Cac muc tir lich su Viet Nam
trong Dai bach lihoa toan thir Trung Qu6c
Bui T h a n h P h u u n g ' , P h a m Thi Huyen^
'• ^ Vien Tii diin hgc va Bach khoa thu Viet Nam, Vien Han lim Khoa hpe xi hpi Viet Nam.
Email: [email protected]
Nhan ngay 07 thing 05 nam 2019. Chip nhan dang ngiy 16 thing 8 nam 2019.
Tom tat: Dgi bdch khoa todn thie Trung Qudc (DBKTTTQ) gdm 74 quyin, dupc bien soan theo phan nganh. Trong do, 2 quyen Lich sie nude ngodi (LSNN) gidi thieu cac muc tCr ve lich sii Vi?t Nam dudi goc nhin ciia cac nha khoa hpc Trung Quoc. Cac tac gia ciia 2 quyin LSNN chua that sir khach quan khi phan anh mpt so van dl ciia lich sii Viet Nam. Dilu nay gay anh hudng khdng nho din thai dp, each danh gia cua ngudi nude ngoai ve lich sic Viet Nam.
Tir khda: Bach khoa toan thu Trung Qudc, lich sii Viet Nam, muc tir lich sit.
PhSn loai ng^nh: Sic hpc
Abstract: The Encyclopedia of China, comprising 74 volumes, is compiled according to subjects.
Two of the volumes, entitled Foreign History, include entries on Vietoam's history as seen by Chinese scientists. The authors of the volumes are not really objective when covering a number of issues on Vietnamese history, which have a significant impact on attitudes and assessments of foreigners on Vietnam's history.
Keywords: Encyclopedia of China, Vietaamese histoiy, entries of history.
Subject classification: History
1, Mff dau lich su Viet Nam. Ndi dung ciia cac muc tu da cho thay phan nao Ijch sii Viet Nam dudi Hi?n nay, tren the gidi ciing nhu d Viet Nam, gdc nhin cua cac nha khoa hpc Trung Quoc.
nhu ciu tim hieu ve lich sir ngay cang nhieu. Thdng qua do, gidi nghien ciiu ciia Viet DBKTTTQ do Nha xuat ban DBKTTTQ xuat Nam, nhSt la nganh sii hpc cin phai hiiu ban tu nam 1980 den nam 1993 la cdng rd, hiiu diing v l quan dilrn ciia mdt sd trinh khoa hpc Idn, dupc danh gia cao ve soan gia Trung Qudc viet ve lich sic Viet chit lupng, la tai lieu tham khao hiiu ich ve Nam. Bai viet nay gidi thieu khai quat ve
98
Bui Thanh Phuang, Pham Thi Huyen DBKTTTQ va 2 quyen LSNN; cac muc ttr
ve lich sit Viet Nam.
2. Khai quat ye Dgi bdch khoa todn thu Trung Qudc va 2 quyen Lich su nu&c ngodi
Nam 1978, Qudc vu vien Trung Quoc quyit dinh cho bien soan DBKTTTQ. Cdng viec bien soan va xuat ban giao cho Nha xuat ban DBKTTTQ. Thang 8/1993, DBKTTTQ dupc xuat ban trpn bp vdi 74 quyin (bao gdm 66 bd mdn khoa hpc) thupc cac ITnh vuc: khoa hpc xa hdi va nhan van, van hpc nghe thuat, van hoa giao due, khoa hpc tu nhien, khoa hpc ki thuat... vdi 79.541 muc tir, 130.676.000 chii, 59.376 tranh anh.
DBKTTTQ dupc danh gia r5t cao d Trung Qudc, ciing nhu nhieu nude tren the gidi. Day la cdng trinh tri thiic Idn nhat ciia Trung Qudc duong dai va chiem mpt vi tri quan trpng trong kho tang bach khoa toan thu the gidi. Lich sii la mdt nganh Idn trong bd DBKTTTQ vdi 5 quyen (trong dd cd 3 quyen Lich su Trung Quoc va 2 quyen LSNN). Vdi tinh than bien soan mdt bd bach khoa toan thu, nhung van mang dam man sSc Tmng Qudc, ban bien soan da can nhic kl trong viec can ddi sd lupng muc tir va dung lupng kien thiic trong mdi muc d cac quyen Lich sic Trung Quoc va LSNN.
Cac nha bien soan rat coi trpng lich sii nude ngoai nhung van dat Uch sii Tmng Qudc len tren hit. Mac du, chilm tdi 3/5 quyen ciia nganh sii, song vdi quan diem lich sir Trung Quoc la mpt bp phan khdng the tach rdi cua lich su t h i gidi, cac tac gia da dua rat nhiiu muc v l Trung Qudc (25 muc) vao trong 2 quyen LSNN.
LSNN (quyin 1 va 2) do Nha xuit ban DBKTTTQ xuit ban thang 1/1990. Ban bidn soan gdm 22 ngudi do Tran Han Senh Iam chu nhiem. Sach gdm cac phan: (1) Phan
dau: gidi thieu Ban bidn soan; ldi ndi dau;
nguydn tac, the le; muc luc; khai luan lich sir the gidi; (2) Phan chinh van: gom 2.492 muc tii ve lich su till gidi dupc trinh bay trong 1.162 trang; (3) Phin cudi: nien bieu cac su kien Idn cua lich sir nude ngoai; hudng dan tra cuu cac muc theo net (danh sach dau muc xep theo net tir 1 den 21 net va 1 bang ddi chieu chii phdn the, gian the); chi dan cac muc theo ngoai van; chi dan ndi dung (theo am Han va 1 ban phien chuyen tieng nude ngoai sang tieng Tnmg Qudc).
Trang dau tien cua i-SAW (quyen 1), Ngd Vu c i n khing dinh: "Lich sir the gidi la mpt phan nganh quan trpng cua sd hpc, ndi dung la tiln hanh nghien cuu va trinh bay mdt each he thdng lich su loai ngudi tir nguydn thiiy, bi cd lap, timg nhdm phan tan, phat trien thanh mdt chinh the cd mdi quan he mat thiet tren toan the gidi. Nhiem vu chu yeu ciia lich sir the gidi la dua tren quan diim ehung, khao sat tdng hpp lich sir cac khu vuc, cac nude, cac dan tpc; van dung ket qua nghien cuu van hda hpc, khao cd hpc va cac nganh khoa hpc cd lien quan de nghien cim va lam sang td dien bien cua lich sit loai ngudi, neu len quy luat va chieu hudng bien ddi" [10, tr.l]. Vdi tinh than dd, Ban LSNN da bien soan 2 quyen, gdm 2.492 muc tii (chiem 43,7% cac muc tii thupc nganh lich sir), vdi 3.330.000 chii va 1.285 tranh anh.
Ciing nhu cac cdng trinh bach khoa thu chuydn nganh khac, LSNN dupc bien soan kha kT, dupc danh gia la cd chat lupng cao, xem nhu tai lieu tham khao, phuc vu cho viec tim hieu lich sir nhan loai. Qua LSNN, dpc gia cd t h i nhin thiy phin nao mdt t h i gidi thu nhd, tu cd chi kim vdi nhiing thang tram, bien suy, mdt birc tranh da mau sic v l cac qudc gia tren the gidi.
Khoa hpc xa hdi Viet Nam, sd 2 - 2020 3. Cac muc tw ve lich sir Viet Nam trong cau true vi mo cua Dgi bdch khoa todn thu Trung Quoc
Trong 2 quyen LSNN cd 25 muc tir ve lich sir Viet Nam (chua ke 2 muc tir chuyen chii Trieu Nguyin va Chiin tranh yeu nu&c
chdng My cda Viet Nam). Cac muc tic nay do 4 tac gia bien soan: Ddi Kha Lai, Tir Thien Phiic, Dat Kiet va Diep Tinh; dupc sap xep theo trat tir a, b, c phien am Latin (xen vdi cac muc ve qudc gia, khu vuc khac) (Bang 1).
; 1: Cac muc ve lich sii Viet Nam trong 2 quyen LSNN TT
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Nguon:
Muc
Khffi nghia Bdc San
"Bai Viel suky loan thu "
H6 Chi Minh Hoang Hoa Thdm Lugt Gia Long
Vua Gia Long Triiu Le Le Hodn Le Dudn Ly Thuang Kiet Khai nghta Nam Ky Phan Boi Chdu Phong trdo Cdn Vuong Loan 12 su qudn Ngo Dinh Diem Khai nghia Tdy San Phong trdo Xo viet Ngh^ • Tinh Dieu udc Viet Phdp a Hue Cdch mgng thdng Tdm Viet Nam Ddng Cong sdn Viet Nam Lich su Viet Nam Su kien Viet Nam - Campuehia Chinh bien 9.3 a Viet Nam Chien tranh chong Phdp cua Viet Nam thai hdu chien
Chiem Thdnh T6ng hop cua tac gia
Ngudi bien soan Tir Thien Phuc Doi Kha Lai Tir Thien Phuc Tir Thien Phuc Ddi Kha Lai Dai Kha Lai D6i Kha Lai Doi Kha Lai Dat Kiet Dai Kha Lai Tir Thien Phiic Tir Thien Phuc Tir Thien Phiic Doi Kha Lai Tir Thien Phiic Dai Kha Lai Tir Thien Phiic Tir Thien Phuc Tir Thien Phuc Tir Thien Phiic Doi Kha Lai Diep Tinh Tir Thien Phiic Tir Thien Phuc Dai Kha Lai
Quyin, trang 1,113 I, 189 1,415 1,420 1,448 1,448-9 1,540 1,540 1,541 1,542 II, 703 II, 739 II, 763 II, 842 II, 960 II, 985 II, 1054 II, 1124 11,1124-5 11,1125 11,1125-7 11,1127-8 11,1128 11,1128 n,1134
100
Bui Thanh Phuong, Pham Thi Huyen Bang 1 cho thay, cd 6 chii d l chinh v l
lich su Viet Nam ducrc de cap den trong DBKTTTQ, dudi hinh thuc cac muc tir la:
su kien, phong trao (Kh&i nghia Bac Son, Kh&i nghia Nam Ky. Kh&i nghia Tdy San...); nhan vat lich sii (Ho Chi Minh, Ly Thuong Kiet, Hodng Hoa Thdm...); tac pham, van kien lich sir (Dgi Viet sic ky todn thu, Ludt Gia Long...); vuang trieu (triiu Le); vuang qudc cd (Chiem Thdnh); khai quat lich sir (Lich sic Viet Nam). Do tinh dac thii cua cac thdng tin dupc de cap den cua moi loai, cac tac gia bien soan theo nhung mau rieng, dam bao tinh chuan muc ve hinh thdc de de tra cim, tinh hoan chinh cua ndi dung, ddng thdi tranh nhiing tning lap hoac thilu nhat quan d cac muc.
Qua 25 muc thupc 6 chii de (su kien, phong trao, nhan vat lich sir; tac pham, van kien lich sit; vuang trieu; ca quan, td chuc;
ten nude, dia danh; khai quat lich sir), cac soan gia Tmng Qudc da tai hien lai nhung net CO ban ve lich sir Viet Nam.
Theo chiiu dai lich su, qua trinh hinh thanh va phat trien, muc dp anh hudng ve van hda, quan su... ciia mdi quoc gia la mdt trong nhimg tieu chi quan trpng de xac lap bang muc tii. Ve ca ban, soan gia Tmng Qudc da bam sat tieu chi nay, c6 su can ddi giua cac muc tir ve lich sir Viet Nam vdi cac nude khac. Trong 2 cudn LSNN, sd lupng cac muc ve lich sir Viet Nam d miic trung binh, tuang duang vdi cac nude (Indonesia: 30 muc tu, Tmng Qudc: 25 muc tir, Thd Nhi Ky: 26 muc tir...); it han cac nude (Anh: 77 muc tir. An Dp: 95 muc tir...); nhieu han cac nude mdi thanh lap (Brunei: 2 muc tir, Singapore: 2 muc tir...).
Sd lupng chii trong mdi muc tu cd khac nhau, tiiy vao yeu cau cung cap thdng tin va ham lupng tri thuc ciia mdi muc tu. Nhin ehung, cac tac gia da cd gang cung cap mdt dung lupng kien thirc tuang xung vdi tam vdc, miic dp anh hudng cua su kien, nhan
vat (muc tic Ho Chi Minh cd sd lupng chu nhieu ban cac muc tu ve nhan vat khac, cd sii dung hiiih anh, danh muc tai lieu tham khao)... Tuy nhien, viec can ddi giiia chu de, c^c muc tit trong cimg loai lai chua dupc chii y dling miic. Vi du: Cach mang thang Tam la su kien cd quy md va siic anh hudng sau rdng hon so vdi phong trao Xd viet Nghe Tinh, nhung sd lupng chii sir dung tuang iing trong hai muc la 781 chu (Cach mang thang Tam) va 827 chu (Phong trao Xd viet Nghe TTnh).
Sir mat can ddi trong cac loai muc cdn the hien d viec lua chpn muc tir. Vi du: ndi den cac vuong qudc cd, LSNN chi nhac den Champa ma khdng ndi den Phu Nam, Thiiy Chan Lap... hay ndi den Luat Gia Long ma khdng ndi ve Luat Hdng Due... nhting nhan vat quan trpng cd anh hudng Idn den lich sir Viet Nam (nhu Tran Hung Dao, Vd Nguyen Giap...); cac van kien lich sii quan trpng hang dau nhu Tuyen ngon doc lap lai khdng dupc nhac den vdi tu each la mdt muc trong cac muc td ve lich sir Viet Nam.
Cd the noi, sir mat can ddi ve cau tnic va ndi dung khien cho tdng the cac muc tii ve lich sic Viet Nam nhu la mdt su lap ghep ngau nhien ma it cd su can nhac.
4. Cau t r u e vi md cua cac muc tir ve lich svt Viet Nam trong Dgi bdch khoa todn thu Trung Quoc
Ciing nhu cac muc khac trong DBKTTTQ, mdi muc lich sir Viet Nam (trong 2 quyen LSNN) cd ket cau gdm cac yen td: (1) Dau muc (yeu td dai dien hoac mang tinh khai quat cho ndi dung tri thuc dupc de cap den trong muc); (2) Chinh van (yeu td chinh cung cap thdng tin trong mdi muc); (3) Hinh anh minh hpa; (4) Danh muc tai lieu tham khao; (5) Ten ngudi bien soan.
Khoa hgc xa hoi Viet Nam, so 2 - 2020 Muc tir vi su kien, phong trdo, gom cac thong tin: (I) DSu muc (ten sit kien, phong trao, thai ki lich sti (binh am, chir Han, tieng Anh)); (2) Cac ten khac (nSu c6); (3) Dinh nghia, dinh danh; (4) Vi tri, anh httong trong lich sir; hoan canh, nguyen nhan xay ra su kien, phong trao...; (5) Thod gian, dia diem diin ra su kien; diin biSn; ket qua; hinh anh minh hpa; tai lieu tham khao; ten ngu6i bien soan.
Vi du: mtic tit Khdn nghia Nam Ky
"Nanqi Qiyi
ffiJJffiX (Nam - Ky Uprising) cupc khoi nghia vfl trang chtog Phap ctia nhan dan Nam Viet Nam vao nam 1940. La cupc khoi nghia dlu tien co quy mo ion nhat tu khi thiic dan Phap chiSm dong Nam Ky.
Trong Chian tranh the gioi Thii hai, thuc dan Phap tang cucmg ap hue boo lot nhan dan Viet Nam, tang cuong trung binh, dan dSn su bit man cite dp cua nhan dan Viet Nam..'. Thang 3 nam 1940, Xii uy Nam Ky cua Dang Cpng san Dong Duong ban haiih
"Be cuong chuJn bi khai nghia", bat dau chuin bi khai nghia vii trang... Mot ngay tiuoc khcti nghia, tin tiic bj ro ri... D6n cuoi nam, khoi nghia Nam Ky chinh thiic that bai" (Tir Thien Phiic) [II, tr.703].
Muc vi nhdn vat g6m: ten nhan vat (binh am, chii Trung Quoc, chii thich tieng Anh);
nam sinh, nam mit; nai sinh, noi mat; cac ten khac: biit danh, ten tu, hieu, bi danh...;
hoan canh xuit than; danh hieu, tu6c vi;
cupc doi (qua trinh hoat dpng, sang tac...), dong gop cho hch sii; hinh anh minh hpa;
ten nguai bien soan.
Vi dii: muc tit Ly Thuang Kiet
"Li Changjie
$ S j R (Ly Thuong Kiet, 1019-1105) Phu quoc thai uy (tuong duong voi te tudng) thai Ly Nhan Tong cila Viet Nam.
Nguai phu Thai Hoa, Thang Long (Ha Npi). Xuit than vo tuang. La trpng than quan quoc qua ba trieu Thai Tong, Thanh
Tong, Nhan Tong. Nam 1069, Ly Thanh T6ng (Nhat Ton) than chinh danh Chiem Thanh, L^ Thuong Kiet lam tien phoiig, cong ham kinh do cua vuang quoc Chiem Thanh... Sau khi ch6t nam 1105, dupc tiuy tang Nhap npi dien do tti kiSm hieu thai uy, Binh chuang quan qu6c trpng su. Viet Qu6c cong, thuc ip mpt van hp" (Doi Kha Lai)[10,tr.542i.
Muc vi tdc phdm, vdn kien Uch su co cie thong tin: ten tac phim, van kien (binh am, tieng Anh); dinh danh; tac gia hoac nguoi bien soan; ten khac (nSu c6); hoan canh, qua trinih sang tac, bien soan, ki ket, luu hanh...; ciu true, dac dito hinh thiic, npi dung ca ban; hien ttang va tinh hinh nghien ciiu, luu hanh; ten nguoi bien soan muc tii.
Vi du: muc tit Dai Viet su ky todn thu
"Dayue Shiji Quanshu
" ^ I c S f t i a ^ l i " sach sir bang chit Han quan trong hien con o Viet Nam. Thm Trin Thai Tong (1225-1258) dS lenh cho Le Van Huu soan bp chinh sir diu tien cua Viet Nam - "Dai Viet sir ky"> b^t dau tii Trieu Vii DS (207), cuoi cimg la Ly ChiSu Hojng (1224), t6ng cpng 30 quyen.
Phong theo th6 bien nien cua co sii Trung Quoc; khong co ki, ttuyen, chi, bieu... Hien CO ban g6c do QuSc Tu Giam trieu Le phat hanh. Ban Men luu hanh ttong nuoc Trung Qu6c la ciia nguoi Nhat Hikida Toshiaki (1884), bi sai lech di nhiiu. Gin day, co luu hanh ban cua Vien nghien ciiu van hoa Dong Duong thupc Dai hpc Dong Kinh Nhat Ban xuit ban, do Trin Kinh Hoa bien tap va hieu dinh" (Doi Kha Lai) [10,1T.I89].
Muc vi cdc vuang trieu gom: ten vuong ttieu (binh am, tiSng Anh); dinh danh; ten gpi khac (nSu co); quoc hieu; kinh do; thoi gian, hoan canh ra doi va suy vong; nguoi khai mo; sa luac ve lich sir hinh thanh, ph4t triln va suy vong; ten nguoi bien soan.
Vi du: muc tit Triiu Le [10, tt.546]
"Lichao
102
Biii Thanh Phucmg, Pham Thi Huyen
^ ^ (Le dynasty) mdt trong nhiing vuang trieu phong kien d Viet Nam. Cdn gpi la Hau Le, kinh dd d Thang Long (Ha Ndi ngay nay), qudc hieu Dai Viet. Nam 1418, Le Lpi lanh dao khdi nghia Lam San, chdng lai su thdng tri ciia nha Minh. Nam 1427, sau khi quan Minh nit lui, lap hau due ciia nha Tran la Tran Cao lam vua.
Nam sau, thdng nhat dat nude, phe bd Tran Cao ma tu lap... Ndi chien va dat nude bi chia cat keo dai, cudc khung hoang ciia che dp phong kien Viet Nam cang them sau sac.
Thi ki XVII, XVIII, khdi nghia ndng dan dien ra Hen tiep. Nam 1771, da dien ra cudc khdi nghia cd quy md Idn nhat trong lich su, khdi nghia Tay Son; nam 1788, Nguyin Hue kiln lap vuang trieu Tay San. Nam sau, danh chilm Thang Long, trieu Ld suy vong" (Ddi Kha Lai) [10, tr.540].
Muc ve ca quan, to chicc gdm: ten ca quan, td chuc (binh am, ten tiing Anh); dinh danh;
thdi gian, hoan canh, dia diem th^inh lap; lanh dao chu chot, thanh phan tham gia...; hoat ddng chinh; cac ca quan, td chiic cd lien quan;
ten ngudi bien soan.
Vi du: muc tu Ddng Cpng sdn Viet Nam [ l l , t r . l ' l 2 5 ]
"Yuenan Gongchandang
S M ^ r ^ ^ (Vietnamese Communist Party) chinh dang cua giai cap cdng nhan Viet Nam, cdn cd ten la Dang Cdng san Ddng Ducmg, Dang Lao dpng Viet Nam.
Thanh lap nam 1930. Thang 5 nam 1929, trong dai hdi dai bieu ciia Viet Nam thanh nien each mang ddng chi hdi, dai bieu Bac Ky Ngd Gia Tu da dh xuat kien nghi thanh lap dang cdng san, nhung khdng dupc dai hpi chap nhan... Ngay 3/2/1930, Chu tich Hd Chi Minh nhan su uy thac ciia Qudc t l cdng san, trieu tap hdi nghi d Huang Cang, sap nhap ba td chuc thanh mot Dang Cpng san Viet Nam thdng nhat... Ngay 27- 31/3/1982, Dai hpi dai bilu toan qudc lin thu nam dien ra d Ha Ndi, 1.033 dai bilu
chinh thiic dai dien cho hon 170 van dang vien, bdu ra 116 iiy vien Ban Chap hanh, sau them 36 ngudi, Bd Chinh tri gdm 15 thanh vien, ddng chi Le Duan tiep tuc lam Tdng Bi thu. Thang 12/1986, ddng chi Nguyen Van Linh thay ddng chi Le Duan lam Tdng Bi thu. Bao cua ca quan Trung ucmg Dang la "Bao Nhan dan". Tap chi Li luan chinh tri cua Tmng uang Dang la Tap chi "Cdng san chu nghia" (ten gpi ban dau la tap chi "Hpc tap")" (Tir Thien Phiic) [11,tr.l 125].
Muc ve dia danh, vuang quoc cd gdm cac thdng tin: ten nude, dia danh (binh am, ten tieng Anh); dinh danh; ten gpi khac; vi tri dia li; thai gian ra ddi, va suy vong; kinh dd; mpt sd dac diem dan tdc, van hda...; lich sd hinh thanh, phat trien va tieu vong; hinh anh minh hpa; ten ngudi bien soan muc.
Vi du: muc tir Chiem Thdnh [11, tr. 1134].
"Zhancheng
c^±^ (Champa kingdom) Vuang qudc cd d Ddng Duong. Tire "Chiem Ba Bd La"
(tiing Phan "bd la" cd nghia la thanh); gpi tat la Chiem Ba hoac Chiem Ba, Thiem Ba, Chidm Bit Lao, Chiem Bat... Nam d mien duyen hai phia Ddng Nam ban dao Ddng Duang. Kinh dd cua vuang qudc la Indiapura (nay la Tra Kieu). Thu tich co Trung Qudc gpi Tupng Lam Ap, gpi tdt la Lam Ap. Tir nam Chi Due thii ba tire nam Can Nguyen thii nhat ddi nha Dudng (758) den cudi thdi Dudng, ddi ten la nude Hoan Vuong...
Vuang qudc nay do ngudi Cham xay dung nen. Ngdn ngii cua ngudi Cham thupc ngii he Ma Lai - Polynesia. Chiem Thanh chiu anh hudng sau sac ciia van hda An Dp, dung chii viet Nam Thien Tnic, Ba La Mdn giao va Phat giao tir An Dp tmyen vao (nay ngudi Cham theo Hdi giao), sung bai cac than Shiva va Vishnu, theo che dp dang cap... Nam 1693, Nguyen Hiiu Kinh dem dai quan di xam luac, bat duac vua Chiem cimg cac dai than, hoang than, dat phu
Khoa hpc xa hai Viet Nam, s6 2 - 2020 Thuan a phin lanh tho cuoi cung cua Chiem Thanh..., nam sau doi thanh tran, nam 1697 dat phu Binh Thuan... Nuac Nam Ban ciing giai thi theo. Nuac Chiem Thanh suy vong" (Doi Kha Lai) [11, tt.ll34].
Muc tit khdi qudt ve lich su Viet Nam gom cac npi dung: ten muc tir (binh am, tiing Anh); quflc hieu, tSn gpi timg co ttong lich sir; viing dat khoi nguyen; vi tri dia h, dien tich, dan so, thanh phin dan tpc; thu do; lupc sir; hinh anh minh hpa; tai Heu tham khao; ten nguai bien soan.
Cil thi, xem muc tir Lich sit Viet Nam [ll,tt.ll25]
"Yuenan lishi
ffifflBi (history of Vietaam) Nuoc Cpng hoa xa hpi chu nghia Viet Nam, xua la dit Giao Chi. Nam 679, triiu Ducmg cua Trung Qu6c da dat "An Nam do hp phu" 6 vimg iy, cho nen con gpi la An Nam. Con c6 qu6c hieu la Dai C6 Viet, Dai Viet... Nam 1802 nguoi sang lap ra trieu Nguyen la vua Gia Long Nguyen Phiic Anh xin doi quoc hieu thanh "Nam Viet", nam 1803 nha Thanh o Trung Qu6c phong ong la "Viet Nam quoc vuang", ten gpi Viet Nam co tit do. Tir nam 1838 lai gpi la Dai Viet. Nam 1945 thanh lap nuac Viet Nam Dan chu Cpng hoa. Nam 1976 dii thanh ten gpi ngay nay. Nim 6 phia Dong cua ban dao Dong Duong, phia B5c giap voi Van Nam, Quang Tay cua Trung Quoc, phia TSy giap vcji Lao, Campuehia, phia Dong giap vcti Hai Nam Trung Qu6c, phia Nam giap voi viiih Thai Lan. Dien tich 329.556 km^ dan so 5.800 van nguai (1984), dan tpc Kinh chiem han 89%. Con CO hon 60 dan tpc: Tay, Ly, Muong, Nimg, Meo... Sir dung pho biin tiing Viet Nam. Ton giao chinh co Phat giao, Thien Chua giao. Thu do la Ha Npi.
Thcri c6 dai, cu dan som nhat o Viet Nam CO thi la nguoi Indonesia va nguai Melanesia, sau nay la ngucri Cham va nguoi M'nong a phia Nam. Tai cac tinh phia Bac
Viet Nam (nhu Hoa Binh, Ninh Binh, Thanh H6a) da phat hien van hoa Hoa Binh thupc so ki d6 da moi. Tai khu vuc Bac Scm tinh Lang Son da phat Men van hoa Bac Son tiln bp hon. Khoang thi ki thii IV tnroc Cong nguyen von la nhanh Himg Viet cua nguai Bach Viet o Trung Quoc chiem cii mpt diii trung va ha lira song Hong...
Theo c6 su Viet Nam ghi chep, nha nuoc xuit hien som nhit lin lupt la Van Lang va AuLac...
Thu muc tham khdo
Ngo SI Lien: "Dai Viet sit ki toan thu", ban khic Son Etaong, nam Minh Tti thii 17 (1884).
Uy ban Khoa hpc xa hpi Viet Nam bi6n soan, Bp mon tiing Viet thupc Khoa Dong ngii dich: "Lich sii Viet Nam", Nha xuit ban Nhan dan BJc Kinh, 1977" (Doi Kha Lai)[ll,tt.ll25].
Tren day la mot s6 thong tin co ban cua moi loai muc tit. Nhin ehung, moi loai trong 2 quyin LSNN co mot cau tnic thong tin rieng. Tuy nhien, khong phai tat ca cac muc tit thupc cimg mot chu de deu co day du cac thong tin do. Co muc tir co thong tin nay nhimg lai khong co thong tin kia, hoac ngupc lai (muc tit Ho Chi Minh, Phan Boi Chdu CO dua anh chan dung, nhung muc tii vl cac nhan vat lich su khac lai khong c6 anh chan dung; muc tit Khai nghia Tdy San CO anh minh hpa, trong khi Khai ngMa Bac Scm, Khai nghia Nam Ky khong co...).
Ban bien soan LSNN da bien soan theo mpt de cuong chi tiet cho moi loai muc tir.
Moi chit de ve lich sit Viet Nam (su kien, phong trao, thoi ki lich su; nhan vat lich sir;
tac phim, van kien lich sit; vuang trieu; co quan, t6 chiic; ten nu6c, dia danh; khai quat lich sir) co mpt ciu tnic thong tin rieng. Cau tnic nay dupc diim bao mpt each ca ban trong moi muc til.
Lich sit Viet Nam gom mpt chuoi nhung su kien tilp noi nhau. Voi nhiing thong tin dupc cung cap ttong 11 muc tir thupc chu dl
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Biii Thanh Phucmg, Pham Thi Huyen su kien, phong trao, thdi ki lich sii, cac sii
gia Trung Qudc da phac len nhung net ca ban vl Viet Nam ngay tii budi dku dung nude va giu nude; vdi nhiing su kien mang tmh bude ngoat trong lich su; nhung phong trao cd anh hudng sau rdng trong ddi sdng kinh tl - chinh hi - xa hdi. Khdi nghia Tay Son (cudc khdi nghta cd quy md Idn nhat Uong lich sii), khdi nghia Bac San (cudc khdi nghia vii trang dau tien dudi sir lanh dao cua Dang Cdng san Viet Nam), hai cudc khang chien chdng Phap, chdng My deu dupe khac hpa tuong ddi ro.
Vdi 8 muc tir thupc chii de nhan vat lich sir, tac gia Trung Qudc da gidi thieu vdi ddc gia thai gian smh sdng, que huong, gia the, cudc ddi, vai tro va sue anh hudng ddi vdi lich sir cua cac nhan vat (nhu Hd Chi Minh, Ly Thudng Kiet, Hoang Hoa Tham, Ld Duan...).
Tuy nhien, cd mpt sd diem cdn ton tai trong timg loai muc tir nhu sau:
Mpt Id. sir dung tu ngii chua phu hop:
viet ve Ly Thudng Kiet (thdi Ly), ma cac tac gia lai sir dung ten nude la Viet Nam - qudc hieu den thdi Nguyen mdi cd [10, tr.542]; hoac su dung ten gpi Hd Chi Minh cho thdi diem thang 2/1930 [11, tr.l 125].
Trong khi phan anh lich su, cac tac gia LSNN thudng xuyen sii dung tir "xam lupc"
(^ffig) de md ta sir xuat hien cua ngudi Viet Nam tren lanh thd Trung Qudc. Thuc te, sudt chieu dai lich sir Viet Nam da xay ra nhieu cudc xam chiem cua nha nude phong kien Tmng Qudc nham md rdng lanh thd, dat ach dd hd len dat nude Viet Nam, nhung DBKTTTQ chi dimg chii "nhap Viet" (vao nude Viet) ( A ® ) de md ta hanh ddng nay. Vi du: trong mue tir Ly Thu&ng Kiet, cac soan gia da gpi quan nha Ly la quan cudp bdc, xam lupc. Trong khi do, quan Tdng den Viet Nam vdi muc dich cudp nude rd rang thi lai dugc neu la "nhap Viet". Hoac, cd nhieu dao quan xam lang thua tran, bude phai ve nude, nhung cac
nha bien soan lai viet la "rdi khdi/rdi bd"
( ^ ^ ) Giao Chi" [10, tr.542]. Viec diing va viet cac khai niem nhu vay la chua dung vdi sir that lich sir.
Hai la, chua khach quan khi phan anh lich sir: lich su la khach quan, su kien lich su la nhiing su that dupc tdn tai ddc lap ngoai y thuc ciia chiing ta. Viec cung cap, tmyen tai thdng tin the nao phu thupc rat nhieu vao quan diem va nhan thiic cua ngudi bien soan. Song, du the nao, su that lich sir can dupc phan anh mdt each chan thuc va khach quan. Tuy nhien, trong nhieu muc tir ve lich sit Viet Nam, cac tac gia Trung Qudc chua thuc su tdn trpng su that lich sic. Dieu nay dan den he qua la su that lich su bi bop meo, tham chi bi thay ddi hoan toan, gay anh hudng den ngudi tiep nhan thdng tin.
Ve viec quan Tdng nit ve nude, ngay den chinh sic Trung Qudc (Tong su) ciing chep la quan nude nay bi danh dudi ve trong tu the sp giac tap kich... khdi hanh ban dem, hang ngii khdng dupc chinh te, tinh hinh hdn loan, giay xeo len nhau...
Nhung LSNN thuat lai viec quan Tdng ra khdi Viet Nam nhu sau: "Nam 1076, quan Tdng vao Dai Viet, tien den sdng Phii Luang (sdng Hdng ngay nay), chi cdn each kinh dd Thang Long mpt con sdng.
Quan Viet khdng dich lai, phai nghi hda.
Nam 1079, quan Tdng rdi khdi Viet Nam"
[10, tr.542]. Nhu vay, cac chuyen gia Tmng Qudc dudng nhu da phii nhan the bai tran cua quan Tdng khi rdi khdi Dai Viet. Tham chi, trong muc tu Lich sie Viet Nam, cac tac gia cdn viet: "Bat dau tir nam 1978, Viet Nam khdng ngimg xam pham lanh tho Trung Qudc, ddng thdi vu trang xam lupc Campuehia" [11, tr.l 125].
Tinh chuan xac cua thdng tin phu thupc vao nhieu yeu td nhu trinh dp chuyen mdn, quan diem va thai dp cua ngudi cung cap thdng tin. Trong LSNN, cd mdt sd thdng tin
Khoa hpc xa hpi Viet Nam, so 2 - 2020 khdng chinh xac v l lich su Viet Nam. Day cd the la ket qua cua qua trinh nhan thiic lich su, ciing cd the la he qua cua thai dp khdng khach quan trong phan anh lich sii cua cac tac gia Tmng Qudc. VI du: thdi phong kien tu chii d Viet Nam bat dau tir nam 939, khi Ngd Quyin xung vuong sau khi danh tan quan Nam Han. Tuy nhien, trong muc tir Lich su Viet Nam, Ban bien soan LSNN khang dinh thdi ki phong kien tu chii cua nude ta bit dau tir nam 968 du trudc dd cac nha su hpc Trung Qudc da viet: "Bat dau tir nam 905, trong khoang mdt nira the ki, d Viet Nam xuat hien chinh quyen cat cii cua 5 hp Khiic Thira Du, Ducmg Dinh Nghe, Kieu Cdng Tien, Ngd Quyen, Dinh Bd Lmh. Trong do, Ngd Quyen xung vuang nam 939..." [11, tr.l 125-1127].
5. Ket lu^n
Tren the gidi, tu rat lau, cac nude da cd nhieu cdng trinh bach khoa thu Idn. Ngay canh Viet Nam, Tmng Qudc, tu nhung nam 70 cua the ki XX da tien hanh bien soan bd DBKTTTQ.
Sau khi DBKTTTQ duac xudt ban, cac chuyen gia Nhat Ban da nhan xet: viec xuat ban cdng trinh nay la "su khieu chien (thach thicc) ddi vdi bach klioa toan thu the gidi"
[12, tr.61]. "Thach thuc" d day dupc hieu trdn nhieu phuang dien. Thuc te, bat ki mdt cdng trinh bach khoa thu nao, du mudn hay khdng, cung an trong dd yeu td dan tdc. Cac tac gia Tnmg Qudc, cd the vi cai gpi la
"bach nien qudc si", hoac vi nhieu nguydn nhan khac, ma trong mdt ehung muc nao dd, da phan anh chua thuc su khach quan trong viec lua chpn va cung cap tri thiic ve su kien, td chuc va nhan vat, ap dat va quy ket khi trinh bay cac van de ve lich sic Viet Nam. Dieu do gay anh hudng khdng nhd
den thai dp, each danh gia cua ngudi nuac ngoai ve lich sii Viet Nam.
Tai lieu tham khao
[I] TrSn Ba De (Chu biSn) (2002), Mdl so chuyen di lich sir Viet Nam. Nxb Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Noi, Ha Noi.
[2] Pham Van Hao (2010), "Tinh he thong trong cau tnic vi mo ciia Bach khoa thu". Tap chi Tic dien hoc vd Bdch khoa thu. so 2.
[3] Hoi dong Quoc gia chi dao biSn soan Tir dien B^ch khoa Viet Nam (2005), Tic diin Bdch khoa Viit Nam (4 tap), Nxb Tir diin BSch khoa. H^ Noi.
[4] Le Van Him, Ngo SI Lien, Phan Phu Tien (1697), Bgi Viet sic ky todn thu. Nxb Khoa hoc xShoi, Ha Noi.
[5] Tnrong Hiiu Quynh, Dinh Xuan Lam, Le Mau H3n (T)6ng Chii bien) (2008), Bgi cuang lich sit Viit Nam todn tap, Nxb Giao dvc, H4 Noi.
[6] Ha Van TSn (1998), "Lich sii sir that va su hgc", Tap chi To quoc, so 1.
[7] Ha Van Tin (Chu bien) (2007), Mpt s6 van de li lugn sir hpc, Nxb Dai hgc Quoc gia Ha Noi, m Ngi.
[8] Ta Van Thong (2010), "Muc trong BSch khoa thu van hoa Viet Nam", Tap chi Tie dien hoc vd Bdch khoa thu, so 3.
[9] Ha Hoc Trac (2004), Lich sic - li ludn vd thuc tiin bien soan Bdch khoa todn thu, Nxb Tii dien Bdch khoa, H4 Npi.
[10] 4'lll:*;Hf4^.^*^Sg^#(i990).'^M^
^n^^::^i-m^^L ^m:kmA±^^WL [II] ^m%^^^•^^^^^^'k(lmQ),^S:k
nn^ii::^^^^^^!!, '^mxmA^^^
[12] ^•'imiimi), miKun^i^m^^s^mi^
[13] mK^, ^^^W(imi).:k:^m^nm4
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