N g h i i n CTSU Gia d i n h v^ G i 6 i
Sg" 5 - 2019
Mgt so bieu hien tieu circ ve sure Idioe tam I cua lioc sinh Trung hoc ca s6
Bang Bich Thuy*
Tom tat: VSn dk siic khoe tam thin ciia hoc smh pho thong noi chung va hgc sinh trung hgc co sa ndi rieng dang thu hiit sir quan tam aia xa hoi trong b6i canh md hinh benh tat dang c6 nhieu tliay doi trong cuoc song hien dai, vdi sir gia tang dang lo ngai ciia cac trieu chiing va bieu hien tieu cue doi vdi siic khoe tam than nhir roi loan cam xuc, roi loan hanh vi, tang dgng giam chii y, su co don, khdng muon ket ban cling trang liia, muon riit lui khoi cac moi quan he trong trudng hgc va moi trudng xa hgi xung quanh, v.v Day la nhung van de rat dang quan tam, bdi no khong chi la nhung nguy CO tieu cue doi vdi thanh tich hgc tap va sir phat tnfin ciia tre, ma cdn la nguy ca dan den nhung benh ly ciia sire khoe tam thSn neu khdng dupe phat hien va can thiep kjp thai. De gop ph^ nhan dien thuc trang cac bieu hien tieu cue ve sue khoe tam thin trone hoc smh hien nay, bai viet se cung cap nhirng phat hien ban 35u vk miic do pho bien ciia cac bieu hien tieu cue thuang gap ve siic khoe tam thin trong hgc sinh Trung hpc ca sd, qua phan tich s6 lieu khao sat tir mot nghien ciiu truang hop d Ha N6i<iJ.
Tir khda: Tre em; Hoc smh trung hpc ca so; Sue khoe tam thSn- Trieu chung va bieu hien.
Ngay nhan bai: 10/9/2019; ngay chinh sua: 25/9/2019; ngay duyet dang: 15/10/2019.
* TS., Vi?n Nghien cim Gia dinh va Gioi, Vien Han Iam Khoa hoc xa hoi Viet Nan
Dang Bich Thuy 29 1. Mffd^u
Tren thg giai hi$n nay co tai 7-10% tre em va thanh thigu nien mfic phai cac rdi loan tam than c§n di6u tri. Ty 16 nay cao han a cac viing d6 thi dong dan, nai co nhieu yeu to xa hpi phiic tap va dac biet a tu6i day thi. Nhimg tr^ng thai tam ly benh hoc tre em thuang gap la: hanh vi gay r6i va ch6ng doi xa hpi (nhirng r6i loan ben ngoai) - ty le mSc la 3-5%; r6i loan cam xiic (nhirng r6i loan ben trong) - ty le gap la 2-5%; nhiing h a ngai tam ly va r6i loan dang ca the - chiem 1-3%. Uihm gap ban la cac r6i loan tam thin he em va r6i loan sir phat tri^n noi chung (benh tu ky) 0,1% (Nicholas, Graham, 1997; dan theo Dang Hoang Minh va cpng su, 2013). Benh tam than nang man tinh va cham phat trien anh huong den toan bp dan s6 va khoang 20% he em va vj thanh nien toan cku (WHO, 2016, din theo Samuels va cpng sir, 2017).
Mpt so nghien euu a Viet Nam da cung cap nhiing bang chiing cho thay, siic khoe tam than (SKTT) la van de cSn quan tam trong nhom dan s6 tre em va vi thanh nien. Ty le hien mac cac van de SKTT chung a Viet Nam dao dong trong nguong tir 8%i den 29% doi vai he em va vj thanh nien, vai nhiJng khac biet ve ty Ie tiiy theo tinh, gioi tinh (Samuels va cpng su, 2017). Nghien eiiu cua Amstadter va cpng sir (2011) tren 1.368 gia dinh a hai tinh Da Nang va Khanh Hoa cho thay, co khoang 9,1% thanh thieu nien dupc cho la co mac phai cae van de ve sue khoe tam than (Amstadter va cpng sir, 2011, dan theo Dang Hoang Minh va cpng su, 2013).
Bai viet nay se trinh bay mpt so phat hien ban dau va mang tinh khai quat ve mirc dp pho bien ciia cac bieu hien tieu cue thucmg gap ve SKTT hong hpc sinh Trung hpe ca sa (THCS), qua phan tich so heu Ichao sat tu mpt nghien cuu tnrcmg hpp a Ha Npi, trong khuon kho cua De tai ca sa ve chii de nay do Vien Nghien cuu Gia dinh va Giai chii tri nam 2019.
2. Khai niem va p h i f c n g phap nghien CLPU, phan tich s6 lieu Khai niem nghien ciru
Sue khoe tam than dupc xem la mpt bp phan khong the tach rcfi trong dinh nghia ve sue khoe. Theo To chuc Y te The giai, sue khoe tam than khong chi a khia canh khong bj mac cac roi loan tam than, ma con bao ham trang thai thoai mai, su tu tin vao nang lire ban than, tinh hr chii, nang luc va kha nang nhan biet nhiing tiem nang cua ban than (WHO, 2003, dan theo Samuel va cpng su, 2017).
Trong khuon kh6 bai viit nay, nhimg bieu hien heu cue ve SKTT dupc xem xet tren cac khia canh cam xiic va hanh vi do hpc sinh THCS tham gia nghien ciiu ty thuat, bao gom cac van de lien quan den nhiing roi loan cam
30 Nghien ciru Gia dinh va Giai. Quyen 29, so 5, tr. 28-39
xiic, roi loan hanh vi, ve tang dpng giam chii y, nhirng van de ve baa be van de giao tiep xa hpi. Cu the nhu sau:
(1) Nhifng vdn di vi edm xuc: bao gom nhiing bieu hien lien quan aen roi loan cam xiic nhu lo au, buon phien, bat an, v.v. thuang la nguy co dao den van de tram cam va tu tii, ciing nhu cac van de ton thuang thirc the nhu dau dau, chan an, mat ngii, ngu khong ngon, gap ac rapng.
(2) Nhimg vdn di vi hdnh vi: nhirng bieu hien lien quan den roi loan hanh vi hoac roi loan ung xu, nhu gian dir, tho bao hoac gay han vdi ban be, bat nat ban, hon hpc, khong lam bai tap, v.v.
(3) Nhung vdn di vi tdng dong/gidm chu y: nhirng bieu hien lien qu&n den roi loan phat trien trong hpc sinh, bao gom nhirng hanh vi hieu dong qua miic di kem vai sir suy giam kha nang chti y, gay anh hucmg tai kha nang hpc tap va cac moi quan he vai nhirng ngucri xung quanh.
(4) Nhung vdn di vi ban he: cac dau hieu bieu hien su co don, khong muon ket ban ciing hang lua, muon nit lui khoi cae moi quan he trong trucmg hpc va vai moi truang xa hpi xung quanh (nhiing dau hieu som cua su tram cam).
(5) Cdc vdn di quan hi/giao tiep xd hgi (con dupc hieu la cac van de lien quan den quan he xa hpi tich cue): su quan tam hoac bang quan doi vai nhiing nguoi xung quanh, su giiip do va chia se voi ban be va nhirng ngucri khac.
Hpc sinh trung hpc ca sa ciia nghien ciiru nay dupc hieu la cac hoc sinh dang theo hpc cac lop thupc bac THCS, bao gom lap 6, 7, 8 va lap 9. Hgc sinh ciia bac hpc nay co do tuoi thupc giai doan dau vi thanh nien (10-15 hifii) - giai doan dupc cho la gin vai su day tbi, su phat trien hr duy logic, khuynh hucmg noi loan, co nhieu xao hpn ve tam sinh ly dan den cac nguy ea vh SKTT.
Phuong phap thu thap va phan tich so lieu
D6 xac dinh duac cac bleu hien tieu cue ve SKTT va miic do ph6 bi^n cua cac bi^u hien nay, nghien cuu da su dung Bang hoi diem manh va di^m y6u (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire - SDQ), la cong cy danli gia sang lpc cho nhiing dang tam benh pho bien 6 he em va vi thanh men (3-16 tu6i) (Goodman va cpng su, 2000, dan theo Dang Hoang Mmh va cpng su 2013), Nghien euu nay ciing hen hanh phuang phap nghien ciiu dinh tlnii' bao g6ra phong vdn sau va thao luan nhom doi vai mot so hpc sinh dl tim hieu nhirng nguyen nhan cua cac biiu hien tieu cue ve SKTT, tuy nhien trong khuon kh6 bai vi6t nay chi tap trung neu len iihirng phat hien vl miic dp ph6 hihn cua cac bieu hien tieu cue ve SKTT (doi vai 5 nhom v§n dg da dk cap a tren) dua tren phan tich s6 lieu dinh lugmg d6i vai m5u khao sat la
Dang Bich Thiiy 31 381 hpc smh thupc cap hpc THCS tai mot huong THCS dong tren dia ban thanh ph6 Ha Noi, vai ty le phan bo theo kh6i lap va giai tinh cua hpc sinh nhu sau: hpc sinh nam chiSm 52,5%, nil 47,5%; khoi lap 6 chilm 23,1%, khdi lap 7 la 25,5%, khdi lop 8 la 29,4% va khdi lap 9 la 22,05%.
De CO the nhan dien cac biSu hien tieu cue ve SKTT ciia hpc sinh THCS nghien cuu su dung_ phuang phap thdng ke md ta tin sudt, tinh diem hung binh va tinh tdng diem trung binh cua cac thang do SDQ. He sd Cronbach's Alpha Cling dupc su dung kiem dinh thong ke ve muc dp tin cay va tuang quan hong giila cac biin quan sat trong thang do. Bang hoi SDQ danh cho nhom tre^em tu 3-16 tudi gdm eo 25 cau, trong do cd 10 cau ve diem manh, 14 cau ve diem yeu, 1 cau trung lap. M6i cau/nhan dinh cd muc dp tra lai tuang ling la: 0 - Khdng diing; 1 - Diing mpt ph§n; 2 - Chae chSn diing.
Cach tinh diem theo hudng ddn cua thang do SQD (Scoring the Self- Report Strenghts and Difficulties Question). Bang hoi chia thanh 5 thang, mdi thang gdm 5 cau (nhu se the hien d cac bang bieu so lieu).
3. NhQ'ng phat hien chfnh ve cac bieu hien tieu CLKC ve su'C Ithoe tam than cua hgc sinh Trung hpc ccy so*
Nhiing phat hien chinh ve cac biSu hien tieu cue ve SKTT cua hpc sinh THCS hong mau khao sat nay dupc hinh bay theo hai ndi dung chinh:
nhung bi6u hien tieu cue thudng gap ve SKTT trong hpc sinh (de tim hieu muc dp pho bien cua van de ve SKTT theo cac em ty thuat); va miic dp cua cac bieu hien tieu cue vh SKTT phan tich theo thang diem hieu chung (xac dinh trudng hpp cd van de) va tdng diem cac kho khan/bidu hien tieu eye ve SKTT.
3.1. Nhihig bieu hien tieu cue thuo'ng gap ve siic khoe tarn than trong hoc sinh Trung hoc ca so'
Van di cam xiic, tinh cam
Ket qua phan tich sd lieu cho thdy, cd mpt bp phan khong nhd hpc sinh hong mau nghien cuu dang hai qua nhirng bieu hien tieu cue ve mat cam xiic nhu lo ISng, budn rdu, so hai, chan nan - nhting bieu hien tieu cue cua SKTT (Bang 1). Ty Ie hpc sinh chpn phuang an "hoan toan diing" a cac cau nhan djnh vdn de cam xiic cd ty le dao ddng tir 7,9% den 23,6%. Rat dang quan tam la cd tdi hom 1/4 s6 tre (23,6%) cam thdy lo lang khi d moi trudng mdi hoac d l mdt tu tin; 13,6% cho biit "Em sp nhieu thu; em de bi so hai". Day la nhimg bieu hien co the dan den cac nguy ca tieu cue ddi vai SKTT.
Tren 1/3 sd hpc sinh trong miu nghien cuu thua nhan "dung mdt phSn"
khi danh gia ve van de cam xiic dang gap phai (dao ddng tir 33,7% den 39,6%.). Cu the, cd 33,7% lya chpn phuong an "diing mdt phdn" vai nhan
32 Nghien cu'U Gia dinh va Gio'i. Quyen 29, so 5, tr. 28-39
dinh lien quan din benh Iy tieu cue nhu hay dau dau, dau bung hoac bi o , bi met; 39,6% cho biit rdt hay lo i k g , 34,7% he hay cam thdy buon ba, chan nan, hay khde va 39,6%> diing mot phdn o nhan dinh "luon cm thay lo ldng khi d mdi truang mdi va d l mdt hr tin"; 34,6% diing mot phan nhan dinh" sp nhieu thu; de bi sa hai".
Bang 1. Mirc do danh gia ciia hoc sinh ve van dl cam xiic/tinh cam (%)
„ . . . . V a n d e Cau hoi , ' ,.. u • cam xuc/tinh cam
SD3 SD8 SD13
SD16
SD24
Em hay dau dau, dau bung hoac bi 6m, bi met Em rat hay lo lang Em hay cam thay buon ba, chan nan, hay khoe Em cam thay lo lang khi a moi tnrtmg mai. Em de mat t u t i n
Em sg nhieu thir; em de bi so hai
Khong dung
58,4 38,3 56,3
36,7
51,7
S u n g mdt phan
33,7 39,6 34,7
39,6
34,6
Hoan toan diing
7,9 22,1 8,9
23,6
13,6 N
380 376 310
311
3il
Nhom hoc sinh tir danh gia chic chan ban than khong gap phai cac bieu hien v6 cam xuc/tinh cam tieu cue la khong cao. So tre lua chon phuang an
"khong diing" voi cac nhan dinh ve cam xiic/tinh cam da liet ke ttong bang hoi chi ehi6m tit hon 1/3 den hon Vi (dao dgng tit 36% dto 58,4%).
vdn de ve hanh vi/rbi loan ibtgxii
Trong mSu nghien eiju nay, ty 16 tre co van de ve hanh vi la klia cao (Bang 2), bi6u hien ro nhdt la trang thai de bi n6i gian va mat binli tinh, khong tu chii hoac thudng lam nhung gi nguoi khac bao. Hon 1/5 s6 tre lira chpn phuong an "hoan toan diing" vai nhan dinh "Em de bi noi gianva mdt binh tmh" (25,2%) va hem 1/3 s6 tre (32,7%) d6i vdi nhan dini "Em thudng lam nhtrng gi ngudi khac bao". Cung vdi do, ty le hpc sinh lira chpn phucmg an "diing mpt phan" vai 2 nhan dmh nay kha cao chi^m tai 39,5% va 62,0%.
S6 lieu d Bang 2 cung cho thay, mac du, nhdm hpc sinh co bijnhicn rSi Ipan ling xii nhu danh nhau, uy hiSp/bat nat (bit ngudi khac lam theo y minh), hi chp ndi ddi, lay dd ciia ngudi khac ehi chidm mpt ty \i ftj jjjj tir 0,8% ddn 5%, nhtmg ndu xem xet ty le tre tu danh gia "diing ni6t ph|n"
d cac nhan dinh vd tinh khong trung thuc va gian lan nhu "noi dji |,(,j^ ^^
gian" (17,7%) va "liy dd cua ngudi khac" (10,3%) cflng co thi la'jij„
dang lira y trong viec giao due dao dilc va ky nang sdng cho hoc sinh.
Dang Bich Thuy 33 Bang 2. Mirc d$ danh gia cua hoc sinh ve van dl hanh vi (%)
1^, . Dting Hoan hoi Van dk hanh vi a' '"^* **'^" ^
^ ph^n d6ng (,_- Em da bi noi gian va mat binh , , , ._ , -^ _
^U3 ^^ . J5,3 3y,5 25,2 Em thuang lam nhung gi nguoi
„y^,„ Em hay danh nhau. Em c6 the bat nguoi Ichac lam theo y minh
377 5,3 62,0 32,7 379 77,0 20,6 2,4 379 SD18 Emhaybingu6i_khacbaola , 3^g
nguoi noi doi rioac an gian Em hay lay do khong phai ciia
SD22 minh 6 nha, a tnrong hoac 6 88,9 10,3 0,8 380 cac nai khac
Vdn di tang dpng-gidm chuy
Tang dpng - giam chii y la mpt trong nhimg r6i loan phat trien thuang gap a tre em (Samuels va cpng su, 2017). Tre em co van de ve tang dong thucfng CO nhiing hanh vi hiiu dong qua miic di kem su suy giam kha nang chu y (Dang Hoang Mmh va cpng su, 2013), thuang gay anh huong tiSu cue tai kha nang hpc tap va co the gay kho khan hong moi quan he cua tre vai mpi nguai xung quanh. S6 lieu Bang 3 cho thay co khoang 2/3 so hoc sinh trong m^u nghien ciiu bao cao co vin de hoac co dau hiSu tang dpng giam chii y. Trong do, dang luu y la co 22,4% lua chpn phuang an "hoan toan diing" va co tai 50,8% "diing mot phan" vai nhan djnh "Em hay bi phan tam, kho tap trung".
Bang 3. Mirc do danh gia ciia hoc sinh vl van de tang d^ng giam chii y (%) . Van de tang dong Khong D6ng Hoan toan j^j Cau hoi g.^^ ^jjij ^ diing mgt phan dung SD2 Em luon co cam giac b6n chon, 36,1 43,8 20,2 377
khong ngoi yen mot cho duoc lau
SDIO Em hay ngo nguay tay chan hoac 47,4 28,0 24,6 378 van veo nguoi
SDI5 Em hay bj phan tam, kho tap trung 26,8 50,8 22,4 380 SD21 Em thucmg suy nghi tru6c khi lam 42,1 50,7 7,2 375
dieu gi do
SD25 Em luon hoan fat cong viec ciia _ 19,9 62,2 17,8 381 minh. Em co kha nang tap trung tot
34 Nghien cu'U Gia dinh va Gio'i. Quyen 29, so 5, tr. 28-39
S6 lieu Of Bang 3 cung cho thSy, chi co gin 1/5 s6 hpc sinh (17,8%)^'"i^^
chpn phuang an "hoan toan diing" a nhan djnh "Em luon hoan tat cong viec cua minh. Em co kha nang tap trung t6t". Trong khi mot ty le kha cao hpc sinh cho biet it nhieu dang gap van de ve tang dpng, giam chii y, va ciu CO mpt ty le thap hpc sinh khang dinh ve kha nang tap trung tot ciia miM thi day la dieu rat dang dugc gia dinh va nha truang quan tam, Wi cac dau hieu ph§n tam, kho tap trung nhu cac em da bao cao la cac bleu hien tieu cue ciia SKTT, khong chi anh buong ted thanh tich hpc tap, ma con co the dan den cac roi loan ve hanh vi trong moi tuang tac voi nhiing nguai xung quanh.
Van de ban be
K e t q u a n g h i e n c u u n a y g h i n h a n m p t b p p h a n h p c sinh c6 loi song khep k i n , c a c e m c h i c o m o t h o a c v a i b a n t h a n , v a t u d a n h gia khong nhan dirpc s u y e u m e n ciia c a c b a n c u n g l u a t u o i , t h i c h c h o i v a i n g u a i lan tuoi hoa va m p t s o e m c o n la n a n n h a n ciia s u h e u h p c b a t n a t ciia b a n be. So lieu Bang 4 c h o thay, c o 9% s o tre l u a c h p n p h u a n g a n " h o a n toan diing" va 32,4%
" d i i n g m 6 t p h a n " v o i n h a n d i n h " E m t h u a n g a m p t m i n h , chai mgt minh va l a m m p i thii m p t m i n h " v a 9 , 1 % s o h e l u a c h p n p h u o n g an "hoan toan d i i n g " v a 1 9 , 8 % " d i i n g m p t p h a n " vai n h a n d i n h " E m co mot hoac vai n g u a i b a n t h a n " . T r o n g k h i d o , s o t r e c o c a m g i a c n h a n d u p c sir ton trong v a y e u m e n tir b a n b e la t u a n g d o i t h a p . C h i c o 13,9%) so tre k a chpn p h u a n g a n " h o a n t o a n d i i n g " v a 6 3 , 2 % "diing m p t p h a n " vol nhan djnh
" t h u o n g d u o c c a c b a n c u n g lira tuoi y e u m e n " ; t r o n g k h i co tai hon 1/5 s6 tre l u a c h p n p h u c m g a n " k h o n g d i i n g " ( 2 2 , 9 % ) v a i n h a n dinh nay.
B a n g 4. M u c d o d a n h gia ciia hoc sinh ve v a n de b a n be (%)
Cau M i SD6
S D l l
SDM
SDI9
SD23
Van dh ban be
Em thuang a mot minh, chai mot minh va lam moi thu mot minh Em CO mpt hoac vai nguai ban than
Em thucmg duoc cac ban cung lira tuoi yeu men
Em hay bi cac ban khac treu choc hoac bat nat
Em d l chai vai nguoi lan hon la voi ban cimg lua tuoi
Khdng dting
58,6
71,1
22,9
63,8
32,6 Diing
mot p h a n 32,4
19,8
63,2
27,8
44,5 Hoan
loan diing 9,0
9,1
13,9
22,9 N
377
374
380
378
380
Bang Bich Thuy 35 Da so hpc sinh lua chpn nhSn dinh thich choi hoac co xu hudng thich chai vai ngucri lan hroi ban vai ban cimg tu6i. 22,9% s6 he lira chpn phuomg an "hoan toan diing" va 44,5% "diing mpt phSn" voi nhan dinh
"Em de chai vdi ngudi ldn hon la vdi ban ciing lua tu6i". Nhu vay chi cd khoang 1/3 s6 hoc sinh (32,6%) trong mhi nghien cuu cho ring ban than CO su hoa dong va moi quan he tot vdi nhom ban be cung tudi. Han 1/3 s6 hpc sinh cho rang ban than la nan nhan hoac cd nguy ca bi ban be treu hpc bat nat. Cd 8,5% so he lua chpn phuang an "hoan toan diing" va 27,8%
"diing mot phan" vdi nhan dinh "Em hay bi cac ban khac treu choc hoac bat nat". Ket qua nay gpi y ve su cSn thiet phai quan tam din vin dh bao luc hpc dudng trong cac trudng hpc hien nay.
Van de quan he/giao tiep xa hgi
Phan ldn hpc sinh trong mau nghien ciiu co m6i quan he/giao tiep xa hpi kha tich cue. Dai da so he lua chpn phuang an ha ldi "hoan toan diing" va
"diing mpt phan" doi vdi tdt ca cac nhan dinh dua ra. S6 lieu Bang 5 cho thay, hau het nhom hpc sinh d lua tudi THCS hong mSu nghien ciiu cd thai dp va CO su quan tam den mdi quan he vdi ngudi xung quanh. Cd 46,1% sd he lira chpn phuang an "hoan toan diing" va 50,7% "diing mpt phein" vdi nhan dinh "Em cd gang doi xir tot vdi ngudi khac. Em quan tam den cam giac cua hp". Co 26,1% so he lua chpn phuang an "hoan toan diing" va 61,1% "dung mpt phan" vdi nhan dinh "Em hay ximg phong giiip dd ngudi khac (cha me, thay co giao, cac ban khac)". Nhimg so lieu nay phan anh dau hieu tich cue ve mdi quan iam ciia he doi vdi nhirng ngudi xung quanh.
Bang 5. Mijc do danh gia cua hoc sinh ve van de quan hl/giao tiep xa hoi (%) ,T.! -x . . , . .-^ .^. - Diing Hoan CSnhoi Van de quan hj/giao Hep Khong _^., ,^j,__ , ,
" " ' ' 9 ' """S p|,>„ a4„g SDI Em CO gang doi xir tot vai nguai khac.
Em quan tam dhn cam giac cua ho SD4 Em thucmg chia se do cua mmh vdi
ngudi khac (do an, do chai, but, v.v.) SD9 Em hay giup da nguoi khac khi hp hi ton thuang, buon ba hoac bi 6m, bj met
SD17 Em doi xic tot vdi cac em nho han SD20 Em hay xung phong giiip dcf ngudi khac (cha me, thay co giao, cac ban khac)
2,6 7,9 5,2
9.5 12,9
50,7 56,7 46,5
37,2 61,1
46,7 379 35,4 379 48,3 381
53,3 379 26,1 380
36 Nghien ciJu Gia dinh va Gio'i. Quyen 29, so 5, tr. 28-39
3.2. Miic a s ph6 Men cua cac b i i u hien tieu cue ve SKTT phan (ich theo thang diem trieu chmig - trirdng hop co v3n de va tong 3ic™ '^^
kho khan
Nham mo ta mirc dp pho bien cua cac bieu hien tieu cue ve SKTT trong hpc sinh THCS, phin npi dung nay se cung cSp nhimg phat hien dijatneo each tinh thang diem ve hieu chiing va xac dinh "trudng hpp co van de tu each tinh diem theo thang diem ve hieu chiing, va tong diem cac tio khan.
Theo do, diem gidi ban cho t6ng di6m eac kho khan (0-40) trong nghien cuu nay la 15, vdi diem trung binh tu 0-15 dupc coi la miic binh thucmg;
muc ranh gidi tuong ducmg vdi muc diem tu 16-19; va miic bat thircmg dupc tinh d muc tir 20-40 theo thang SDQ.
Bang 6 trinh bay tdng diem cac kho khan, tong diem trung binh cho timg thang do cac van de cam xiic, hanh vi ung xir, van de tang dgng, van de ban be, va thang do quan he xa hpi cua hpc sinh THCS hong mau khao sat. Theo thang diem ve trieu chiing va xac dinh cac "tnrong hop co van de", ket qua tir nghien cuu nay cho thay, ty le hpc sinh co van de SKTT trong mau khao sat d muc binh thudng chiem 66,1%, co 21,8% trecfmiic ranh gidi va 12,1%. so he d muc bat thudng. Tong diem trung binh cac kho khan la 13,43 (dp lech chuSn 4,96).
Bang 6. Tong diem cac kho ktian va trircmg hop co vSn de theo thang do SQD Tong diem trung Cac mirc do Iheo Thang do hinh cac kho khan thang diem hieu chihig
T6ng a i l m kho k h a n (0-40)
Van de cam xuc/tinh cam (0-10)
Van de ve hanh vi/roi loan img xii (0-10)
Vdn d£ tang dpng-giam chii y (0-10)
v i n d l ban be (0-10)
Van de quan hl/giao tiep xa hoi (10-0)
Dtem tmng binh
13,43
3,33
2,80
4,17
3,12
6,69 Bp lech
chudn
4,96
2,45
1,41
2,14
1,56
1,98
Muc binh Miic mnh Miic bdi thuang gidi thmig
(0-15) 66,1 (OS) 80,8 (0-3) 73,8 (0-5) 73,5 (0-3) 62,5 (6-10)
75,9
(16-19) (2040) 21,8 12,1
(6) 7,1
ffl
15,S (6) 11,5
M
30,2 (S) 13,4
I'-IO) 12,1 li-10)
10,8 (J-IO)
15,0 (6-10)
7,3
10,8
Dang Bich Thiiy 37 Ket qua khao sat nhu da mo ta d Bang 6 ghi nhan miic dp bieu hien phd bien nhat d6i vdi SKTT d nhdm hpc sinh THCS la v4n de tang dpng giam chii y. Ty \e he co vin dh vh tang dpng chiSm 15% d muc bat thudng la mpt van de rat dang luu tam, vdi miic diem hung binh cao nhit hong b6n loai van dS la 4,17 (dp lech chu§n 2,14), ty le d miic bdt thudng nay cao han gap 2 lan so vdi cac van de ban be, cao ban dang ke so vdi vSn dh vh hanh vi.
Muc dp ph6 bien vh bieu hien tieu cue cua SKTT ngay sat sau vin dh tang dpng giam chii y la cac bieu hien tieu cue vh khia canh tinh earn/cam xiic cua hpc sinh THCS. Tinh theo tdng diem hung binh cac kho khan thi ty le hpc sinh cd van de cam xiic d muc bdt thudng chiSm tdi 12,1%, vdi mdc dilm trung bmh la 3,3 (dp lech chuSn 2,45); ty le d muc bat thudng nay cao ban dang ke so vdi van dh ban be, gpi y eho su hinh dung v6 nhung kho khan cua hpc sinh THCS hong giai doan vi thanh nien, vdi nhirng nhieu xao hpn ve cam xuc va tinh cam, cd the dan den cac nguy ca ve SKTT.
Doi vdi van de hanh vi, ty le hpc sinh d muc hit thudng la 10,8%.
Tuong hr nhu van de ban be, diem dang chu y la ty le he em cd khd khan ve van de hanh vi d muc ranh gidi cao ban so vdi cac van de con lai (15,5%), cho thay mpt bp phan hpc sinh dang d ngudng cd cac dau hieu kho khan trong kha nang dinh hinh va kiem soat hanh vi hong cac quan he ban be va vdi nhiing ngudi xung quanh.
Ty le he em cd van de trong moi quan he ban be d miic bat thudng hong nghien cuu nay chi chiem 7,3%, nhung diera dang chii y nhat hong mau nghien ciiu nay la ty le tre em cd kho khan ve van de ban be d miic ranh gidi cao gap 1,5-4 lan so vdi cac van de khac (30,2% so vdi ty le tir 7,1 den 15%) d cac van de khac) cho thay, mpt bp phan khong nho he em d ngudng CO cac din hieu khd khan trong kha nang phat trien quan he xa hpi dang xuat hien d giai doan tre md rpng cac moi quan he xa hpi.
Doi vdi van de quan he/giao tiep xa hpi, nghien cuu nay cho thay da so hpc sinh trong mau nghien cuu nay cd quan he xa hpi tich cue (75,9% d miic binh thudng), co 13,4% d miic ranh gidi va 10,8% so hpc sinh d miic bdt thudng; diem trung binh 6,69 (dp lech chuan la 1,98). Day la khia canh bieu hien su tich cue nhit d6i vdi SKTT ciia hpc sinh, so vdi cac khia canh da trinh bay d tren. Hay ndi each khac la, nhijng bieu hien tieu cue ve SKTT ciia hpc sinh trpng mhx khao sat co muc do ph6 biin thdp nhdt ddi vdi van ve quan he, giao tiep xa hpi.
38 Nghien ciPU Gia dinh va Gio'i. Quyen 29, so 5, tr. 28-39
4. Ket lu$n
Nhu vSy, dua hen viec phan tich s6 lieu khao sat nhu da trich bay cr h6n, eo the nhan xet ring, cac biiu hien tieu cue v l SKTT trong hoc sinh a mau khao sat co mirc dp ph6 biin nhdt doi vdi vdn d l tang dpng- gi^^ ^^^
f. The hien d ty le cao nhdt v l cac biiu hien thudng gap ma hpc sinh tu bao cao va ty 16 cao nhdt d miic bdt thudng nlu tinh theo thang do tong diem cac kho khan va "tnrdng hop co vdn dl". Diiu nay rdt cdn duac nha tnrcmg va gia dinh quan tam, bdi nhiing biiu hien tieu cue v l tang dpng, giam chu y se anh hudng true tiip din thanh tich hpc tap va m6i quan he vc'i nh&ng ngudi xung quanh cua tre.
Nhiing bieu hien tieu cue lien quan den cac kho khan doi voi van de cam xiic/tinh cam cua hpc sinh THCS ciing la diem dang quan lam, bed ty le kha cao hpc sinh hong mau khao sat roi vao miic bat thucmg. Ben canh dd, nghien cuu nay ciing cho thdy miic dp kha phd biin ciia ty le tre em bao cao ve tam hang lo ldng, bu6n ba, chan nan, hay bj dau ddu. Dieu nay cho thay hpc sinh THCS dang phai doi mat vai nhiing kho khan ve cam xiic, tinh cam va can duac gia dinh va nha trudng sdm nhan biet de can thiep kip thdi, trudc khi nhiing bieu hien nay trd thanh cac trieu chiing benh ly tam than.
Nhom hpc sinh cd van de ve hanh vi ciing duoc ghi nhan kha cao trong nghien ciiu nay vdi cac bieu hien dien hinh nhu de noi gian va mk binh tTnh, khong tir chii hoac thudng lam nhiing gi ngudi khac sai bao. Day la nhiing bieu hien tieu cue co the dan den cac nguy co ve SKTT trong hpc sinh, neu nhu cac em khong dupc hang bi cac ky nang kiem soat hanh vi tieu cue, dong thdi ciing cho thay nhu cau cua hpc sinh hong viec duoc hoc ve cac ky nang sdng hong trudng hpc.
Nghien ciiu nay ciing ghi nhan nhiing bieu hien tieu cue ve SKTT dii vdi van de ban be d miic bSt thudng, dae biet ty le hpc sinh co kho khan vl van de ban be d miic ranh gidi kha cao. Mot bp phan hpc sinh c6 xu huong thich loi song khep kin, cac em co it ban than, khong dupc ban be yeu min Dang luu y la han mpt mia so hpc sinh trong mau khao sat co nguy co bi ban be heu hpc bat nat. Dieu nay gpi y cho su can thiet phai quan tam din viec phong ngua va ngan chan bao luc hpc dudng, de giam thiSu cac hau qua tieu cue ciia bao luc hoc dudng tdi SKTT cua hpc sinh.
Khac vdi nhiing van de cam xiic, tinh cam va hanh vi, nhiing bigu \.\f.
tieu cue v l SKTT cua hpc sinh ehi the hien d miic dp rdt thSp jrong \-\
vuc quan he, giao tiep xa hpi. Day cung la chieu canh the hien tich cue nh't cac biiu hien lac quan ve moi quan he xa hpi tich cue, quan tam dgn nhr ngudi xung quanh cua cae em hoc sinh hong mau khao sat.
Dang Bich Thuy 39 Cuoi cung, mac dii nhirng sd lieu dupc de cap hong bai viit chi phan anh thuc hang cua mpt nghien eiiu trudng hop, nhung nhirng sd lieu da thi hien d nghien cuu nay da cung cap nhiing bang chung cho thdy mpt bp phan hpc smh THCS dang phai doi mat vdi nhirng biiu hien tieu cue v l SKTT, dac biet la van de tang dpng - giam chii y va van de cam xiic, tinh cam va eac kho khan lien quan den r6i loan hanh vi. Nhiing kit qua ciia nghien Cliu nay gpi y rang, van de SKTT trong hpc sinh rdt cdn dupc quan tam nghien ciiu, ve miie dp phd bien, cac nguyen nhan va ylu to tac dOng, hen ca sd dd co the dua ra cac chuang trinh ho h a hpc sinh kip thdi va phu hop, hanh de nhiing bieu hien tieu cue ve SKTT ciia cac em hd thanh van de benh ly, phai dieu hi phiic tap, va anh budng tieu cue den cudc song va su phat trien ciia cac em.B
Chu thich
''' Bai viet la san pham cua De tai cap ca so "Mot so bieu hien tieu cue ve sue khoe tam than d hoc sinh tmng hgc ca sd (Nghien cim trudng hap tai Ha Ngi)"
nam 2019 ctia Vien Nghien ciiu Gia dinh va Gidi.
Tai lieu trich dan
Dang Hoang Minh, Bahs, W., Nguyln Cao Minh. 2013. Sue khoe tdm thdn tre em Viet Nam: Thuc trgng vd cdc yeu to nguy ca. Dai hpc Quoc gia Ha Noi.
Samuels, F., Jones, N , Tavessi, G., Thuy D.B., Le D.H. 2017. Mental Health and Psychosocial Wellbeing of Children and Young People in Viet Nam. A Research Report for UNICEF Viet Nam.
Scoring the Self-Report Strenghts and Difficulties Question.
http://www.copmi-net.au/images/pd6Tlesearch/sdq-english-uk-self-scoring.pdf.
