac qua cac nha td chiie du lieh nham gdp phdn tdn tgo canh quan sinh thdi tgi eae edng ddng ma du khach den tham quan.
7) Cae CO quan quan ly du ljeh vd ehiic ndng lien quan tir trung uong den dia phuang edn kiem tra ehat che viee xdy dung cdc diem va khu du lich sinh thai tu khau quy hogch den boat ddng. Xii ly theo Luat cdc diem vd khu du Hch cd nhieu sai pham.
3. KET LU^N
Cho den nay, quan niem ve du ljeh sinh thai van edn duge hieu dudi nhieu gdc do khae nhau, vdi nhilu ten ggi khac nhau, mac dii eac nhd khoa hge vdn edn dang tranh ludn ve djnh nghTa ndy de cd the tim ra mdt dinh nghia ehung nhdt cho du Ijch sinh thai. Tuu trung lai, du Heh sinh thdi cd nhflng dde diim nhu Td ehiie Du ljeh Thi
TAP CHi KHOA HQC DAI HQC VAN LANG Phan Huy Xu va tgk gidi (UNWTO), Td ehirc Lien minh Bdo
tdn Thien nhien Qude tl (lUCN), hode quan diim eiia eac cd nhan nha nghien ciru nhu Hector Ceballos Lascurain, Martha Honey da tdng kit. Ci Viet Nam, cdc td chiie va ca nhdn eac nha nghien ciiu ciing ed quan niem tuang ty, ey thi Id Lugt Du lich Viet Nam (2017). Ddy Id nhiing quan diem phii hgp de trien khai phdt trien du ljeh sinh thdi d nude ta. Du lich sinh thai khdng ehi la ve mat ty nhien md cdn ed lien he den van hda, cy the la vdn hda cdng ddng dan eu sd tai, "mpt trong hai gid tri thiet yeu ddi vdi con ngudi, vugt ra ngodi phuang dien kinh te thudn tuy do chinh la vdn hda vd mdi trudng" [3, tr.276].
Viet Nam dugc eae td ehiie the gidi danh gia cd tiem nang phat trien du Ijch sinh thai rat eao, tuy nhien thuc trgng hogt dpng va khai thac du lich sinh thai d Viet Nam edn nhieu bat cap do nhan thirc sai lech ve logi hinh du lieh sinh thai hoac cac nha kinh doanh du Ijch vdi tinh trgng kinh doanh "an xdi", khdng quan tam diing miic den du Ijeh sinh thdi khien eho tinh trgng khai thdc du ljeh sinh thai hien nay ehua di diing hudng vd de lgi nhieu hdu qud mdi
trudng vd dnh hudng din eupc sdng eua ngudi dan dja phuong noi diln ra cdc hogt dgng du ljeh sinh thai. Tren co sd giO: gin, bdo vp tai nguyen ty nhien va nhdn van, xir ly tdt mdi quan he ty nhien - con ngudi - xd hdi va td chue quan ly tdt du ljeh sinh thai thi du khdch nude ngodi mdi cdm thdy hai long vd din Viet Nam ngdy cang nhieu hon. Vdn dl du ljeh sinh thai tgi Viet Nam la bao ve, phdt huy gid trj cua mdi trudng sinh thdi tu nhien va nhdn van trong du ljeh. Tim each hgn chi tac ddng xdu cua biln ddi khi hdu din cdng ddng ddn cu eac vLing miln ndi chung vd khach du ljeh ndi rieng. Ngodi ra, du Hch sinh thai tai Viet Nam cung phdi tinh den "siic chira" ciia diim tham quan dl trdnh tinh trang qua tai lam anh hudng din mdi trudng sdng eua sinh vat, con ngudi dja phuong hoge Id chat lugng eua sdn pham du ljeh sinh thai. Nghi quyit 08 - NQ/TW cua Bg Chinh trj ngay 16-01-2017 da xac djnh muc tieu dua du Ijch Viet Nam trd thdnh nganh kinh te mui nhgn, se tao dieu kien cho loai hinh du lieh sinh thdi Viet Nam phat hien manh me. Ky vgng, trong nhung ndm sap tdi, du Ijeh Viet Nam se but phd va dat nhilu thdng lgi.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
[1] Dinh Thi My Lan (2017), Bien ddi khi hgu tdc ddng den du Uch sinh thdi rimg trdm Trd Su, An Giang, ludn van Thgc sT 2017.
[2] Dd Thj Thanh Hoa (2016), Nhirng vdn di dgt ra tdn phdt triin du lich sinh thdi a Viet Nam, Vien Nghidn eiiu phat trien du ljeh, http://www.itdr.org.vn/vi/nghiencuu- traodoi/1230-nhung-van-de-dat-ra-trong-phat-trien-du-lich-sinh-thai-o-viet-nam.html.
[3] Gro H. Brundtland (1990), Gro Harlem Brundtland - Nhd mdi trudng Na Uy, Ngudi dua tin UNESCO, thdng 9, in trong Tgp ehi Ngudi dua tin UNESCO - Nhung vdn di xuyen theky.
TAP CHJ KHOA HQC DAI HOC VAN LANG So 11, Thang 9 - 2018 [4] Martha Honey (1999), Ecotourism and sustainable development - Who owns paradise?.
Island press, Washington, USA.
[5] Mieheal Luek, Torsten Kirstges (edited, 2003), Global ecotourism policies and Case studies - Perspectives and Constraints, Channel View Publications, UK.
[6] Nguyin Thj Minh Nguyet (2016), Tong quan ve nghien cim du lich sinh thdi, Tgp chi Vdn hda Nghe thuat, sd 382, thang 4.
[7] Nguyen Vdn Kim (Chii bien, 2016), Tiip biin vd hdi nhgp vdn hda a Viet Nam. Nxb Dai hgc Qude gia Hd Ndi.
[8] Nguyin Van Thudt (2016), Y kiin mdi ve du Uch sinh thdi, Tgp chi Khoa hpc Dgi hpc Dong Nai, s6 0l/20i6.
[9] Pham Trung Luong (Chii bien, 2002), Du Uch Sinh thdi - Nhiing vdn de ve ly ludn vd thuc tien phdt trien du lich a Viet Nam, Nxb Gido due.
[10] Pham Truang Hodng (2014), Hudng du Ijch sinh thdi phdt trien ben vimg, Bdo Nhan dan sd ra ngay 22/8/2014.
[11 ] Phan Huy Xu, Vo Van Thdnh (2016), Bdn ve vdn hda du Uch Vi^t Nam, Nxb Tdng hgp Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh.
[12] Qude hdi nude Cdng hda Xa hdi Chii nghia Viet Nam (2005), Lugt Du Uch.
[13] Qude hdi nude Cpng hda Xa hpi Chil nghTa Viet Nam (2011), Ludt Du Uch.
[ 14] Tdng cue Du ljeh Vidt Nam (1999), Ky ylu hdi thdo Xdy dung chien luge phdt trien du ljeh sinh thdi a Vi^tNam.
[15] Trdn Qude Vugng va cac tde gid khde (2015), Vdn hda Viet Nam - Nhirng hudng tiep can lien ngdnh, Nxb Van hgc.
[16] Trdn Thiiy Anh (Chu bien, 2010), &ng xu vdn hda trong du lieh, Nxb Dai hgc Qude gia Ha Npi.
[17] UNWTO (1999), Global Code of Ethics for Tourism, pdf file.
[18] Vd Vdn Sen, Ngd Thj Phuong Lan, Ngd Thanh Loan (Chii bien, 20lS),Xdy dungsdn phdm du lich dgc thii Ddng bdng song Ciru Long - Tir ly thuyet din thirc tien, Nxb Dai hpc Qude gia Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh.
[19] Dai Truyin hinh Viet Nam VTVl dua tin Hpi nghi Lien minh Nghj vien thi gidi (IPU) hpp tai Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh, ngdy 11/5/2017.
Ngdy nhgn bdi: 09-8-2018. Ngdy bien tap xong: 04-9-2018. Duyet ddng: 24-9-2018
